低负载、可靠的链路状态路由协议洪泛算法ERSN*

为了减少冗余报文的发送,降低网络负载,提出了ERSN(efficient reliable subnetwork)算法.在保证洪泛可靠性的条件下,ERSN算法采用减少链路数目的方法,减少了邻居路由器的数量,从而降低了洪泛报文的数量.实验结果表明,在维持稳定与可靠的条件下,ERSN算法比标准的洪泛算法有效地减少了洪泛报文的数量.     

Dynamic SPT update for multiple link state decrements in network routing

Previous approaches to the dynamic updating of Shortest Path Trees (SPTs) have in the main focused on just one link state change. Not much work has been done on the problem of deriving a new SPT from an existing SPT for multiple link state decrements in a network that applies link-state routing protocols such as OSPF and IS-IS. This problem is complex because in the process of updating an SPT there are, firstly, no simple forms of node set to presumable contain all nodes to be updated and, secondly, multiple decrements can be accumulated to make the updating much harder. If we adopt the updating mechanisms engaged in one link state change for the case of multiple link state decrements, the result is node update redundancy, as a node changes several times before it reaches its final state in the new SPT. This paper proposes two dynamic algorithms (MaxR, MinD) for obviating unnecessary node updates by having part nodes updated in a branch on the SPT only after selecting a particular node from a built node list. The algorithm complexity analysis and simulation results show that MaxR and MinD require fewer node updates during dynamic update procedures than do other algorithms for updating SPT of multiple link state decrements.

Lagrangian relaxation for maximum service in multicast routing with QoS constraints

In this paper, we propose a new variant of the Multicast Routing Problem called Maximum Service in Multicast Routing with Quality of Service constraints applied in the context of vehicular ad hoc networks, for which data must be sent from a root node to a set of terminal nodes. The use of all nodes is not mandatory and each connection between the root and a terminal aims to satisfy the quality of service according to the limits established for each metric. The objective is to maximize the number of serviced terminals according to the network's quality of service metrics. We present an integer programming formulation and four Lagrangian relaxations, to obtain good primal and dual bounds. We also develop a local search applied during the resolution of the Lagrangian relaxations. These methodologies were subjected to computational experiments with a set of 40 instances generated with characteristics of vehicular ad hoc networks. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the performance between methodologies, where the model achieved optimal values for 29 instances, and the Lagrangian relaxations rendered competitive bounds, especially for large instances.     

无线自组织网络抗毁路由协议研究

终端的自由移动导致无线自组织网络拓扑结构的频繁变化,这给通信的持续性和稳定性提出了挑战。针对无线自组织网络的抗毁性要求,着重分析现有的无线自组织网络抗毁路由、拓扑控制,以及其他一些相关协议、方法,阐述它们的工作机制、特点,比较不同的抗毁策略的优缺点及适用场合。     

A new Bollinger Band based energy efficient routing for clustered wireless sensor network

Designing of scalable routing protocol with prolonged network lifetime for a wireless sensor network (WSN) is a challenging task. WSN consists of large number of power, communication and computational constrained inexpensive nodes. It is difficult to replace or recharge battery of a WSN node when operated in a hostile environment. Cluster based routing is one of the techniques to provide prolonged network lifetime along with scalability. This paper proposes a technique for cluster formation derived from “Grid based method”. We have also proposed a new decentralized cluster head (CH) election method based on Bollinger Bands. Bollinger Bands are based on Upper Bollinger Band and Lower Bollinger Band, both of these bands are extremely reactive to any change in the inputs provided to them. We have used this property of Bollinger Bands to elect CH. Simulation result shows significant improvement in the network lifetime in comparison with other decentralized and ant based algorithms.     

一种基于快速重路由的域内节能路由算法

降低互联网的能耗成为亟待解决的一个科学问题,已有的路由节能方案存在会不同程度地降低网络性能,如网络拥塞、路由振荡、路由可用性和流量分布不均匀等问题,以及需要网络的实时流量信息,从而导致算法复杂度较高的问题。设计一种基于快速重路由的绿色节能方案EEIPFRR,兼顾节能、网络性能和算法复杂度。实验结果表明,与DLF算法比较,EEIPFRR算法不仅可以降低网络能耗,并且具有较小的路径拉伸度、较低的算法复杂度和较小的最大链路利用率。     

几种Ad Hoc网络组播路由协议的分析与比较

Ad Hoc网络是一种不依赖于固定设施的,自组织的无线网络,其组网快捷、方便,具有广阔的发展前景.在典型的Ad Hoc网络应用中,网络主机通过按组工作来完成一项特定的任务.因此,组播在Ad Hoc网络中是一个十分重要的功能.按照参与组播路由的结点构成的网络拓扑结构的不同,分别介绍了基于树的组播路由协议AMRIS,基于格网的组播路由协议ODMRP、CAMP、FGMP,和基于混合的组播路由协议AMRoute,并对它们各自的工作方式进行了分析,最后对它们各自的特点进行了比较.     

