降水条件下抗滑桩-锚杆加固边坡的离心模型试验研究

锚杆抗滑桩是一种加固边坡的有效结构。本文进行了水位下降条件下素土坡与锚杆抗滑桩组合结构加固土坡的离心模型试验，测量了边坡的位移场变化，分析了锚杆抗滑桩的行为以及土体的变形特性。试验结果表明，锚杆抗滑桩加固导致边坡位移显著减小、改变了滑裂面连续性，并使得坡体破坏表现出显著渐进性。水位下降条件下锚杆抗滑桩加固土坡的破坏过程与变形局部化表现出显著的耦合特性。锚杆抗滑桩结构使得边坡变形均匀化，阻挡了桩侧土体滑动，从而延迟了边坡破坏。     

软土桩基上拓宽路堤的变形破坏离心模型试验

采用离心模型试验手段,以广州高速公路改扩建工程为背景建立模型,设计相应尺寸的模型试验方案,模拟软土桩基上的新路堤拓宽过程,研究软土桩基的变形破坏规律与机理。结果表明:旧路堤主要发生竖向位移,新路堤发生沉降和一定量水平位移; 新路堤坡肩区域出现向坡脚滑动趋势,导致新路堤施工过程中路堤和软基产生滑动破坏; 新路堤中的滑裂面首先出现,从新路堤坡肩到短桩顶端自上而下逐渐形成; 在新路堤滑裂面形成过程中,软基中的滑裂面从旧路堤下的地基表面至新路堤坡脚下地基部分自内向外逐渐形成,2条滑裂面几乎同时达到贯通状态; 管桩发生一定程度的倾斜,在滑裂面出现之前的某一时刻倾斜角度迅速增加; 在局部滑裂面附近位移出现较快增长,变形较为集中; 变形局部化导致了局部发生破坏,而局部破坏促进了变形局部化的进一步发展,二者的耦合发展最终导致土体发生破坏。     

基于图像分析的土坡离心模型试验变形场测量

开发了离心场条件下土坡离心模型试验变形场非接触测量技术并进行了实际应用。基于图像相关分析理论,开发了新的土坡离心模型试验过程中土体位移非接触测量系统以观测离心机运行中土坡的位移。针对简单土坡进行了离心模型试验,测量了土坡的位移场变化过程。测量结果规律性好,表明该非接触测量技术能够较好地测定离心模型试验中土体侧面任意点在任意时刻的位移,适用于离心场环境中土坡变形过程的测量。加载导致土坡在某些位置出现变形集中,意味着这些位置发生了应变局部化。应变局部化的发展与土坡破坏有着密切联系。     

开挖对边坡变形影响的离心模型试验研究

边坡开挖是工程中经常遇到的问题。采用清华大学土工离心机以及新开发的开挖模拟设备进行了土坡开挖的离心模型试验,测量了开挖过程中边坡位移场的变化。基于位移测量结果提出了一种确定开挖影响范围的方法,分析了开挖后边坡的变形响应。结果表明：开挖后坡体内部根据竖向应变性质的不同可分为开挖松动区、开挖压缩区和无影响区3个区域,不同区域土体的变形特性有所差别。开挖后边坡内部的潜在滑裂面在变形破坏过程中是变化的,从坡体内部向坡面方向移动。开挖条件下边坡表现出明显的渐进破坏过程。     

库水位升降条件下边坡失稳离心模型试验研究

 三峡库区频发的滑坡地质灾害已愈来愈引起学者的高度重视,其受水位反复升降的影响是库区边坡不同于其他陆地自然边坡的一个显著特点。以离心模型试验为手段,基于三峡库区典型滑坡的工程地质特征,建立相应的土质边坡离心模型。在试验过程中实现对库水位循环升降的控制,模拟库区边坡在水位升降作用下的失稳过程。通过数码摄像、数字图像处理和传感元件测试,获得该试验条件下的土坡在水位升降过程中典型位置的孔隙水压力变化、全断面位移矢量演化(水平位移和沉降)、滑面形态及裂缝形成发展过程,并详细分析边坡在这种外部水环境影响下的变形演化、失稳和破坏模式。试验结果表明,若仅考虑水位升降作用的影响,该试验条件下的库区土质边坡的变形呈现典型的渐进牵引破坏模式,并具备较强的水土软化影响特征;裂缝在变形演化过程中出现交替张开和闭合现象,该失稳模式下的滑面呈折线形态,并在变形破坏过程中次生多级滑面。研究结果为库区滑坡地质灾害机制的深入认识、以及滑坡预防和控制提供了重要依据。     

