信任驱动的网格调度算法

针对目前网格资源管理中任务与资源匹配问题的不足,基于信任效益函数与匹配概念,提出了信任驱动的网格调度匹配算法。在调度中同时还考虑了任务和资源效益值,对已经提出的两种信任驱动的网格调度算法进行改进。结果证明:该算法较传统基于的信任驱动调度算法而言,信任效益值,资源效益值,负载平衡和失效服务数等方面有较好的综合性能。     

A resource-aware scheduling algorithm with reduced task duplication on heterogeneous computing systems

To satisfy the high-performance requirements of application executions, many kinds of task scheduling algorithms have been proposed. Among them, duplication-based scheduling algorithms achieve higher performance compared to others. However, because of their greedy feature, they duplicate parents of each task as long as the finish time can be reduced, which leads to a superfluous consumption of resource. However, a large amount of duplications are unnecessary because slight delay of some uncritical tasks does not affect the overall makespan. Moreover, these redundant duplications would occupy the resources, delay the execution of subsequent tasks, and increase the schedule makespan consequently. In this paper, we propose a novel duplication-based algorithm designed to overcome the above drawbacks. The proposed algorithm is to schedule tasks with the least redundant duplications. An optimizing scheme is introduced to search and remove redundancy for a schedule generated by the proposed algorithm further. Randomly generated directed acyclic graphs and two real-world applications are tested in our experiments. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can save up to 15.59  % resource consumption compared with the other algorithms. The makespan has improvement as well.     

Research on the collaboration of service selection and resource scheduling for IoT simulation workflows

Cloud resources provide a promising way to efficiently perform the needed simulation tasks for a complex manufacturing process. Most of the existing work focuses only on how to effectively schedule computing resources to execute computing requirements of simulation workflows in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Research on the scheduling of simulation workflows in consideration of task ordering, service selection, and resource allocation altogether has not been lacking. To fill in this void, this paper proposes a cloud-based 3-stage workflow scheduling model. Before scheduling computing resources to complete task requirements, the order of the tasks is determined and the services that can meet the task requirements are selected. In this model, the workload to satisfy task requirements is not fixed and takes on a different value depending upon the service selected with its unique complexity and accuracy. An optimization function that transforms and integrates makespan, cost, and accuracy in a unique way is proposed. For its solution, the relatively new symbiotic organisms search (SOS) algorithm is modified and two SOS-based optimization strategies are developed, i.e., joint optimization-based SOS (JOSOS) and split optimization-based SOS (SOSOS). The simulation results reveal that SOS-based algorithms, especially the SOSOS method, outperform all compared algorithms. Based on the proposed method, simulation services and computing resources can be rationally selected and scheduled to ensure the requirements of IoT applications.     

基于层次化的网格资源三层调度模型

在分析现有的资源调度方案及模型的基础上,提出了基于层次化的网格资源三层调度模型．它由主调度器、次级调度器和计算节点组成。主调度器根据任务的性质和需求,并参考下层次级调度器的执行情况,将部分任务分发到各次级调度器上,实现了主调度器与次级调度器之间的并行工作。基于该模型提出轮循任务分发策略。通过分析和模拟．该资源调度模型及任务分发策略在调度性能上明显优于集中式调度方案。     

An Effective Cloud Workflow Scheduling Approach Combining PSO and Idle Time Slot-Aware Rules

Workflow scheduling is a key issue and remains a challenging problem in cloud computing.Faced with the large number of virtual machine(VM)types offered by cloud providers,cloud users need to choose the most appropriate VM type for each task.Multiple task scheduling sequences exist in a workflow application.Different task scheduling sequences have a significant impact on the scheduling performance.It is not easy to determine the most appropriate set of VM types for tasks and the best task scheduling sequence.Besides,the idle time slots on VM instances should be used fully to increase resources'utilization and save the execution cost of a workflow.This paper considers these three aspects simultaneously and proposes a cloud workflow scheduling approach which combines particle swarm optimization(PSO)and idle time slot-aware rules,to minimize the execution cost of a workflow application under a deadline constraint.A new particle encoding is devised to represent the VM type required by each task and the scheduling sequence of tasks.An idle time slot-aware decoding procedure is proposed to decode a particle into a scheduling solution.To handle tasks'invalid priorities caused by the randomness of PSO,a repair method is used to repair those priorities to produce valid task scheduling sequences.The proposed approach is compared with state-of-the-art cloud workflow scheduling algorithms.Experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the comparative algorithms in terms of both of the execution cost and the success rate in meeting the deadline.     

