Water and solute activities in the aqueous H2SO4 -(NH4)2SO4 solutions

The activities of water in H₂SO₄-(NH₄)₂SO₄-H₂O solutions, the concentrations of which ranged from 0.1 to 4.0 mol kg_-1 H₂SO₄ and 0.1 to 5.0 mol kg_-1 (NH₄)₂SO₄, were determined by an isopiestic method at 298 K. The experimentally determined water activities showed considerable deviation from the Zdanovskii rule. The activities of water were not in agreement with those calculated from the Robinson-Bower equation, even though the formation of sulfato-complexes of NH₄(I) and the dissociation of sulfuric acid were taken into consideration. The behavior of H₂SO₄-(NH4)₂SO₄ solu-tions is quite different from other systems. Water activities of aqueous solutions of H₂SO₄-Li₂SO₄ and H₂SO₄-Na₂SO₄ can be calculated from the Robinson-Bower equation with satisfactory accuracy. The interesting behavior of (NH₄)₂SO₄ can be attributed to the water structure-breaking property of NH₄ ⁺ ions. An additivity equation for estimating the water activity of aqueous H₂SO₄ solutions con-taining (NH₄)₂SO₄ was proposed by considering the contributing effects of solutes on the structure of water. The proposed equation satisfactorily described the solution system under investigation. The mean activity coefficients of H₂SO₄ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ in the solution system, H₂SO₄-(NH₄)₂SO₄-H₂O, at 298 K, were calculated by the McKay-Perring method using the water activities experimentally determined. It is believed that the calculated values for concentrated solutions of more than one sol-ute are sufficiently accurate since the mean activity coefficients of H₂SO₄ agree with the values measured by the emf method.     

Solubility of compositions in the system CaTi(x)Zr4-(x)(PO4)6 with x = 0-4

In vitro solubility tests of granulated materials and coatings were carried out on some compositions in the system CaTi(x)Zr4-(x)(PO4)6 with x = 0-4, in order to find a biocompatible material which is less soluble than hydroxyapatite (HA) and can also be used as bone substitution material. The granulated materials were leached out by using circulating equipment in which the solvent flows in circulation. The coatings were tested under conditions where the sample containers undergo a circular movement. The results show better chemical stability of nearly all tested compounds compared with HA for both granulated materials and coatings.     

提高酸性铵盐沉钒质量的探讨

针对酸性铵盐沉钒生产过程,优化了工艺参数和控制手段,为生产高品位的V2O3提供优质的原料。主要讨论了含钒浸出液浓度、铵盐加入量、沉钒温度、反应时间、pH值、搅拌条件及板框压滤过程中洗涤条件等因素对酸性铵盐沉钒法制备的多聚钒酸铵(APV)质量的影响。结果表明:含钒浸出液钒浓度为25～35 g/L,采用两次加酸工艺,沉淀终点温度95℃,沉淀反应时间约35 min,APV滤饼洗涤时间20 min,洗涤水温度在75℃左右,压榨吹风时间80 min,风压≥0.5 MPa,滤饼厚度≤25 mm等工艺条件下,可降低沉淀产物多聚钒酸铵的杂质含量,从而提高产品质量。