库岸古滑坡离心模型试验研究

针对一库岸古滑坡进行了水位骤降条件下 失稳机制 的离心模型试验。 离心模型的制作考虑了原型边坡的大尺寸和非均质特征,离心试验过程中进行了上下游水位的实时控制,试验后进行了边坡土体物理特性和强度特性的对比试验。离心试验结果表明：水库蓄水导致坡脚抗滑阻力降低,坡体前缘出现裂缝并随着水位上升出现坡脚坍滑;水位骤降坡体内产生向外的动水压力,加剧坡脚滑动并形成牵引式滑坡趋势;坡脚被加固后边坡变形情况得到明显改善,滑动被阻止,边坡整体稳定性提高。离心试验前后边坡土体的物理力学试验结果揭示：坡脚滑动会造成坡体土密度和含水率重新分布,并导致近滑动区土体强度特性改变、强度指标下降。 另外,水下土体随浸没时间增长黏聚力会降低直至消失。     

降雨触发不同级配堆积体滑坡模型试验研究

深入研究降雨条件下堆积体坡失稳规律对滑坡预测预报和防灾减灾具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。开发研制了降雨滑坡室内模型试验系统,对3种配制的堆积体土样进行了模型试验。研究了降雨条件下堆积体土坡的渗流、变形、破坏和颗粒运移的规律,探讨颗粒级配对堆积体土坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:坡内土体体积含水率、孔隙水压力和吸力随降雨历程响应明确;湿润锋到达后体积含水率和孔隙水压力持续增加而吸力持续减小,达到峰值后稳定;降雨停止后体积含水率和孔隙水压力立即降低而吸力逐渐增大。坡体破坏瞬时土体位移有一个加速过程。颗粒级配(含石量)对土坡破坏模式具有显著的影响;堆积体含石量为13%,19%,41%的土坡破坏模式分别为多级后退式破坏、冲蚀引起的局部浅层滑动破坏和块状滑动破坏;含石量越小,滑裂面越明显;含石量对细颗粒流失也有影响,含石量越大细颗粒流失越显著,坡脚细颗粒含量越大。     

复杂水库调度及降雨条件下堆积体滑坡离心试验研究

复杂水库调度是指库水位经历多次上升或下降且速率前后不一致的工况,是工程中常见情况。为研究水库调度和降雨条件下库岸堆积体边坡滑动触发因素、演化规律及失稳机制,以HD库区典型堆积体边坡为原型,自制库水位变动与降雨耦合作用离心试验系统,设计水位上升→水位下降(慢速)→降雨→水位下降(快速)工况,开展离心机模型试验。分析试验全过程中边坡宏观变形、孔隙水压力及土压力变化特征,以探究复杂水库调度及降雨条件下堆积体边坡变形破坏机制。结果表明：水库蓄水阶段边坡变形不易察觉,主要发生边坡底滑面前缘局部坍塌;库水位骤降会诱发边坡产生中下部的分级滑动并带动后缘产生拉裂缝;降雨引起坡表侵蚀及边坡整体下沉,表现出推移式破坏特征;尽管第2次水位骤降速率是第1次的2倍,但边坡变形表现为以前缘局部牵引式下沉为主。     

