基于HBV的黑河流域径流对气候变化的响应

黑河流域是我国西北干旱区内陆河研究的代表性流域,研究未来气候变化对黑河流域山区径流的定量影响,对干旱区水资源规划设计、开发利用和保护管理具有重要意义。采用HBV-light模型,首先根据实测径流数据验证了该模型在黑河流域上游的适用性,然后拟定25种气候变化情景模式,模拟气温与降水变化对径流的定量影响。结果表明:(1)当气温保持不变时,降水增加会造成年径流增加;而当降水维持不变时,气温升高将导致年径流减少。(2)关于径流年内分布,气温变化与6~9月份的径流呈负相关关系,而与4月份的径流呈显著正相关关系;降水变化与径流呈明显的正相关关系;年径流与年内分配均表现为对于降水变化的敏感性高于气温变化。(3)未来气候变化有助于缓解黑河流域水资源短缺的现状。     

Impacts of climatic variability on northward flowing rivers in North America,using a paired basin approach

Northward flowing rivers are the most vulnerable system to a general early warming trend in terms of flood risk. In a changing climate, how well we understand the variability of precipitation and streamflow and the correspondence between them determines the appropriateness and efficiency of river engineering activities, flood control structures, and water resource management policies. Using both time and frequency domain approaches, this study investigated variations and periodicities in precipitation and discharge of two neighboring northward flowing river basins, the Red River of the North (referred to hereafter as the Red River) basin and the Little Missouri River basin in North America. Additionally, this study also characterized whether the most dominant quasiperiodic climate variation El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affected regional precipitation and streamflow. Results indicated that the southern and central Red River basin experienced significant increases in precipitation and discharge, particularly in cold season, while the Little Missouri River basin had no statistically significant change in precipitation or discharge. The global atmospheric oscillation ENSO had little effects on the regional precipitation and streamflow increases in the Red River basin. Furthermore, strong spectral coherences and prominent annual/semi‐annual periodicities in precipitation and discharge were revealed, confirming how precipitation determines frequency peaks and primary oscillation cycles of discharges in both basins. By removing broad‐scale climatic driver, this study indicated that some local forcing is most likely responsible for the excessive water abundances in the Red River basin, among which agriculture land usages stand out to be the most promising driver.     

黄河流域极端降水特征分析

利用黄河流域1965-2012年252个观测站日降水资料,分析了黄河流域年极端降水、汛期日极端降水的时空分布特征。研究结果表明:黄河流域年极端降水在空间分布上呈现出从东南向西北递减的特点,不同区域的年极端降水强度有显著空间差异,下游大汶河年极端降水强度最大,内蒙杭锦后旗临河一带年极端降水强度最小。极端降水站数偏多的年份,该年黄河流域总降水量也趋于偏多。汛期日极端降水强度从黄河上游到下游逐渐增强,主要发生在7-8月。     

1960年-2010年淮河流域降水量时空变化特征

采用淮河流域25个代表性站点降水量资料,运用线性回归法、累计距平法以及Mann-Kendall趋势检验与突变检验的方法综合分析了该流域降水量在时间上与空间上的变化特征。结果表明:在时间尺度上,淮河流域多年降水量总体上呈现微弱的上升趋势,但中间多年都保持下降的趋势,突变起始年为1965年;在空间尺度上,淮河流域降水量由南向北逐渐减少,上游、中游多呈现上升趋势,下游多呈现下降趋势。对淮河流域时空上的降水量的趋势特征和突变特征分析,可以为淮河流域的洪涝灾害防治提供参考依据。     

气候变化对北江流域径流影响的模拟研究

通过构建北江流域SWAT分布式水文模型,以北江流域13个雨量站10年逐月降水量及北江流域干流石角水文站同步逐月流量数据为输入条件进行水文模型参数率定,应用气候情景设置方法研究了北江流域在降水和气温等不同气候变化条件下径流量的变化规律。研究表明:气温变化1℃对年径流量及其年内分配的影响变化均在1%以内。降水量变化对年径流量影响十分显著,降水量变化10%对年径流量的影响变化可达到15%,而对径流年内分配的影响变化在1%以内,影响较小。随着气温下降和降水量的增加,枯季径流量占年内分配比例均有所上升,枯水期来水量提高,有利于流域城乡供水安全和生态用水安全。     