Multi-constraint multi-objective QoS aware routing heuristics for query driven sensor networks using fuzzy soft sets

In this paper, a fuzzy based distributed power aware routing scheme considering both energy and bandwidth constraints, especially for query driven applications in the asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks are devised. The proposed multi-constraint, multi-objective routing optimization approach under strict resource constraints guarantees reliability and fast data delivery along with efficient power management in spite of unreliable wireless links and limited power supply. In query driven applications, the request from the sink to the individual sensor node will be a broadcast message, whereas the individual sensor nodes replies back to sink as unicast messages. In the proposed work, the fuzzy approach and “A Star” algorithm are utilized for satisfying energy and bandwidth constraints to route the broadcast messages of the sink while querying all the sensor nodes in the network. Every node will be provided with a guidance list, which is used to decide the next best neighbor node with good route quality for forwarding the received multi-hop broadcast messages. The route quality of the every node is estimated with fuzzy rules based on the network parameters such as maximum remaining energy, minimum traffic load and better link quality to increase the network lifetime. The provision of overhearing the broadcast messages and acknowledgements within the transmission range minimizes the effort to search for the active time of nodes while routing the broadcast messages with asynchronous scheduling. Further, in the proposed work only the time slot of its nearest neighbor relay node (to which packets are to be forwarded) is learnt to reduce the number of message transmissions in the network. For the unicast message replies, the fuzzy membership function is modified and devised based on the routing metrics such as higher residual energy, minimum traffic loads and minimum hop count under energy and bandwidth constraints. Also, the multi-hop heuristic routing algorithm called Nearest Neighbor Tree is effectively used to reduce the number of neighbors in the guidance list that are elected for forwarding. This helps to increase the individual sensor node’s lifetime, thereby maximizes the network lifetime and guarantees increased network throughput. The simulation results show that the proposed technique reduces repeated transmissions, decreases the number of transmissions, shortens the active time of the sensor nodes and increases the network lifetime for query driven sensor network applications invariant to total the number of sensor nodes and sinks in the network. The proposed algorithm is tested in a small test bed of sensor network with ten nodes that monitors the room temperature.     

基于无线Mesh网路由协议的研究及优化

根据无线Mesh网络的结构特点,对现有的路由协议进行了分析,并针对其中一种典型的路由协议AODV延时过大的缺点进行了优化,即Ⅰ-AODV。其在AODV中引入表驱动的机制,增加维护的邻居节点数目,获得更多节点的路由信息,在路由建立时达到降低网络延时的目的。最后通过仿真软件NS-2进行了模拟测试,测试结果表明,Ⅰ-AODV的网络延时等网络性能明显得到了改善。     

无线传感器网络路由协议LEACH的研究与改进

无线传感器网络(WSN)数据传输离不开路由协议,路由协议是其组网的基础.由于WSN是一种资源受限网络,尤其是能量的受限,因此路由协议必须维持较小的路由信息并尽可能的减少能耗.文中从其体系结构、协议栈、网络层次等几个方面分析介绍了无线传感器网络,在对传感器网络路由协议作了充分了解的基础上深入研究了经典的聚类路由算法--LEACH(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy),提出了对它的改进方案并用OPNET对改进前后的算法进行了仿真比较.仿真结果证明了改进后算法的有效性,并且在能耗和网络生存时间上比LEACH有了提高.     

认知无线电网络组播路由算法和协议综述

认知无线电网络（CRN）在实现更好的无线带宽利用率和提高无线应用质量方面发挥着至关重要的作用。由于认知用户可用频谱机会的动态特性,认知无线电网络中的组播是一个具有挑战性的问题。研究者们已经提出了多种在认知无线电网络中进行有效组播的方案,包括基于优化理论、网络编码、机器学习、博弈论的方案等。总结了解决组播问题有效的算法和技术,并对已有的无线电网络中的组播协议进行了全面的综述,最后给出了未来的研究方向。     