天然边坡削坡工程中的稳定性研究

天然边坡在削坡工程施工阶段或竣工后,往往形成上下部不同坡度的边坡。离心模型试验与现场试验结果表明,这类边坡有两种破坏模式。一种是滑裂面始于坡顶,另一种是滑裂面始于坡面。利用极限分析上限法理论讨论并确定边坡发生不同破坏模式的条件,从而给出极限开挖深度、设计开挖深度小于极限开挖深度时的稳定安全系数以及设计开挖深度大于极限开挖深度时的土压力,为解决天然边坡削坡工程中的稳定性设计问题提供理论依据。     

库水位升降作用下土质岸坡变形特征实验研究

库水位升降作用下三峡库区土质岸坡坡体吸水、应力集中及滑移变形,形成不同时段和不同空间部位的裂缝体系。通过模型试验的方法,分析了土质岸坡在一个蓄水降水循环周期内裂缝体系的时空演化分期配套规律。试验结果表明:蓄水初期,裂缝主要出现在岸坡前缘水位线附近,且出现频率高、规模逐渐增大,岸坡出现局部坍塌破坏;蓄水中期,岸坡前后缘均有裂缝出现,但出现频率低、规模减小;蓄水后期,前缘裂缝发育基本消失,后缘裂缝继续发育,岸坡以沿滑动面整体蠕滑为主;水位上升过程中暂停蓄水时裂缝发展缓慢。降水阶段,拉张裂缝主要出现在岸坡坡体后缘,初期降水裂缝出现频率较低,发展缓慢;后期降水裂缝出现频率、规模变大,产生下座变形及下错台坎;水位下降阶段岸坡沿滑动面发生整体缓慢蠕滑。     

Centrifuge model tests on pile-reinforced slopes subjected to drawdown

Piles are generally an effective way to reduce the risk of slope failure. However, previous approaches for slope stability analysis did not consider the effect of the piles coupled with the decrease of the water level (drawdown). In this study, a series of centrifuge model tests was performed to understand the deformation and failure characteristics of slopes reinforced with various pile layouts. In the centrifuge model tests, the pile-reinforced slopes exhibited two typical failure modes under drawdown conditions: across-pile failure and through-pile failure. In the through-pile slope failure, a discontinuous slip surface was observed, implying that the assumption of the slip surface in previous stability analysis methods was unreasonable. The test results showed that drawdown led to instability of the piles in cohesive soil, as the saturated cohesive soil failed to provide sufficient constraint for piles. The slope exhibited progressive failure, from top to bottom, during drawdown. The deformation of the piles was reduced by increasing the embedment depth and row number of piles. In addition, the deformation of soils outside the piles was influenced by the piles and showed a similar distribution shape as the piles, and the similarity degree weakened as the distance from the piles increased. This study also found that the failure mechanism of unreinforced and pile-reinforced slopes induced by drawdown could be described by coupling between the deformation localization and local failure, and it revealed that pile-reinforced slopes could reduce slope deformation localization during drawdown.     

Centrifuge modeling of the geotextile reinforced slope subject to drawdown

Geotextile is an effective reinforcement approach of slopes that experiences various loads such as drawdown. The geotextile reinforcement mechanism is essential to effectively evaluate the safety of geotextile-reinforced slopes under drawdown conditions. A series of drawdown centrifuge model tests were performed to investigate the deformation and failure behaviors of slopes reinforced with different geotextile layouts. The deformation and failure of unreinforced and reinforced slopes were compared and the geotextile reinforcement was indicated to significantly increase the safety limit and the ductility, reduce the displacement, and change the failure feature of slopes under drawdown conditions. The slopes exhibited remarkable progressive failure, downward from the slope top, under drawdown conditions. The progressive failure was induced by coupling of deformation localization and local failure based on full-field measurements of displacement of slopes subjected to drawdown. The geotextile reinforced the slope by decreasing and uniformizing the slope deformation by the soil-geotextile interaction. Through geotextile displacement analysis, the geotextile-reinforced slope was divided into the anchoring zone and the restricting zone by a boundary that was independent of the decrease of water level. The geotextile restrained the soil in the anchoring zone and the soil restrained the geotextile in the restricting zone. The reinforcement effect was distinct only when the geotextile was long enough to cross the slip surface of the unreinforced slope under drawdown conditions.     

