External and Internal Knowledge in the Knowledge Generation Function

This paper explores the role of internal and external knowledge in the generation of new technological knowledge. It implements the notion of recombinant knowledge generation function with the appreciation of: (i) the complementary—as opposed to supplementary—role of external knowledge and (ii) the role of the size and composition of the internal stock of knowledge. The empirical section is based upon a panel of companies listed on the main European financial markets for the period 1995–2006. The econometric analysis is based on simultaneous equations. The results confirm that R&D efforts and external knowledge are indispensable inputs into the generation of new technological knowledge.     

Comparing a Pharmaceutical and an Agro-food Bioregion: On the Importance of Knowledge Bases for Socio-spatial Patterns of Innovation

The aim of this paper is to compare the socio-spatial patterns of innovation and knowledge linkages of a biopharmaceutical and an agro-food biotech cluster. Dissimilarities can be expected based on differences in terms of historical technological regimes and sectoral innovation system dynamics between the agro-food and pharmaceutical industries in general and particularly the distinctive analytical (science-based) knowledge base of biopharmaceuticals in contrast with the more synthetic (engineering-based) knowledge base of agro-food biotechnology. Drawing on bibliometric data and case material the study compares two representative bioregions: a biopharmaceutical cluster in Scania, Sweden and an agro-food biotech cluster in Saskatoon, Canada. The empirical study supports the theoretical expectations and shows that knowledge dynamics in the agro-food cluster are more localized than in the biopharmaceuticals cluster. It is important, however, to acknowledge that these differences are relative. Both sectors display local and non-local patterns of collaboration following the general pattern for biotechnology.     

The Dynamics of Knowledge-intensive Sectors' Knowledge Base: Evidence from Biotechnology and Telecommunications

In this paper, we present a methodology to represent and measure knowledge which takes into account knowledge heterogeneity and its sectoral level theoretical and empirical implications in knowledge intensive environments. We draw on work on recombinant knowledge, extending the approach to include the way the dynamics of technological knowledge creation evolves according to a life cycle; testing the existence of concepts such as technological paradigms; mapping the characteristics of the search process in the phases of exploration and exploitation during this technology life cycle and detecting the differences in sectoral evolution that can be explained by the properties of the knowledge base. We use European Patent Office data (1981–2005) to propose some operational metrics for the knowledge base and its evolution in two knowledge intensive sectors: biotechnology and telecommunications. Our empirical results show that there are interesting and meaningful differences across sectors, which are linked to the different phases of the technology life cycles.     

Local Knowledge Spillovers and Development: An Exploration of the Software Cluster in Uruguay

The paper contributes to the understanding of the nature of local knowledge spillovers and their importance for innovation in clusters in developing countries. Using detailed primary data about a cluster of software firms in Montevideo, Uruguay, the paper finds plenty of evidence of the existence of pure unintentional knowledge spillovers. In addition, it supports previous theoretical studies that have contended that there are also many knowledge flows that are to some degree produced purposively by local parties—these flows can be placed somewhere in between pure spillovers and pure market transactions. While the respondents themselves place most value on knowledge flows that are more or less purposively co-produced with customer transactions, a more objective statistical analysis shows that good product/service-innovation performance is associated with intensive use of flows with more pronounced spillover characteristics. The respondents possibly underrate the latter because of their invisibility and spontaneous nature. Heavy use of knowledge flows lying close to the market-transaction side of the spectrum is found to be associated with relatively advanced organizational capability, but not with product innovation. Overall, the findings point towards the relevance of cluster-based policies to promote innovation in a less developed country context. Various policy measures to stimulate the local circulation of knowledge are suggested.     

Industrial Knowledge Bases as Drivers of Open Innovation?