气候变化影响下的赣江流域水资源变化趋势与幅度分析

利用全球气候模式输出结果,经统计降尺度模型降解后得到流域尺度的降水和气温要素,根据实测资料建立气温—蒸发回归关系以及新安江水文模型,使用耦合模拟和MK趋势分析评估未来气候变化情景下赣江流域水资源量的变化趋势和幅度。研究结果表明:未来不同排放情景下的年降水量、年蒸发量和年径流量等水文气候要素变化趋势以显著增加为主。未来年降水量、年蒸发量和年径流量的多年平均值相对基准期有较小幅度增加,最大增幅为年径流量的13.81%。降水、蒸发和径流的年内变化有明显的季节性特征,汛期径流增加、非汛期径流减少的不均匀情况加剧,在一定程度上可能增加赣江流域未来的防洪压力和枯水期供水压力。     

金沙江流域近55a降水时空分布特征及变化趋势

利用金沙江流域内44个气象站点的逐月降水数据资料,采用5 a滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall法、克里金插值法以及空间分布格局法,研究了该流域近55 a降水时空分布特征及变化趋势。结果表明:流域年降水量和非汛期降水量均呈不显著的增加趋势,汛期则呈不显著的减少趋势;流域年内降水分布不均匀,主要集中在汛期5~10月,降水量约占全年的89%;流域降水空间分布特征主要表现为由上游向下游呈逐渐增加的趋势;流域降水的空间格局具有较大差异,主要呈现出流域河源及其中游地区降水量增加,下游地区降水量减少的变化特征。     

Climate Change and Resource Management in the Columbia River Basin

Abstract

Scenarios of global climate change were examined to see what impacts they might have on transboundary water management in the Columbia River basin. Scenario changes in natural streamflow were estimated using a basin hydrology model. These scenarios tended to show earlier seasonal peaks, with possible reductions in total annual flow and lower minimum flows. Impacts and adaptation responses to the natural streamflow scenarios were determined through two exercises: (a) estimations of system reliability using a reservoir model with performance measures and (b) interviews with water managers and other stakeholders in the Canadian portion of the basin. Results from the two exercises were similar, suggesting a tendency towards reduced reliability to meet objectives for power production, fisheries, and agriculture. Reliability to meet flood control objectives would be relatively unchanged in some scenarios but reduced in others. This exercise suggests that despite the high level of development and management in the Columbia, vulnerabilities would still exist, and impacts could still occur in scenarios of natural streamflow changes caused by global climate change. Many of these would be indirect, reflecting the complex relationship between the region and its climate.     

The change and prediction of temperature and precipitation in the Dawen River basin using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM)

In order to explore the climate change in the Dawen River basin,based on the data of six weather stations in the Dawen River basin from 1966 to 2017,Mann Kendall test and wavelet analysis were used to study the temperature and precipitation trends,mutations and cycles in the region.In addition,based on the three scenarios of RCP2.6,RCP4.5,and RCP8.5 under the CanESM2 model,SDSM was used to compare and analyze the future climate change of the Dawen River basin.The results revealed that:the annual mean temperature of the Dawen River basin had increased significantly since 1966 (p<0.01);in different scenarios,the spatial distribution of the projected maximum temperature,minimum temperature and precipitation will hardly change compared with that in history;the temperature and precipitation in the Dawen River basin will generally increase in the future.The rising trend of maximum and minimum temperature under the three scenarios is in the EP相似文献   

浏阳河流域降水时空演变规律分析

通过线性回归、滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平联合滑动t检验和Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了浏阳河流域1969~2013年的年、汛期和非汛期降水的演变规律。结果表明:(1)45 a来,年、汛期降水量呈非显著性下降趋势,非汛期降水量呈非显著性上升趋势。(2)年降水量的空间分布存在不均衡性,降水量总体从东北部向西南部逐渐减少。(3)年、汛期降水量均在1992年发生显著性均值突变,非汛期降水量突变不显著。(4)年降水量均存在27 a左右主周期,汛期和非汛期降水量在时间尺度上的相位变化与年降水大体一致。研究结果可为浏阳河流域气候分析和气候预测提供参考。     

Streamflow Forecast and Reservoir Operation Performance Assessment Under Climate Change

