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1.
Little is known about carotenoids, a diverse group of plant compounds with antioxidant activity, and their association with diabetes, a condition characterized by oxidative stress. Data from phase I of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1991) were used to examine concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene in 40- to 74-year-old persons with a normal glucose tolerance (n = 1,010), impaired glucose tolerance (n = 277), newly diagnosed diabetes (n = 148), and previously diagnosed diabetes (n = 230) based on World Health Organization criteria. After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, serum cotinine, serum cholesterol, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, vitamin use, and carotene and energy intake, geometric means of beta-carotene were 0.363, 0.316, and 0.290 micromol/liter for persons with a normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and newly diagnosed diabetes, respectively (p = 0.004 for linear trend), and geometric means for serum lycopene were 0.277, 0.259, and 0.231 micromol/liter, respectively (p = 0.044 for linear trend). All serum carotenoids were inversely related to fasting serum insulin after adjustment for confounders (p < 0.05 for each carotenoid). If confirmed, these data suggest new opportunities for research that include exploring a possible role for carotenoids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes. 相似文献
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ML Hediger MD Overpeck KR Maurer RJ Kuczmarski A McGlynn WW Davis 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,152(12):1225-1231
An allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) assay for prenatal genotyping of the Kidd antigen system in order to identify pregnancies at risk for haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) was developed. Oligonucleotide primers were designed for ASPCR of JKA and JKB. A validation study was performed using DNA isolated from 54 serotyped whole blood samples and 8 amniocentesis samples. A concordance rate of 100 per cent was observed between serotyping and ASPCR detection of the JKA and JKB alleles. Experiments were conducted to quantify the maternal contamination that could be tolerated in Kidd ASPCR assays. The sensitivity of this assay ranged from 0.2 per cent when detecting the presence of JKB and JKA background, to 2 per cent for detecting the presence of JKA in a JKB background. This sensitive assay is particularly useful for rapid genotyping of fetal amniotic cells to identify pregnancies at risk for HDN due to incompatibilities within the Kidd blood group system. 相似文献
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Patients with alcohol-induced liver disease are at increased risk for pigment gallstones, which are known to be particularly associated with biliary stasis. Although the effects of ethanol on the sphincter of Oddi are thought to contribute to alcoholic pancreatitis, the precise effects of ethanol on the biliary component of the sphincter of Oddi are unclear. In the prairie dog the common bile and pancreatic ducts enter the duodenum separately, facilitating pressure measurement in the sphincter choledochus in isolation. We therefore used this model to test the hypothesis that ethanol administration alters sphincter of Oddi motility. Twenty-six male prairie dogs fed a nonlithogenic diet were studied. With the animals under alpha-chloralose anesthesia, a side-hole pressure-monitored perfusion catheter was positioned in the sphincter of Oddi and femoral arterial and venous catheters were placed. Sphincter of Oddi phasic wave frequency (F), amplitude (A), and motility index (MI = F x A) and arterial blood pressure were monitored at 10-minute intervals before (baseline), during 20-minute intravenous infusions of 15 mg/kg (n = 9), 150 mg/kg (n = 10), and 1.5 g/kg (n = 7) ethanol and for 20 minutes after ethanol infusion. The 15 mg/kg dose of ethanol had no effect, the 150 mg/kg dose tended to reduce sphincter of Oddi motility, and significant reductions in sphincter of Oddi amplitude and motility index were seen at the 1.5 g/kg dose. These data demonstrate that ethanol infusion inhibits both sphincter of Oddi amplitude and motility index and that this effect persists for at least 20 minutes following ethanol infusion. Ethanol may contribute to gallstone formation by altering biliary sphincter motility. 相似文献
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Y Ostchega LR Long GH Goh R Hirsch LD Ma WW Scott W Johnson GR Thoma 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,11(3):116-120
Execution of the cell-death programme requires the activation of a family of cysteine proteases known as caspases. Specific cellular proteins are cleaved by caspases during apoptosis, including the retinoblastoma tumour-suppressor protein (RB1). A caspase-resistant RB1 can attenuate the death response to tumour necrosis factor alpha. The cleavage of RB1 during cell death, together with the increased cell death during embryonic development of Rb-knockout mice, suggests that RB1 degradation contributes to the activation of the cell-death pathway. 相似文献