The article presents an analysis of a large-scale survey with the aim of understanding differences in the open, interactive and distributed nature of external innovation relations amongst firms belonging to different industrial knowledge bases. The thesis is that the source of critical innovation relevant knowledge differs between industrial knowledge bases, making the character and the need of openness contingent on these specificities. Accordingly, we anticipate that we will observe systematic variations in how industries access and combine innovation-related external knowledge. In our analyses we attempt to address a gap in the literature by examining how industrial knowledge bases affect the recombination of knowledge by analysing the different extents, forms (formal and informal) and geography of inbound open innovation. The article illustrates that features and structures of inbound open innovation align, to a large extent, with the industries' knowledge bases and that there is a interplay between an industry's knowledge base, the internal organisation of innovation processes and the channels and geography of inbound open innovation.     

Knowledge dynamics as drivers of innovation in Haute Cuisine and culinary services

This paper analyses current innovation processes in Haute Cuisine and develops new insights into the nature of Haute Cuisine innovation and its institutional and organisational preconditions. The paper proposes an innovation paradigm that explains the roles of symbolic, synthetic and analytical knowledge during the various phases of innovation and challenges the innovation activity in Haute Cuisine as a linear model. It also explains the continuum between tacit and explicit knowledge throughout the innovation process. Symbolic knowledge has instilled Haute Cuisine and culinary tendencies, is a key element in its marketing and has allowed local cuisine to be branded internationally. The article aims to fill a research gap that has recently arisen on the existing tensions between idea creation and exploitation in Haute Cuisine innovation. The role of science appears as a tool that supports a chef’s creativity but does not substitute or drive it. This paper fulfills an identified need to study the innovation processes of Haute Cuisine to which academia has dedicated scarce attention. The paper analyses a case study, with a strong institutional focus, a complex and relevant example of the innovation tendencies in Haute Cuisine. It presents a rich case that comprises the complete process from the original inspiration to the final commercialisation.     

工程机械工业设计知识库构建方案研究

目的 对工程机械工业设计知识进行研究,探索工程机械工业设计知识库的建构方法与流程,有效利用工程机械工业设计知识,提高工程机械产品造型设计能力。方法 通过工程机械工业设计相关知识研究的梳理、设计知识的分类和现代信息论关于产品所传达信息的分类对工程机械工业设计知识进行梳理、分类,建立工程机械工业设计知识模型框架,构建工程机械工业设计知识库框架。结论 通过对工程机械工业设计知识进行设计学的分类重构,构建了工程机械工业设计知识库框架与流程,并将研究结果在实践中予以运用。工程机械工业设计知识库的建立,为设计师提供了数字化辅助设计资源,有利于设计师快速获取与重用工程机械造型设计知识,大大提高设计效率及产品创新能力,同时也给其他设计知识库开发提供参考。     

一种基于知识地图集的知识管理系统模型框架

在分析知识管理、知识管理系统(KMS)的含义和知识地图集技术的特点的基础上，提出了一种基于知识地图集的KMS模型框架，并且分析了该模型框架中知识地图集的组成及功能，讨论了KMS中知识地图集和知识存储之间的关系。依据该模型框架，组织易于构建知识管理系统，实现知识资源的共享与充分运用。最后，通过一个实例分析进一步说明了该模型框架的应用。     

UNESCO非物质文化遗产图谱的社会设计研究

目的 通过研究联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）非物质文化遗产图谱的设计构建方法,分析非物质文化遗产的多元性和整体性,探究社会生态元素之间的联系,从而以全新的视域和洞见为我国非遗图谱知识表达体系的构建提供借鉴。方法 基于社会设计理论对联合国教科文组织非遗图谱的内容关联和视觉形式进行诠释,从数据结构剖析、内容功能导航、形式秩序梳理三方面展开解析。阐述图谱中元素、概念等信息之间的潜藏关联,发掘和拓展非遗知识表达体系的空间范围,探究社会设计在图谱表述中发挥的作用和产生的价值。结论 以社会设计理论体系和集群架构为指导,从“人”“物”“场景”三个角度研究非遗相关节点因素,拓展非遗生态系统的概念和联系,揭示数据中的隐藏信息和模式关联,可以为我国非遗图谱知识体系构建的系统化视觉设计和整体化数据设计提供参考。     