This study attempts to investigate potential impacts of future climate change on streamflow and reservoir operation performance in a Northern American Prairie watershed. System Dynamics is employed as an effective methodology to organize and integrate existing information available on climate change scenarios, watershed hydrologic processes, reservoir operation and water resource assessment system. The second version of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Coupled Global Climate Model is selected to generate the climate change scenarios with daily climatic data series for hydrologic modeling. Watershed-based hydrologic and reservoir water dynamics modeling focuses on dynamic processes of both streamflow generation driven by climatic conditions, and the reservoir water dynamics based on reservoir operation rules. The reliability measure describes the effectiveness of present reservoir operation rules to meet various demands which are assumed to remain constant for the next 100 years in order to focus the study on the understanding of the structure and the behaviour of the water supply. Simulation results demonstrate that future climate variation and change may bring more high-peak-streamflow occurrences and more abundant water resources. Current reservoir operation rules can provide a high reliability in drought protection and flood control.     

基于Mann—Kendall检验的嘎呀河流域降水变化趋势及突变分析

基于Mann—Kendall检验方法,时嘎呀河流域降水量数据进行分析,发现年降水量总体呈现下降趋势,在研究时段内年径流量各雨量站均存在突变点,就流域而言．1985年为整个流域降水量的突变点。汛期降水量整体呈现下降趋势,非汛期降水量整体呈现上升趋势,老庙、天桥岭、汪清、仲坪和西大坡站汛期降水量变化对年降水量变化具有决定性作用。该流域汛期降水量突变点为1982年,非汛期无明显突变点。     

气候变化对海河流域水文特性的影响

本文应用大尺度陆面水文模型——可变下渗能力模型VIC(Variable Infdtration Capacity)与区域气候变化影响研究模型PRECIS(Providing Regional Climatefor Impacts Studies)耦合，对气候变化情景下海河流域水资源的变化趋势进行预测。结果表明：未来气候情景下，即使海河流域降水量增加，年平均径流量仍将可能减少，预示海河流域的水资源将十分短缺；若考虑21世纪人口增长因素，海河流域的水资源形势将更加严峻；未来气候情景下，汛期的径流量增加，说明海河流域发生洪水的可能性将增大。     

花园口年平均流量对不同气候条件的响应

基于花园口水文站以上区域的71个气象站1961—2005年逐日降水量、气温和花园口水文站1961—2005年逐日实测流量,利用人工神经网络模型建立月平均流量与降水、气温之间的关系,并设定不同气候变化条件,研究了花园口水文站年平均流量对不同气候条件的响应。结果表明:花园口水文站年平均流量在降水增加10%和20%、气温变化-2～2℃时均为增加趋势,在降水减小10%和20%、气温变化-2～2℃时均为减小趋势,且增大幅度大于减小的幅度。     

Hydrological Responses to Climate Change in Nenjiang River Basin,Northeastern China

Under the background of global climate change, hydrological responses to climate change were investigated in Northeastern China. This study analyses the trends of annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation and streamflow series in Nenjiang River Basin. Correlations between streamflow and meteorological variables were investigated, while parametric method and nonparametric tests were applied to determine the trends and correlations. Data collected from a series of monitoring stations showed significant increasing trends of annual and seasonal mean temperature versus time, whereas during the whole period the annual and seasonal precipitation in the basin did not exhibit similar trends although temporal and spatial variations were detected. Affected by the precipitation and temperature changes, significant trends of decreasing annual, spring and autumn streamflow were demonstrated; the decrease concentrating mainly on the mainstream and tributaries of the left bank. Correlation analyses revealed strong relationships between the streamflow and meteorological variables in Nenjiang River Basin, and the impacts of climate change on streamflow were complicated. Results from this study will help water resource managers for decision makings that address the consequences of climate change.     