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This article provides estimates of dental caries experience and selected restorative and tooth conditions among U.S. adults, obtained from Phase 1 (1988-1991) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Between 1988 and 1991, 94 percent of adults in the United States showed evidence of past or present coronal caries. Based on the data collected, the authors estimate that about 40.5 percent, or 61.6 million, dentate adults had at least one tooth or tooth space that could potentially benefit from professional treatment. Minimally, it is estimated that 135.6 million tooth or tooth spaces among U.S. adults may benefit from professional treatment. These estimates supplement information available from the DMF index to provide a broader profile of the impact of dental caries on permanent tooth of U.S. adults. 相似文献
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This study sought to identify the presence and degree of apparent underreporting of dietary intake in 11,663 Ss in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 11). Self-reported dietary intake was compared with estimated basal metabolic rate. Results indicated that up to 31% of adults in this sample may have underreported dietary intake. Those individuals at greatest risk of underreporting were less well educated and heavier. The Sex × Race interaction indicated that for both ethnic categories, women were more likely to underreport than men, but the difference between men and women was greater among Caucasian participants. It is concluded that such factors as reduced energy needs, deliberate falsification, and measurement error inherent in dietary assessment contribute to apparent underreporting, and this occurs in a large percentage of dietary data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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MJ Cho EK Mo?cicki WE Narrow DS Rae BZ Locke DA Regier 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,28(4):156-163
A concordance analysis between the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) for current major depression was conducted using data from Cuban Americans and Puerto Rican respondents to the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). Overall agreement between the two depression measures was relatively high, which suggested that the CES-D might be appropriate as a first-stage screening instrument for community-based surveys of clinical depression. Female gender and indicators of social class (education, income, poverty index, and employment) were related to low specificity and low agreement. The estimated cutoff points of the CES-D that best predicted DIS current major depression were different between the two ethnic groups; 17 for Cuban Americans, and 20 for Puerto Ricans. A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the traditional method of defining CES-D cases by summing the scores for each item was superior to counting only the persistent symptoms, that is, those present nearly everyday. 相似文献
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EB Attah 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1976,68(3):256-257
A case of ocular lepromatous leprosy with secondary amyloidosis of the iris is reported. 相似文献
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PS Bachorik KL Lovejoy MD Carroll CL Johnson 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,43(12):2364-2378
Serum apolipoproteins (apo) B and AI were measured in a probability sample of the noninstitutionalized US civilian population, ages > or = 4 years, which included non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican-Americans. Apo B concentrations were the same in males and females, lower in black males than in other males, low in childhood (approximately 0.80 g/L) and increasing to approximately 1.2 g/L in adults, and higher in younger women on hormones. Apo AI was higher in females than males, higher in blacks than in others, remained constant from childhood to adulthood (approximately 1.35 g/L) in males, but increased with age (approximately 1.30 g/L to approximately 1.55 g/L) in females, and was higher in women taking hormones. These are the first national probability estimates of apo B and apo AI in the US and are referable to the WHO-IFCC First International Reference Materials for apo AI and B. 相似文献
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FJ Potter VG Iannacchione WD Mosher RE Mason JD Kavee 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,(124):1-63
