应用CDAG方法进行秦山二期大破口LOCA严重事故堆芯损伤研究

应用MELCOR 1.8.5程序模拟了秦山二期无缓解措施的大破口LOCA严重事故序列,并利用西屋公司堆芯损伤评价导则(CDAG)对该事故早期堆芯损伤进行评价,得到了下封头失效前特定时刻的堆芯损伤状态和程度。初步分析结果表明,CDAG可以合理地评价秦山二期无缓解措施的大破口严重事故堆芯损伤状况和损伤程度,对进一步研究和验证CDAG的综合评价能力和适用性具有重要参考意义。     

二级PSA在严重事故管理中的应用研究

二级概率安全分析（PSA）可用来定量评估严重事故风险,是评价严重事故管理的良好工具。通过研究二级PSA应用于严重事故管理的一般方法与流程,以某二代改进型核电厂二级PSA模型为例,对严重事故管理导则中“一回路卸压”和“一回路应急注水”两个关键操作进行了定量评价。评价表明进入严重事故管理导则后立即执行“一回路卸压操作”可大幅度降低大量放射性释放风险,执行“一回路应急注水操作”对于降低进程较慢的事故序列大量放射性释放风险贡献较大。研究表明国内核电厂针对严重事故的管理还有进一步提升空间。      

秦山一期核电站小破口冷却剂丧失初因严重事故以及缓解措施的研究

采用基于SCDAP／RELAP5的核反应堆严重事故分析平台．分析研究了秦山一期核电站一回路冷段小破口冷却剂流失(SBLOCA)初因导致严重事故进程,并根据美国SANONOFRE核电站的IPE结果以及SURRY的PSA评估结果,选择适当的缓解措施,即进行一回路补给水,对该事故做了相应的干预。通过计算分析,对阻止SBLOCA引发的严重事故进程的缓解措施的有效性进行了验证。     

中国百万千瓦级核电站严重事故下堆芯损伤评价

应用一体化严重事故分析程序MELCOR1.8.5进行模拟分析,研究了由西屋公司制定、经美国NRC（NuclearRegulatoryCommission）认证的“堆芯损伤评价导则（CDAG）”应用于中国百万千瓦级核电站在严重事故初期评价堆芯损伤状态和程度的有效性。初步分析结果表明,CDAG可较好地评价百万千瓦级核电站无缓解措施的冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）堆芯损伤状况和损伤程度,对进一步研究和验证CDAG的综合评价能力和适用性、推进现有核电厂建立严重事故管理导则具有重要的参考价值。     

秦山一期核电站SGTR导致堆芯熔化进程及事故缓解措施的研究

采用自行研制的核反应堆严重事故分析平台,对秦山一期核电站蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)初因导致堆芯熔化严重事故进程进行了分析研究,并根据美国SAN ONOFRE核电站的1PE结果以及SURRY的PSA评估结果,选择适当的缓解措施,如一回路补给水、二回路补给水、一回路卸压等,对该事故做了相应的严重事故管理。通过计算分析,对阻止SGTR导致堆芯熔化进程的缓解措施的有效性进行了验证：     

PSA在大亚湾核电站定期安全评审中的应用

概率安全评价(PSA)是大亚湾核电站定期安全评审(PSR)中安全分析要素审查的专题之一,该专题主要包括PSA评价工具的审查、使用PSA评价工具及方法对影响核安全的偏差及纠正措施进行评价.本文首先给出了PSA在大亚湾核电站PSR中的应用要求,介绍了PSA评价方法、工具和专题评审步骤,然后描述了使用PSA评价工具及方法对影响核安全的相关偏差及纠正措施进行的评价.     

池式钠冷快堆放射性释放风险概率安全评价事件树分析

池式钠冷快堆的安全特性和放射性释放机制与压水堆有着显著不同,在核安全新要求下,亟待开展放射性释放风险概率安全评价（PSA）研究。本文以池式钠冷快堆为研究对象,通过分析放射性来源、包容边界及破坏包容边界完整性的严重事故现象,确定了池式钠冷快堆大量放射性释放的主要位置和释放模式,构建分析了放射性释放事件树。本文分析结果可为进一步开展池式钠冷快堆放射性释放风险PSA提供参考。     

徐大堡核电厂严重事故后公众辐射风险分析

目前我国还没有制定核电厂严重事故后公众辐射风险的可接受性准则。本文提出了一种核电厂辐射风险评价方法,并结合我国徐大堡核电厂的厂址气象条件和人口数据,依据相应机型的二级PSA分析报告,使用MACCS程序对严重事故后公众辐射风险进行分析,并与美国、英国的风险评价准则进行比较,对我国风险可接受性准则的制定有一定参考意义。     