考虑本地作业流时的网格资源调度算法

研究了网格资源上有和没有本地作业流两种情况下两种网格资源调度算法的性能优劣对比情况。建立了一个资源的本地随机作业流模型,提出了最快处理器可用资源优先(HRARF)和最适合作业并行度可用资源优先(MSNARF)两种网格资源调度算法,并对所提出的两种算法在资源有和没有本地作业流两种情况下调度网格作业的完工时间进行仿真。仿真结果显示,在资源负载较重时,在有和没有本地作业流两种情况下,HRARF和MSNARF两种算法的性能优劣对比正好相反。在网格中,两种算法在资源共享时和资源独占时的性能优劣对比可能不同。     

基于改进多目标布谷鸟搜索的资源调度算法

针对IaaS(Infrastructure as a Service)云计算中资源调度的多目标优化问题,提出一种基于改进多目标布谷鸟搜索的资源调度算法。在多目标布谷鸟搜索算法的基础上,通过改进随机游走策略和丢弃概率策略提高了算法的局部搜索能力和收敛速度。以最大限度地减少完成时间和成本为主要目标,将任务分配特定的VM(Virtual Manufacturing)满足云用户对云提供商的资源利用的需求,从而减少延迟,提高资源利用率和服务质量。实验结果表明,该算法可以有效地解决IaaS云计算环境中资源调度的多目标问题,与其他算法相比,具有一定的优势。     

基于模因优化和循环调度的多目标负载均衡技术

针对现有多目标调度方法所需时间较长以及处理突发情况时性能降低的问题,提出一种基于模因优化和循环调度的多目标负载均衡技术。使用突发检测器检测发送到云服务器的用户请求,确定负载状态。基于测器结果,应用不同的负载平衡算法来高效地调度用户任务。利用选定的负载平衡算法将用户请求任务调度到资源最佳的虚拟机上,保证在最低的时间消耗内达到负载均衡的状态。实验结果表明,与其他算法相比,该方法在多个性能指标上具有明显优势,可以提高调度效率的同时,最大限度地降低云中的能源使用。     

基于改进DPSO的网格资源调度算法

基于市场经济模型的网格资源调度问题是一个典型的离散问题及NP-Hard问题,考虑到离散粒子群优化算法在解决离散问题上的有效性,本文在现有算法的研究基础上,提出一种基于改进的离散粒子群优化算法的网格资源分配和任务调度算法,并采用GridSim模拟器对相关算法进行仿真模拟实验和比较。实验结果表明,本文提出的调度算法在作业完成时间、综合性能以及资源的负载平衡方面均具有较大的优势。     

A hybrid instance-intensive workflow scheduling method in private cloud environment

Aiming to solve the problem of instance-intensive workflow scheduling in private cloud environment, this paper first formulates a scheduling optimization model considering the communication time between tasks. The objective of this model is to minimize the execution time of all workflow instances. Then, a hybrid scheduling method based on the batch strategy and an improved genetic algorithm termed fragmentation based genetic algorithm is proposed according to the characters of instance-intensive cloud workflow, where task priority dispatching rules are also taken into account. Simulations are conducted to compare the proposed method with the canonical genetic algorithm and two heuristic algorithms. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can considerably enhance the search efficiency of the genetic algorithm and is able to considerably outperform the compared algorithms, in particular when the number of workflow instances is high and the computational resource available for optimization is limited.

     

A Load Balanced Task Scheduling Heuristic for Large-Scale Computing Systems

Optimal task allocation in Large-Scale Computing Systems (LSCSs) that endeavors to balance the load across limited computing resources is considered an NP-hard problem. MinMin algorithm is one of the most widely used heuristic for scheduling tasks on limited computing resources. The MinMin minimizes makespan compared to other algorithms, such as Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time (HEFT), duplication based algorithms, and clustering algorithms. However, MinMin results in unbalanced utilization of resources especially when majority of tasks have lower computational requirements. In this work we consider a computational model where each machine has certain bounded capacity to execute a predefined number of tasks simultaneously. Based on aforementioned model, a task scheduling heuristic Extended High to Low Load (ExH2LL) is proposed that attempts to balance the workload across the available computing resources while improving the resource utilization and reducing the makespan. ExH2LL dynamically identifies task-to-machine assignment considering the existing load on all machines. We compare ExH2LL with MinMin, H2LL, Improved MinMin Task Scheduling (IMMTS), Load Balanced MaxMin (LBM), and M-Level Suffrage-Based Scheduling Algorithm (MSSA). Simulation results show that ExH2LL outperforms the compared heuristics with respect to makespan and resource utilization. Moreover, we formally model and verify the working of ExH2LL using High Level Petri Nets, Satisfiability Modulo Theories Library, and Z3 Solver.     