OBJECTIVES: Cycle 5 of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in 1995. The NSFG collects data on pregnancy, childbearing, and women's health from a national sample of women 15-44 years of age. This report describes how the sample was designed, shows response rates for various subgroups of women, describes how the sampling weights were computed to make national estimates possible, shows how missing data were imputed for a limited set of key variables, and describes the proper ways to estimate sampling errors from the NSFG. The report includes both nontechnical summaries for readers who need only general information and more technical detail for readers who need an in-depth understanding of these topics. METHODS: The 1995 NSFG was based on a national probability sample of women 15-44 years of age in the United States and was drawn from 14,000 households interviewed in the 1993 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Of the 13,795 women eligible for the NSFG, 10,847 (79 percent) gave complete interviews. RESULTS: This report recommends using weighted data for analysis and a software package that will estimate sampling errors from complex samples (for example, SUDAAN or comparable software). The rate of missing data in the 1995 NSFG was very low. However, missing data were imputed for 315 key variables, called "recodes." Of the 315 recodes defined for Cycle 5, 271 variables had missing data on less than 1 percent of the cases; only 44 had 1 percent or more with missing data. These missing values were imputed for all of these 315 variables. The imputation procedures are described in this report. 相似文献
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OBJECTIVES: The 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics to study factors related to poor pregnancy outcome, such as adequacy of prenatal care; inadequate and excessive weight gain during pregnancy; maternal smoking, drinking, and drug use; and pregnancy and delivery complications. METHODS: The NMIHS is a nationally representative sample of 11,000 women who had live births, 4,000 who had late fetal deaths, and 6,000 who had infant deaths in 1988. Questionnaires were mailed to mothers based on information from certificates of live birth, reports of fetal death, and certificates of infant death. Information supplied by the mother, prenatal care providers, and hospitals of delivery was linked with the vital records to expand knowledge of maternal and infant health in the United States. RESULTS: The response rates in all three components of the NMIHS differed according to the mothers' characteristics. Mothers were more likely to respond if they were 20-39 years of age, were white, were married, had fewer than four children, entered prenatal care early, had more prenatal visits, had more years of education, or resided in the Midwest Region. The percent of respondents was lower for teenage mothers, mothers of races other than white, and mothers with four or more children, little prenatal care, or fewer years of education. Mothers whose infants weighed less than 2,500 grams were less likely to respond in the live-birth and infant-death components than mothers whose infants weighed 2,500 grams or more. CONCLUSIONS: The NMIHS will provide an invaluable tool for researchers and practitioners seeking solutions to perinatal and obstetric problems. 相似文献
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PJ Coleman GM McQuillan LA Moyer SB Lambert HS Margolis 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,178(4):954-959
Recurrence is a common sequela of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDD) and may increase morbidity, costs, and treatment-related antimicrobial resistance. Because recurrent CDD (RCDD) frequently occurs very soon after an initial episode, our goal was to determine the risk factors for early RCDD (occurring < or = 45 days after the initial episode). We conducted a case-control study, comparing 13 patients with early RCDD (case patients) with 46 patients who had only one CDD episode (control patients) at Centre Hospitalier Angrignon (Québec) during January 1993 through November 1994. Risk factors for early RCDD included a history of chronic renal insufficiency, a white blood cell count of > or = 15 x 10(3)/mm3, and community-acquired diarrhea with the first CDD episode. For seven of eight case patients, C. difficile strains from the first and second CDD episodes were identical, suggesting that relapse is more common than reinfection. These results suggest that treatments should be directed at preventing relapses in patients at high risk for early RCDD. 相似文献
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Presents demographic, lifestyle, and mental health information about 1,925 lesbians from all 50 states who participated as respondents in the National Lesbian Health Care Survey (1984–1985), the most comprehensive study on US lesbians to date. Over half the sample had had thoughts about suicide at some time, and 18% had attempted suicide. 37% had been physically abused as a child or adult, 32% had been raped or sexually attacked, and 19% had been involved in incestuous relationships while growing up. Almost one third used tobacco on a daily basis, and about 30% drank alcohol more than once a week, 6% daily. About three fourths had received counseling at some time, and half had done so for reasons of sadness and depression. Lesbians in the survey also were socially connected and had a variety of social supports, mostly within the lesbian community. However, few had come out to all family members and coworkers. Level of openness about lesbianism was associated with less fear of exposure and with more choices about mental health counseling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Beckjord Ellen Burke; Finney Rutten Lila J.; Arora Neeraj K.; Moser Richard P.; Hesse Bradford W. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2008,27(2):249
