纤维体积分数对K3D/MCPA复合材料力学性能的影响

本文研究了纤维体积分数对三维编织芳纶纤维增强铸性尼龙(简称K3D／MCPA)复合材料力学性能的影响。研究表明，K3D／MCPA复合材料有优异的抗冲击性能，冲击强度比三维编织芳纶纤维增强铸性尼龙(简称C3D／MCPA)和纯基体均有大幅度的提高，且随着纤维体积的提高而升高。K3D／MCPA复合材料剪切强度随纤维体积比的增大而增大，其纵向剪切强度低于纯基体和C3D／MCPA复合材料，但其横向剪切强度高于它们。K3D／MCPA复合材料弯曲强度与弯曲模量随纤维体积比的提高而提高，但与相同体积比的C3D／MCPA相比，K3D／MCPA的弯曲强度与弯曲模量均较低。     

铸型尼龙及其复合材料的摩擦学性能和晶型转变

利用 MM- 2 0 0摩擦磨损试验机研究了在干摩擦和水润滑条件下铸型尼龙 (MC尼龙 )及其复合材料的摩擦磨损性能 ,并利用红外光谱分析了材料在不同磨损条件下发生的物理化学变化。研究结果表明 ,在干摩擦条件下 ,当载荷与速度的积 (pv值 )小于 84 N.m/s时玻璃纤维增强 MC尼龙复合材料(GF/MC)的摩擦系数和磨损率都比 MC尼龙低 ;当 pv值大于 84 N.m/s时 ,GF/MC的摩擦系数略高于MC尼龙 ,而磨损率则远大于 MC尼龙 ,随 pv值的改变 ,磨损机理发生了变化。在水润滑条件下二者的摩擦系数降低 ,GF/MC的耐磨性比纯基体显著提高。光谱分析表明 ,MC尼龙及其复合材料在摩擦过程中会发生晶型转变 ,在干摩擦后 α晶型减少 ,γ晶型增多 ,在水润滑后 α晶型增多 ,而 γ晶型减少     

三维编织复合材料在润滑条件下的摩擦性能

利用树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了三维编织炭纤维/环氧(C3D/EP)复合材料.采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了该材料润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,探讨了载荷及滑动速度等外界因素的影响;并采用XL30 ESEM电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌,分析了其磨损机理.结果表明,润滑条件下复合材料的摩擦磨损性能远优于干摩擦,且磨合期较短;随着载荷的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数和比磨损率降低,但滑动速度对摩擦磨损性能的影响很小;润滑条件下的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损.     

三维编织CF/KF混杂复合材料力学性能研究

考察了三维编织碳纤维/芳纶纤维混杂增强铸型尼龙(简称HF/MCPA)复合材料的力学性能,着重分析了复合材料的冲击、剪切和弯曲性能。试验结果表明:碳纤维和芳纶纤维混杂复合材料不仅有较好的弯曲强度、剪切强度,同时冲击强度也很好。随着碳纤维体积分数的增加,混杂复合材料的冲击强度降低;横向剪切强度先增大后降低;纵向剪切强度逐渐增大,出现最大值;弯曲强度和模量随之提高,达到最大值后开始下降,最大值时CF∶KF为3∶2。     

纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦学行为

本文研究了碳纤维、玻璃纤维及石英纤维增强的PI复合材料在于摩擦和水环境下的摩擦磨损行为。研究表明,碳纤维增强PI复合材料在两种摩擦条件下的摩擦系数和磨损率都随碳纤维含量的增加而不断降低。而玻璃纤维和石英纤维增强PI复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率则随纤维含量的增加而增大。材料的磨损均以塑性变形、微观破裂及破碎为主导,相同纤维种类和含量增强PI复合材料在水环境下的磨损率均较干摩擦下的低,这主要归因于摩擦副表面吸附或存留的水分的边界润滑作用。     

三维网络SiC对铝合金干摩擦磨损性能的影响

用销-盘式高温摩擦磨损实验机研究了LF3铝合金及三维网络SiC(体积分数分别为10％、20％、30％)增强LF3铝基复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能，测量了复合材料及基体合金在室温和高温(25-300℃)条件下的摩擦系数和磨损率，用扫描电镜(SEM)观察其磨损表面，研究了三维网络SiC对铝合金磨损机制的影响．结果表明：复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能远优于基体合金(LF3)，而且随着温度的升高，复合材料的抗磨损性能明显提高．三维网络SiC在磨损表面形成硬的微凸体起承载作用，同时其独特的结构制约基体合金的塑性变形和高温软化，并保护在磨损表面形成的氧化膜．在相同实验条件下，复合材料的摩擦系数、磨损率随着增强体的体积分数的增加而降低．复合材料的摩擦系数在滑行过程中的稳定性明显高于基体合金．     

三维编织超高分子量聚乙烯纤维-碳纤维混杂增强环氧树脂复合材料摩擦磨损性能

以超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)-碳纤维(CF)三维混杂编织体为增强体,环氧树脂(ER)为基体,通过树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了三维编织混杂复合材料,研究了其摩擦磨损性能了,并采用混合正压力模型对摩擦系数进行了预测。结果表明,在纤维总体积含量一定的情况下,随着CF体积含量的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数增大,而其比磨损率降低。UH_3D/ER复合材料的磨损机制以粘着磨损为主,CF_3D/ER复合材料则以磨粒磨损为主,混杂复合材料的磨损机制主要取决于CF与UHMWPE纤维的相对含量 ,通过调节UHMWPE纤维和CF的体积比例可实现对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的有效调控。采用的计算模型可较好地预测UH_3D/ER的摩擦系数。     

碳/碳复合飞机刹车材料低能摩擦性能研究

研究了碳/碳(简称C/C)复合飞机刹车材料在低能载条件下的摩擦磨损性能,分析了刹车力矩与刹车速度之间关系曲线,探讨了C/C复合材料因能载变化出现摩擦系数最大值的根本原因.结果表明:随着刹车比压增加,摩擦系数最大值下降;低能条件下C/C复合材料摩擦面较粗糙,磨损率约为正常能载下的两倍.     

三维编织碳/环氧复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用RTM工艺制备了不同纤维体积比的三维编织碳／环氧（C3D／EP）复合材料。采用MM－200摩擦磨损试验机对其摩擦磨损特性进行了研究,并对C3D／EP复合材料的磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明,纤维体积比载荷和滑动速度对复合材料的摩擦系数和磨痕宽度均有明显的影响;C3D／EP复合材料的磨损机理主要为疲劳磨损和粘着磨损,当载荷或速度较小时,以疲劳磨损为主,反之则以粘着磨损为主。     

润滑条件下三维编织炭复合材料的摩擦学特性

采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了润滑条件下三维编织炭/环氧复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,探讨了载荷及滑动速度等外界因素的影响;并采用XL30 ESEM电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌,分析了其磨损机理.结果表明,润滑条件下复合材料的摩擦磨损性能远优于干摩擦,且磨合期较短;随着载荷的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数和比磨损率降低,但滑动速度对摩擦磨损性能的影响很小;润滑条件下的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...