Research impact quantification

The development of methods for the quantification of research impact has taken a variety of forms: the impact of research outputs on other research, through various forms of citation analysis; the impact of research and technology, through patent-derived data; the economic impact of research projects and programs, through a variety of cost-benefit analyses; the impact of research on company performance, where there is no relationship with profit, but a strong positive correlation with sales growth has been established; and calculations of the rates of social return on the investment in research.However, each of these approaches, which have had varying degrees of success, are being challenged by substantial revision in the understanding of the ways in which research interacts, and contributes to, other human activities. First, advances in the sociology of scientific knowledge have revealed the complex negotiation processes involved in the establishment of research outcomes and their meanings. In this process, citation is little more than a peripheral formalisation. Second, the demonstration of the limitations of neo-classical economics in explaining the role of knowledge in the generation of wealth, and the importance of learning porcesses, and interaction, in innovation within organisations, has finally overturned the linear model on which so many research impact assessments have been based. A wider examination of the political economy of research evaluation itself reveals the growth of a strong movement towards managerialism, with the application of a variety of mechanisms — foresight, priority setting, research evaluation, research planning — to improve the efficiency of this component of economic activity. However, there are grounds for questioning whether the resulting improved efficiencies have, indeed, improved overall performances. A variety of mechanisms are currently being experimented with in a number of countries which provide both the desired accountability and direction for research, but which rely less on the precision of measures and more on promoting a research environment that is conducive to interaction, invention, and connection.     

Artificial intelligence in fifth generation computers

Artificial intelligence forms an intrinsic aspect of the competence of fifth generation computers in view of the need for them to be primarily knowledge processing systems. We analyse in this paper how this need for knowledge processing arises. In the main body of the paper various issues that arise in knowledge representation and use are discussed. The point of departure for these discussions is the recent work on expert systems. We point out the difference between tacit and propositionizable knowledge and argue the need for modelling tacit knowledge also in fifth generation computers.     

The Economics of Codification and the Diffusion of Knowledge

The process by which knowledge or information evolves and spreadsthrough the economy involves changing its nature between tacitand codified forms. The process of codification includes threeaspects: model building, language creation and the writing ofmessages. Recent technical changes in several technologies haveimpinged on these three activities and changed the costs andbenefits from each of them, generally lowering the costs ofcodification. Technical changes have also facilitated the diffusionof codified knowledge, which has increased its value. Due tothe temporal relations among the three aspects of codification,the ongoing process in which codification takes place may bepathdependent.     

知识图谱视角下的中国青铜器可视化分析

目的 中国青铜器研究经历了长期自主研究和门类建构过程,现已经形成了系统研究体系,为了更好促进青铜器文化的研究发展,对青铜器文献进行可视化梳理研究。方法 采用知识计量软件CiteSpace对中国知网CNKI数据库2000—2020年时间段内,以青铜器为篇名的文献展开分析。对文献年度发文量、作者、机构、关键词聚类和突现进行研究,得到青铜器的研究热点、前沿研究动态及学科演进路径。结论 运用关键词聚类分析法,得到10个主题5大类别的聚类研究热点;关键词能突现早期、中期、近期前沿发展路径;关键词时区图生成青铜器研究领域演进趋势,早期研究从青铜器文化价值、铭文、纹饰方面展开,建立了分期断代谱系,注重青铜器文化价值研究;中期以铸造工艺、材料科学分析为主;近期以青铜文化现代传承、创新思维在青铜器的现代设计应用为重点。以数据和图谱为依据对青铜器文献进行研究,有助于相关学者了解青铜器的研究热点和发展趋势,为青铜器研究提供了理论参考。     