Objective: Health communication can help reduce the cancer burden by increasing processing of information about health interventions. Negative affect is associated with information processing and may be a barrier to successful health communication. Design and Main Outcome Measures: We examined associations between negative affect and information processing at the population level. Symptoms of depression (6 items) and cancer worry (1 item) operationalized negative affect; attention to health information (5 items) and cancer information-seeking experiences (6 items) operationalized information processing. Results: Higher cancer worry was associated with more attention to health information (p 相似文献
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CONTEXT: As the baby boom generation ages, more people will be working with disabilities, but we have little information regarding how disabilities affect risk for occupational injury. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that work-limiting disabilities in general and hearing and visual impairments in particular are risk factors for occupational injuries. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 1985 to 1994. PARTICIPANTS: The 459827 participants in the NHIS from 1985 to 1994 who listed "working" as their primary activity, who were not farmers, and who were between 18 and 65 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Occupational injuries in the year preceding the interview causing a residual impairment at the time of interview. RESULTS: After adjusting for occupation, self-employment, and age, occupational injury was associated with preceding work disability (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.56); blindness (OR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.32-7.85); deafness (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.17-4.12); hearing impairment (OR,1.55; 95% CI, 1.29-1.87); upper extremity impairment (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.05-2.05); and arthritis (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.07-1.68). Visual impairment was not associated with a significantly increased risk (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.87-2.17). CONCLUSIONS: Workers with disabilities, especially sensory impairments, appear to have an elevated risk for occupational injury. Further research in the design and evaluation of improved workplace accommodations for workers with these disabilities is needed. 相似文献
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PURPOSE: There is no consensus in the literature regarding the role of lymphangiography in promoting hypothyroidism in individuals with Hodgkin's disease irradiated with a mantle field. We sought to analyze the onset and rate of developing clinical or chemical hypothyroidism as well as possible factors related to its development in patients who received irradiation to the thyroid gland during treatment of Hodgkin's disease. METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred and forty-two patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Fox Chase Cancer Center between June 1967 and October 1993. All patients were treated with curative intent with radiation therapy using a mantle field. After exclusion of patients without available thyroid function tests, < 200 days of follow-up, or no radiation to the thyroid, 104 patients were eligible for analysis. Follow-up ranged from 7-170 months (median: 43 months). Sixty-seven patients had a lymphangiogram. Seventy-three patients were treated with radiation alone and 31 with radiation plus chemotherapy. RESULTS: The actuarial 2-, and 5-year rates of biochemical hypothyroidism for all 104 patients were 18 and 37%, respectively. Forty patients developed hypothyroidism: 9 (23%) at < or = 1 year, 18 (45%) at < or = 2 years, and 33 (83%) at < or = 5 years. The actuarial 2-, and 5-year rates of biochemical hypothyroidism for patients who underwent a lymphangiogram were 23 and 42%, respectively, compared to 9 and 28%, respectively, for patients who received mantle irradiation without a lymphangiogram (p = 0.05). The effects of lymphangiogram, total thyroid dose, stage, chemotherapy, dose per fraction, energy, and age were evaluated for all patients by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. The use of a lymphangiogram (p = 0.05) was the only variable that significantly influenced hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: This paper demonstrates in a multivariate analysis accounting for other potentially important variables the significant effect of lymphangiography and subsequent radiation therapy on the development of hypothyroidism. This information must be balanced with the fact that lymphangiograms remain a useful aid in assessing lymph node involvement, staging patients, and planning treatment fields. 相似文献