Enhancing performance of failure-prone clusters by adaptive provisioning of cloud resources

In this paper, we investigate Cloud computing resource provisioning to extend the computing capacity of local clusters in the presence of failures. We consider three steps in the resource provisioning including resource brokering, dispatch sequences, and scheduling. The proposed brokering strategy is based on the stochastic analysis of routing in distributed parallel queues and takes into account the response time of the Cloud provider and the local cluster while considering computing cost of both sides. Moreover, we propose dispatching with probabilistic and deterministic sequences to redirect requests to the resource providers. We also incorporate checkpointing in some well-known scheduling algorithms to provide a fault-tolerant environment. We propose two cost-aware and failure-aware provisioning policies that can be utilized by an organization that operates a cluster managed by virtual machine technology, and seeks to use resources from a public Cloud provider. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed policies improve the response time of users’ requests by a factor of 4.10 under a moderate load with a limited cost on a public Cloud.     

A dynamic task scheduling framework based on chicken swarm and improved raven roosting optimization methods in cloud computing

Scheduling means devoting tasks among computational resources, considering specific goals. Cloud computing is facing a dynamic and rapidly evolving situation. Devoting tasks to the computational resources could be done in numerous different ways. As a consequence, scheduling of tasks in cloud computing is considered as a NP-hard problem. Meta-heuristic algorithms are a proper choice for improving scheduling in cloud computing, but they should, of course, be consistent with the dynamic situation in the field of cloud computing. One of the newest bio-inspired meta-heuristic algorithms is the chicken swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm. This algorithm is inspired by the hierarchical behavior of chickens in a swarm for finding food. The diverse movements of the chickens create a balance between the local and the global search for finding the optimal solution. Raven roosting optimization (RRO) algorithm is inspired by the social behavior of raven and the information flow between the members of the population with the goal of finding food. The advantage of this algorithm lies in using the individual perception mechanism in the process of searching the problem space. In the current work, an ICDSF scheduling framework is proposed. It is a hybrid (IRRO-CSO) meta-heuristic approach based on the improved raven roosting optimization algorithm (IRRO) and the CSO algorithm. The CSO algorithm is used for its efficiency in satisfying the balance between the local and the global search, and IRRO algorithm is chosen for solving the problem of premature convergence and its better performance in bigger search spaces. First, the performance of the proposed hybrid IRRO-CSO algorithm is compared with other imitation-based swarm intelligence methods using benchmark functions (CEC 2017). Then, the capabilities of the proposed scheduling hybrid algorithm (IRRO-CSO) are tested using the NASA-iPSC parallel workload and are compared with the other available algorithms. The obtained results from the implementation of the hybrid IRRO-CSO algorithm in MATLAB show an improvement in the average best fitness compared with the following algorithms: IRRO, RRO, CSO, BAT and PSO. Finally, simulation tests performed in cloud computing environment show improvements in terms of reduction of execution time, reduction of response time and the increase in throughput by using the proposed hybrid IRRO-CSO approach for dynamic scheduling.     

一种基于Cache的网格任务反馈调度方法

网格调度的目标提高网格资源的利用率、改善网格应用的性能,它是网格中需着力解决的问题之一.目前,围绕着网格中的任务调度算法,国内外已做了大量的研究工作,先后提出了各种调度算法.但是,这些调度算法不能很好地适应网格环境下的自治性、动态性、分布性等特征.针对目前网格调度机制存在的问题,提出了一种动态的网格调度技术--基于Cache的反馈调度方法(cache based feedback scheduling,简称CBFS).该调度方法依据Cache中所存放的最近访问过的资源信息,如最近一次请求提交时间、任务完成时间等信息进行反馈调度,将任务提交给负载较小或性能较优的资源来完成.实验结果表明,CBFS方法不但可以有效减少不必要的延迟,而且在任务响应时间的平滑性、任务的吞吐率及任务在调度器等待调度的时间方面比随机调度等传统算法要好.     