岭澳二期工程严重事故对策分析

本文根据国家核安全局的要求，在参照岭澳二期工程已完成的PSA工作的基础上，结合有关的安全研究和同类核电站的实践，尤其是法国的核安全实践和经验反馈，经过分析比较，在合理可行的基础上选取了进行严重事故分析的事故序列，并针对事故后果提出了缓解措施。     

EPR的二级概率安全评价

EPR设计广泛采用了概率安全分析（PSA）作为确定论分析的补充。PSA采用三级分析评价电厂运行所带来的风险。1级PSA用于导致堆芯损坏熔化事件的风险评价，并确定对风险有贡献的事件、系统失效及运行错误。2级PSA用于评价裂变产物从电厂释放到环境的风险，并对严重事故导致的放射性释放（通常称为源项）的频率和大小进行量化分析。3级PSA对事故所导致的放射性释放对社会造成的危害进行量化分析，也就是对健康和对食物链污染的可能影响。     

核电站严重事故后果概率安全评价方法研究

核电站严重事故后果概率安全评价(PSA)是采用概率论的方法对核电站放射性后果进行分析,并定量给出放射性物质对核电站周围公众的健康效应影响。以国内某压水堆核电站为参考厂址,建立合适的场外后果分析模型。采用分层抽样方法对参考厂址1a的气象数据进行抽样,源项和释放特征等数据取自二级PSA的研究结果。利用事故后果评价程序对核电站严重事故后果进行计算,并用概率论方法对结果进行评估。通过计算将各事故和事故谱的场外个人剂量表示为CCDF曲线和总频率-剂量曲线,再用概率论方法得到不同距离处个人剂量超过指定剂量的条件概率;也可用此方法对确定烟羽应急计划区的安全准则中所描述的"大多数严重事故序列"进行量化。     

Cernavoda CANDU severe accident evaluation

The papers present the activities dedicated to Romania Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant first CANDU Unit severe accident evaluation. This activity is part of more general PSA assessment activities. CANDU specific safety features are calandria moderator and calandria vault water capabilities to remove the residual heat in the case of severe accidents, when the conventional heat sinks are no more available. Severe accidents evaluation, that is a deterministic thermal hydraulic analysis, assesses the accidents progression and gives the milestones when important events take place. This kind of assessment is important to evaluate to recovery time for the reactor operators that can lead to the accident mitigation. The Cernavoda CANDU unit is modeled for the of all heat sinks accident and results compared with the AECL CANDU 600 assessment.     

The development and demonstration of integrated models for the evaluation of severe accident management strategies—SAMEM

This study is concerned with the further development of integrated models for the assessment of existing and potential severe accident management (SAM) measures. This paper provides a brief summary of these models, based on Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) methods and the Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Methodology (ROAAM) approach, and their application to a number of case studies spanning both preventive and mitigative accident management regimes. In the course of this study it became evident that the starting point to guide the selection of methodology and any further improvement is the intended application. Accordingly, such features as the type and area of application and the confidence requirement are addressed in this project. The application of an integrated ROAAM approach led to the implementation, at the Loviisa NPP, of a hydrogen mitigation strategy, which requires substantial plant modifications. A revised level 2 PSA model was applied to the Sizewell B NPP to assess the feasibility of the in-vessel retention strategy. Similarly the application of PSA based models was extended to the Barseback and Ringhals 2 NPPs to improve the emergency operating procedures, notably actions related to manual operations. A human reliability analysis based on the Human Cognitive Reliability (HCR) and Technique For Human Error Rate (THERP) models was applied to a case study addressing secondary and primary bleed and feed procedures. Some aspects pertinent to the quantification of severe accident phenomena were further examined in this project. A comparison of the applications of PSA based approach and ROAAM to two severe accident issues, viz hydrogen combustion and in-vessel retention, was made. A general conclusion is that there is no requirement for further major development of the PSA and ROAAM methodologies in the modelling of SAM strategies for a variety of applications as far as the technical aspects are concerned. As is demonstrated in this project, the generic modelling framework was refined to enable a number of applications. Some recommendations have also been made regarding the applicability of these approaches to existing operating reactors and future reactors. The need for further research and development in the area of human reliability quantification was identified.     