Analysis of the effect of climate change on the Nakdong river stream flow using indicators of hydrological alteration

This study models the effect of climate change on runoff in southeast Korea using the TANK conceptual rainfall-runoff model. The results are assessed using the indicators of hydrological alteration (IHA) developed by U.S. Nature Conservancy. Future climate time series are obtained by scaling historical series, provided by four global climate models (GCMs, IPCC, 2007) and three greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios (IPCC, 2000), to reflect a maximum increase of 3.6 °C in the average surface air temperature and 33% in the annual precipitation. To this end, the spatio-temporal change factor method is used, which considers changes in the future mean seasonal rainfall and potential evapotranspiration as well as the daily rainfall distribution. In this study, the variance range for precipitation is from +3.55% to +33.44% compared to the present for years between 2071 and 2100. The variance range for the daily mean temperature is estimated between +1.59 °C and +3.58 °C. Although the simulation results from different GCMs and GHG emissions scenarios indicate different responses of the flows to the climate change, the majority of modeling results show that there will be more runoff in southeast Korea in the future. According to the analysis results, the predicted impacts of hydrological alteration caused by climate change on the aquatic ecosystem are as follows: 1) an increase in the availability of aquatic ecosystem habitats in Nakdong River in future summers and winters, 2) an increase in stress on the aquatic ecosystem due to extremely high stream flow, 3) an increase in the stress duration of flood events for the Nakdong River downstream and 4) an increase in aquatic ecosystem stress caused by rapid increases or decreases in stream flow.     

拉萨河流域径流对土地利用和气候变化的响应分析

拉萨河流域处青藏高原中南部,因其独特的地理位置是对气候变化较为敏感的区域之一,同时也是青藏高原人口和耕地较为密集区域。在建立SWAT模型对拉萨河流域水循环过程进行模拟的基础上,通过设置不同气候情景与土地利用状况,分析近30 a来拉萨河流域径流变化的成因,并研究径流对气候因子变化的敏感性。结果表明:①气候变化与土地利用对径流影响占比分别约为82.95%和17.05%,主要原因在于近30 a拉萨河流域土地利用情况变化不大,而气温、降水则呈显著增加趋势;②降水每增加10%,流域径流约增加11.8%,且径流对降水变化敏感性的空间差异性较小;③气温每增加1 ℃,流域总径流约增加2.5%,但径流随气温变化的空间差异性较大,其中,中上游地区径流减小0.7%,下游地区径流约增加3.6%。     

基于Copula函数的气候变化下洪水峰量联合分析

为研究气候变化对北江流域洪水特征发生频率的影响,采用分位数映射(Quantile Mapping,QM)后处理方法校正BCC_CSM1.1气候模式2种情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下的气候数据,用于SWAT模型模拟历史(1965—2010年)和未来(2030—2064年、2065—2099年)的北江流域径流量,并采用单变量分析法和基于Copula函数的双变量联合分析法分别对各时期年最大洪峰流量Q和年最大7 d洪量W进行对比分析。结果表明:除RCP8.5下2065—2099年的W外,重现期(T≥50 a)越大,气候变化对Q和W的影响越大; RCP4.5下气候变化对Q和W的影响较RCP8.5下大;2种未来情景下,气候变化对Q的影响均大于对W的影响;对于同一重现期,双变量联合分析法推求的洪水特征设计值较单变量分析法的偏安全。该研究结合了气候变化和双变量联合分析,对变化环境下的洪水风险评价与管理具有一定的参考价值。     

海河流域径流演变规律及其对气候变化的响应

根据海河流域长系列水文气象资料,对流域内年径流量的演变趋势、突变特征和周期性规律进行分析,同时选取降水量和气温这两项重要的气候要素,建立海河流域年径流与降水、春夏气温的统计回归模型,计算未来A1B、A2和B1三种气候条件下的径流量,从而分析径流量对气候变化的响应。     

近60年气候与土地利用变化对金沙江径流的影响

气候变化与土地利用变化会对流域降水径流过程产生影响,如何定量区分气候变化和土地利用变化对径流过程的影响,一直是国际水文水资源领域研究的热点和前沿问题。为了定量研究金沙江流域土地利用与气候变化的径流响应,构建了金沙江流域SWAT模型,采用情景模拟的方法,对土地利用变化与气候变化对径流的影响展开了研究。研究结果表明:(1)过去57 a金沙江流域实测降水量和气温的上升趋势显著,而径流量的变化趋势不明显;(2)相较于金沙江流域气温的显著升高,各种土地利用变化很小;(3)由于过去30 a间土地利用变化很小,因此其对径流量的影响微小;(4)气候变化是影响金沙江流域径流的主要因素,然而,取用水、水库建设等人类活动对径流的影响也较为显著。