水位骤降对边坡稳定性影响的模型试验研究

 自然界中存在着大量的临水边坡,比如河岸、海堤、土石坝、水库库岸以及湖岸等,边坡外水位的骤降极易诱发此类临水边坡的滑坡。通过大型模型试验研究水位骤降引致临水边坡滑坡的原因及失稳模式。模型边坡的尺寸为15 m×5 m×6 m(长×宽×高),边坡部分的高度为4 m。在试验中,通过水位控制系统实现坡外水位的骤降,利用数码摄像、高精度传感器、侧面示踪点等仪器设备详细记录水位骤降过程中边坡内的孔隙水压力、土水总压力,滑动面形态及坡面裂缝的形成和发展过程,揭示水位骤降引致边坡失稳的原因及失稳模式。试验结果表明,坡外水位骤降时,坡内水位的下降速度显著滞后于坡外,产生指向坡外的渗流,是滑坡产生的重要原因;松散填土边坡的失稳模式为有多重滑面的牵引破坏模式。该研究结果有助于深入认识水位骤降引致滑坡的机制,可为治理此类滑坡提供科学依据。     

Failure behavior and mechanism of slopes reinforced using soil nail wall under various loading conditions

Soil–nailing technology is widely applied in practice for reinforcing slopes. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on slopes reinforced with a soil nail wall under three types of loading conditions. The behavior and mechanism of failure process of the reinforced slopes were studied using image-based observation and displacement measurements for the slope, nails, and cement layer. The nailing significantly increased the stability level and restricted the tension cracks of the slopes. Increasing the nail length improved the stability of the reinforced slopes with deeper slip surfaces. The reinforced slope exhibited a significant failure process, in which slope slippage failure and cement layer fracture occurred in conjunction with a coupling effect. The deformation localization was induced by the loading within the slope and ultimately developed into a slip surface. The nailing reinforced the slope by significantly delaying the occurrence of the deformation localization within the slope. The failure of nails was recognized as a combination of pull-out failure and bend deformation. The loading conditions were shown to have a significant effect on slope deformation and nail deflection, and they consequently influenced the failure behavior and its formation sequence.     

Deformation and failure of the Xiaochatou Landslide under rapid drawdown of the reservoir water level based on centrifuge tests

The deformation and failure mechanism of landslides caused by reservoir water operations is a significant problem that is being addressed by researchers. The Xiaochatou Landslide in the Wudongde Reservoir area is taken as an example for the performance of centrifugal model tests under gravel conditions with the rapid drawdown of the reservoir water level. The data concerning the displacement and pore water pressure during this process show that the Xiaochatou Landslide, which is a complex landslide containing a shallow slide mass, middle slide mass and deep slide mass, is extremely sensitive to the rapid drawdown of the water level. The centrifuge tests show that the shallow slide mass will fail and that the middle slide mass will suffer a large displacement after a rapid decrease in the reservoir water level. Furthermore, the Xiaochatou Landslide exhibits the characteristics of retrogressive failure.     

Simplified method for analyzing soil slope deformation under cyclic loading

Reasonable assessment of slope deformation under cyclic loading is of great significance for securing the safety of slopes. The observations of centrifuge model tests are analyzed on the slope deformation behavior under cyclic loading conditions. The potential slip surface is the key for slope failure and follows two rules: (i) the relative horizontal displacement along the potential slip surface is invariable at an elevation, and (ii) the soil along the slip surface exhibits the same degradation pattern. These rules are effective regardless of the location of the potential slip surface throughout the entire deformation process of a homogeneous slope, ranging from the initial deformation stage to the failure process and to the post-failure stage. A new, simplified method is proposed by deriving the displacement compatibility equation and unified degradation equation according to the fundamental rules. The method has few parameters that can be determined through traditional element tests. The predictions from the proposed method agree with the centrifuge test results with vertical loading and shaking table loading. This result confirms that the proposed method is effective in predicting the full deformation process of slopes under different cyclic loading conditions.     