Overcoming Undesirable Knowledge Redundancy in Territorial Clusters

This work analyzes the existence of redundant knowledge associated with geographic networks of firms. Specifically, our research focuses on how firms can avoid inefficient redundancy ties derived from territorial clusters. We propose that firms embedded in a dense and strong-tie network generate redundant knowledge flows. However, they may use structural dispersion to mediate and overcome this limitation. Our empirical study was conducted drawing on the Spanish ceramic tile industrial cluster to test the potential association between social capital and redundancy. Our findings support the idea that structural dispersion mediates the effects of strong ties and the generation of knowledge redundancy.     

知识型团队内部知识转移与团队绩效的关系

在回顾相关文献的基础上,结合团队知识转移的特点,运用知识转移的工具和技术,构建了知识型团队内部知识转移与团队绩效的整合关系模型,并提出了一系列研究假设。根据模型设计量表,通过对知识型团队的问卷调研获取研究数据,再利用统计软件SPSS AMOS对研究假设进行验证,最后得出相应结论。     

A Knowledge Based Approach to Integrated Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Analysis

1IntroductionBDARanalysisisacomPlexworkaildakindofanalysistechniquewhichcanbeusedtodetenninebattledaInagemodeanditsrecoverysotgyHavingnoeffectivewaysfordeteninningBDARinfonnationcurrently,wehavetodirechytakeoraPplysomeresearchmethodswhichareuscdinreliabilitymaintainability,survivability,vulnerability,weaponefficiencyandsoon,suchasFMEA/DMEA,MA,FTA,andvulnerabilityanalysis.Theseinfonnationandanalysisresultscomefromtheexperienceandki1owledgeofthedomainexpertS.Therefore,thispaPerprovides…     

改模知识归纳方法中的知识相容关系研究

结合改模方案分层递阶表达模型和信息系统同态的定义分析方案结构化处理,论证了方案结构化处理同为信息系统同态。利用信息系统同态的相关定理和推论,分析特征约简与信息系统同态不变的关系,论述了方案结构化处理和特征约简操作保持了改模方案特征决策表之间的相容关系,进而得出不同方案层次级别下的注塑模改模知识之间具有相容关系（即不会存在矛盾）的结论,从而阐明了改模方案分层递阶表达模型及相关粗糙集发现方法在改模知识发现上的合理性。     

标准学知识体系框架初探

目前，关于标准学知识体系的研究很少，基本没人给出标准学知识体系的框架。本文从人类知识体系构成出发，研究了学科知识体系的构成，在此基础上，探究标准学知识构成，并给出了标准学知识体系的基本框架。     

基于改进SIR模型的项目隐性知识转移因素解析

隐性知识作为组织重要资产,其成功转移与吸收对项目成败具有重要作用。隐性知识转移绩效受到转移主体比例、知识模糊性、接触率、学习意愿、遗忘率等因素的影响。通过类比分析传染病传播机制与项目隐性知识转移过程,引入SIR模型(susceptible infected recovered model),基于项目成员类型与知识传递过程,建立项目隐性知识转移改进SIR模型,围绕各因素变化对知识转移绩效影响进行仿真分析,进而发现隐性知识转移规律。结果表明,知识模糊性、遗忘率对知识转移绩效具有负向作用;组织成员接触率、学习意愿对转移绩效具有正向作用,可以有效降低其他因素的负向作用。因此,为促进隐性知识转移,应增加知识传播途径、知识学习者人数,提高成员间接触率,降低知识遗忘率,构建项目学习型组织共同体。     

关于知识团队特性的研究

章从商业环境的变化分析入手，指出由知识工作为主体构成的知识团队将成为企业运作的重要形式。知识团队与传统的、特别是基于某项单一职能或成员来自某一知识领域的团队有着许多显的不同。通过分析认为，这些不同点主要体现在团队目标的模糊性、团队成员的动态性和团队管理手段的协定性等方面。