异构云环境下基于分簇的云资源感知任务调度方案

针对提高异构云平台中资源调度的效率,提出了一种基于任务和资源分簇的异构云计算平台任务调度方案。利用K-means算法,根据任务的CPU和I/O处理时间对任务分簇,根据资源的计算能力对资源分簇;然后,将任务簇对应到合适的资源簇,并利用最早截止时间优先（EDF）算法对任务簇中的独立任务进行调度,利用提出的改进型最小关键路径（MCP）算法对依赖性任务进行调度。实验结果表明,在资源异构的云计算环境中,该方案执行任务时间短、能耗低。     

一种可重构资源管理模型及其调度技术

针对多任务操作系统的可重构资源管理,提出了一种管理模型和在线调度算法,具体实现了把任务分配给基于块划分的可重构器件。一方面,可重构器件由一个主CPU控制,主CPU运行在线调度器和放置器;另一方面,可重构器件由具有相同垂直尺寸的固定大小的块构成,但块可以有不同的宽度,目的是为了在资源和任务之间实现更好的匹配;同时在在线调度器和放置器运行两个函数fSPLIT和fSELECT来实现任务在可重构器件上的配置和调度。仿真结果表明,提出的资源管理模型和调度算法不仅能够实现任务集平均响应时间的最小化和有效调度,而且相比于其他调度算法,还能获得更高的资源利用率。     

移动WiMAX网络中的VoIP调度机制

移动微波存取全球互通(WiMAX)网络使用了5种调度机制来保证服务质量,其中的3种被设计用于实时性业务。但是,这3种调度机制都缺乏公平性。在资源不足的时候,通过丢弃新用户的请求来保证旧用户的服务质量(QoS)。为此,针对WiMAX中的因特网语音(VoIP)服务提出了一种基于优先权的新调度机制。该机制中,不同用户的业务请求将被赋予不同的优先权。新旧用户同时请求资源时,新用户的请求拥有更高的优先权;资源分配中心再根据优先权的高低为用户分配资源,从而在最大限度上保证了资源分配的公平性。仿真结果显示,新调度机制可以将网络中的因特网语音服务的连接数和总吞吐量分别提高15%和11%左右。     

具有模糊多目标的网格任务调度算法

在异构的网格计算平台上,网格中有用户、资源管理员、组织管理者等实体,这些实体对网格的管理、使用、维护、安全性、可靠性等目标都提出了要求,并且这些目标有时是不可量化的。针对具有模糊多目标网格计算的任务调度问题,提出模糊多目标网格任务调度模型,使用模糊化等式对多目标进行模糊处理,给出求解该模型的模糊化定理,并对该定理进行证明。利用差分优化算法无需目标函数连续可微的特点,提出使用模糊差分优化算法完成模糊多目标的网格任务调度。实验结果表明,模糊差分优化算法较现有算法在执行时间上处于劣势,但在可靠性、安全性和丢失任务数三个指标上要优于现有算法。     

A Load-Fairness Prioritization-Based Matching Technique for Cloud Task Scheduling and Resource Allocation

In a cloud environment, consumers search for the best service provider that accomplishes the required tasks based on a set of criteria such as completion time and cost. On the other hand, Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) seek to maximize their profits by attracting and serving more consumers based on their resource capabilities. The literature has discussed the problem by considering either consumers’ needs or CSPs’ capabilities. A problem resides in the lack of explicit models that combine preferences of consumers with the capabilities of CSPs to provide a unified process for resource allocation and task scheduling in a more efficient way. The paper proposes a model that adopts a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method, called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to acquire the information of consumers’ preferences and service providers’ capabilities to prioritize both tasks and resources. The model also provides a matching technique to assign each task to the best resource of a CSP while preserves the fairness of scheduling more tasks for resources with higher capabilities. Our experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed model for prioritizing hundreds of tasks/services and CSPs based on a defined set of criteria, and matching each set of tasks/services to the best CSPS.     

Cloud workflow scheduling with hybrid resource provisioning

Resource provisioning strategies are crucial for workflow scheduling problems which are widespread in cloud computing. The main challenge lies in determining the amounts of reserved and on-demand resources to meet users’ requirements. In this paper, we consider the cloud workflow scheduling problem with hybrid resource provisioning to minimize the total renting cost, which is NP-hard and has not been studied yet. An iterative population-based meta-heuristic is developed. According to the shift vectors obtained during the search procedure, timetables are computed quickly. The appropriate amounts of reserved and on-demand resources are determined by an incremental optimization method. The utilization of each resource is balanced in a swaying way, in terms of which the probabilistic matrix is updated for the next iteration. The proposed algorithm is compared with modified existing algorithms for similar problems. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.