管壁减薄对严重事故工况下传热管断裂的影响及缓解措施的有效性

严重事故的恶劣条件(反复的冷热交替及一、二回路之间的压差)可能导致蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管发生蠕变断裂。本文基于一级概率安全分析(PSA)的分析结果确定的典型事故序列,计算分析SG传热管壁减薄对严重事故工况下诱发蒸汽发生器传热管断裂(SGTR)的影响,给出严重事故缓解措施,例如一回路降压和给SG补水的有效性计算。     

模块化小型核反应堆自动卸压系统分析研究

模块化小型核反应堆（SMR）与传统大型压水堆在结构上存在很大差异,导致两者的严重事故进程存在较大差异。因此本文结合SMR自身设计特点,建立反应堆严重事故分析模型,对SMR的典型事故瞬态进行模拟计算,并对严重事故进程、热工水力现象和系统安全进行研究。在此基础上提出了SMR自动卸压系统优化改进方案,通过对自动卸压系统各级卸压管线的位置和阀门有效面积进行深入研究,并对相关参数进行敏感性分析,提出符合反应堆自身特点的卸压阀门有效面积的优化设计方案,为小型核反应堆的严重事故预防和缓解提供有效的依据和参考。     

Thermal-hydraulic analysis on the effect of operator action in the loss of shutdown cooling system accident in a PWR

It is necessary to develop PSA methodology and integrated accident management technology during low power/shutdown operations. To develop this technology, thermal-hydraulic analysis is necessarily required to access the trend of plant process parameters and operator's grace time after initiation of the accident. In this study, the thermal-hydraulic behavior in the loss of shutdown cooling system accident during low power/shutdown operations at the Korean standard nuclear power plant was analyzed using the best-estimate thermal-hydraulic analysis code, MARS2.1. The effects of operator's action and initiation of accident mitigation system, such as safety injection and gravity feed on mitigation of the accident during shutdown operations are also analyzed.When steam generators are unavailable or vent paths with large cross-sectional area are open in the accident, the core damage occurs earlier than the cases of steam generators available or vent paths with small cross-sectional area. If an operator takes an action to mitigate the accident, the accident can be mitigated considerably. To mitigate the accident, high-pressure safety injection is more effective in POS4B and gravity feed is more effective in POS5. The results of this study can contribute to the plant safety improvement because those can provide the time for an operator to take an action to mitigate the accident by providing quantitative time of core damage. The results of this study can also provide information in developing operating procedure and accident management technology.     

Severe accident mitigation strategy for the generation II PWRs in France – Some outcomes of the on-going periodic safety review of the French 1300 MWe PWR series

The 3rd Periodic Safety Review of the French 1300 MWe PWRs series includes some modifications to increase their robustness in case of a severe accident. Their review is based on both deterministic and probabilistic approaches, keeping in mind that severe accidents frequencies and radiological consequences should be as low as reasonably practicable, severe accidents management strategies should be as safe as possible and the robustness of equipment used for severe accident management should be ensured.Consequently, the IRSN level 2 probabilistic safety assessment (L2 PSA) studies for the 1300 MWe reactors have been used to re-assess the results of the utility's L2 PSA and rank them to identify the containment failure modes contributing the most to the global risk. This ranking helped the review of plant modifications.Regarding strategies for accident management, the EDF management of water in the reactor cavity during a severe accident for the 1300 MWe PWRs is presented as well as the IRSN position on this strategy: this is an example where the optimal severe accident management strategy choice is not so easy to define.Regarding the robustness of equipment used for severe accident management, the interest of a diversification or redundancy of the French emergency filtered containment venting opening is one example among many others.This paper presents the analysis conducted by IRSN during the 3rd periodic safety review of the French 1300 MWe PWRs. Future NPP upgrades to limit radioactive releases in case of containment filtered venting, to prevent containment venting and basemat melt-through are analysed in another framework (post-Fukushima and long-term operation projects).     

核电厂严重事故情况下氢气控制分析

文章首先阐述了核电厂严重事故情况下安全壳内的氢气风险,研究现状,以及缓解、控制氢气风险的具体措施.在此基础上,介绍了田湾核电站严重事故情况下氢气控制的系统和方法,调试结果及历次大修对氢气控制系统的检查结果,表明该方法具备严重事故预防和缓解能力,安全风险处于受控状态,安全是有保障的,符合国家核安全局针对福岛核事故后对核电厂改进行动的通用技术要求.     

先进非能动压水堆防火喷淋对严重事故的缓解作用研究

依据先进非能动压水堆的严重事故管理导则(SAMG),消防系统中的防火喷淋系统,尽管属于非安全相关的系统,仍可以作为严重事故缓解策略,在以下三个方面起到严重事故缓解的作用:减少放射性气溶胶的质量;安全壳降温降压;安全壳注水。因此本文利用一体化严重事故分析程序,选取典型事故序列,评估防火喷淋系统在严重事故中的三种缓解作用的有效性为防火喷淋在严重事故管理导则中的应用提供技术支持。分析结果表明,防火喷淋系统能够实现堆腔淹没,在一定时间内进行安全壳降压,以及减少安全壳中放射性气溶胶的含量的作用,但由于系统限制,防火喷淋进行堆腔淹没的流量不能满足安全限值,并且只能推迟而不能够避免安全壳的失效。防火喷淋系统对严重事故的缓解作用虽然是有限的,但可为其他相关系统或设备的修复提供一定时间。