降雨条件下折线型滑面的大型滑坡稳定性离心模型试验

以大型土工离心机为技术依托,采用离心模型试验,研究开挖和降雨对滑面为折线型的大型滑坡变形破坏和稳定性的影响。试验中采用变形标志点、颗粒图像测速技术(PIV)和可承受高离心力的传感器,在获取坡体土压力、孔隙水压力和位移矢量场的基础上,综合分析开挖和降雨诱发大型滑坡变形破坏的特征及失稳模式。试验结果表明,在滑面形态变化大的部位开挖卸荷容易引起折线型滑面大型滑坡的局部复活;受开挖卸荷和降雨影响,滑坡后缘的开挖斜坡位移最大且最先失稳;受降雨的影响,滑坡前部位移较大,坡体表面变形破坏严重,开挖斜坡下部发育一条次级滑裂面,滑坡后缘和开挖平台前沿滑面坡度突变处各形成一条潜在主滑裂面。离心模型试验显示折线型滑面的滑坡受开挖和降雨的影响可表现出分级分块滑动的变形破坏特征。稳定性分析表明,降雨使折线型滑面的大型滑坡不同滑段稳定性系数不同程度降低,滑坡后缘、开挖斜坡和滑坡前缘处于不稳定状态。     

水位骤降对边坡稳定性影响的模型试验及数值模拟研究

自然或人工边坡的稳定性研究是当前岩土工程研究领域的热点问题之一。随着三峡等大型水利设施的兴建和投入使用,水位骤降对边坡稳定性影响也引起人们的广泛关注。通过室内模型试验研究水位骤降引发临水边坡滑坡的原因及失稳模式是经济、便捷的常用方法。本试验模型箱的尺寸为2.5m×1.5m×1.5m(长×宽×高),边坡高度为1.05m。边坡体内埋设了10只土压力盒和7只渗压计,用于测量水位骤降过程中土压力和孔隙水压力的变化情况,记录边坡失稳破坏过程中土体内部的变化过程。同时,利用geo-slope软件模拟边坡失稳破坏的整个过程,并且利用数值模拟的结果与试验结果进行对比分析,解释边坡破坏的机理。试验结果表明:水位骤降对边坡稳定性产生很大影响,水位下降速度越快,边坡沉降也就越大,最后形成明显的位移集中区域;边坡的安全系数分别随着水位高程的减小、水位下降时间的增加出现增加最后趋于稳定;在此土质、坡形条件下的边坡破坏的形态与数值模拟所得8min时滑动面的形态相吻合,据此也用试验验证了数值模拟的可靠性。     

拓宽黄土路基湿化破坏机制模型试验研究

 为研究拓宽黄土路基浸水湿化破坏机制与模式,在土工离心机上设计并安装位移量测系统,以西安—潼关高速公路拓宽工程为研究载体,建立与实际应力相符的离心试验模型;针对浸水湿化后黄土拓宽路基的沉降变形规律和破坏形式进行研究,基于试验结果开展高填方黄土路堤破坏机制的讨论。研究结果表明,拓宽路基坡脚处高含水量对拓宽黄土路基稳定性影响极为显著,在地下水位较浅处的地带,强降雨天气或地下水位骤升所引起的拓宽路基荷载下黄土地基的局部失稳会极大威胁上部拓宽路基的安全,浸水破坏滑裂面的形成是一个渐进破坏过程。由于地基局部湿软,抗剪强度降低,地基的起始剪切破坏发生于老路坡脚处,一旦产生过大的变形量将会引起整个路基自上而下的滑移。地基破坏时的滑动面近似为圆弧状,建议采用裂隙圆弧法对拓宽荷载下地基进行稳定性评价。试验结果还表明,新老路基拼接带土体中的加筋材料起到裹附作用,可增强路基的板结效果,形成有效的土拱效应,这样就充分利用路堤填料本身的刚度,调整地基的沉降变形。