基于非均匀分簇和信息熵的无线传感网络路由算法

针对无线传感网络分簇算法中能量分布不均衡导致的“热区”问题,提出一种基于非均匀分簇和信息熵的路由算法。在簇头选举和竞争半径计算过程中综合考虑节点能量、节点密度和节点距基站距离,均衡簇头能耗以延长生存时间。采用簇间单跳多跳混合通信的路由规则,减少簇间通信能耗。对节点信息熵进行数据融合,引入融合权重系数减小数据融合的不确定性,提高数据融合效率。仿真结果表明,与LEACH、EEUC和EBUCA相比,该算法能够有效均衡网络能耗,延长网络生命周期。     

基于模拟退火遗传算法求解路由和波长分配问题

静态的路由选择和波长分配(RWA)问题是波分复用（WDM）光网络中的一个重要问题,目前常用的处理方法是将RWA问题拆成选路子问题和波长分配子问题。静态RWA问题通常先按某种策略确定建立光路的顺序,然后用启发式的算法加以解决。提出通过模拟退火遗传算法对光路的建立顺序进行优化,然后用基于爬山算法的启发式算法可求解以波长数最小为优化目标的静态RWA问题。通过对ARPANet等5种实际光网络的仿真表明,该算法和文献[5]相比,所用的波长数更少,且大部分优化结果达到最优。     

DWDM光网络中RWA问题的遗传求解方法

针对密集波分复用(dense wavelength-division multiplexing,DWDM)光网络通信中的动态路由与波长分配(routing and wavelength assignment,RWA)问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法的动态RWA方法.将遗传算法与分层图模型相结合,实现了RWA的方便计算.通过扩展适应值函数,能够有效地处理带时延约束的通信量请求.实验结果表明,与已有最短路径算法(Dijks-tra)相比,该算法能够提供多条候选路由方案,更适应较差环境下的网络通信.     

A cross-layer optimization framework for joint channel assignment and multicast routing in multi-channel multi-radio wireless mesh networks

Existing literature on multicast routing protocols in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) from the view point of the links involved in routing are divided into two categories: schemes are aimed at multicast construction with minimal interference which is known as NP hard problem. In contrast, other methods develop network-coding-based solutions with the main objective of throughput maximization, which can effectively reduce the complexity of finding the optimal routing solution from exponential to polynomial time. The proposed framework in this paper is placed in the second category. In multi-channel multi-radio WMNs (MCMR WMNs), each node is equipped with multiple radios, each tuned on a different channel. In this paper, for the first time, we propose a cross-layer convex optimization framework for joint channel assignment and multicast throughput maximization in MCMR WMNs. The proposed method is composed of two phases: in the first phase, using cellular learning automata, channels are assigned to the links established between the radios of the nodes in a distributed fashion such that the minimal interference coefficient for each link is provided. Then, the resultant channel assignment scheme is utilized in the second phase for throughput maximization within an iterative optimization framework based on Lagrange relaxation and primal problem decomposition. We have conducted many experiments to contrast the performance of our solution against many representative approaches.     

MANET中有利于信道重用的按需信道分配和路由协议

从信道重用的角度出发,设计出一种简单而有效的按需固定信道分配机制和路由的协议(CA-AODV-R)。该协议将信道分配放到路由层进行,通过在路由发现时的RREQ和RREP中携带信道信息来分配固定信道,避免了MAC层动态信道分配协议(如DCA等)需要频繁地调用信道分配算法的问题。CA-AODV-R使用的固定信道分配算法为把数据信道按编号从小到大排列后按每3个划分为一个小组,同一条路由发现路径上的后继节点分配固定信道时优先在其前驱节点的固定信道所在小组内选择空闲信道。仿真结果表明,CA-AODV-R协议相对于单信道AODV能够大幅度提高网络吞吐量和分组投递率并降低网络的端到端时延。     

Upper and lower bounds for dynamic cluster assignment for multi-target tracking in heterogeneous WSNs

In this paper, we consider the problem of cluster task assignment to maximize total utilities of nodes for target coverage in heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. We define this problem as assigning the tasks of Cluster Head (CH) and Cluster Members (CM) to nodes for each target and requiring communication connectivity between every CH with its members. The utility of each node for each target is defined as a function of its distance to the target and its remaining energy. We propose an upper bound based on Lagrangian Relaxation (LR) and a lower bound by Linear Programming (LP) relaxation with a combination of Randomized Rounding (RR) and a greedy-based heuristic. Furthermore, we propose a distributed heuristic algorithm based on matching and a general assignment problem. Dynamic movements of targets are taken into account by intra/inter-cluster task reassignments. Simulation results, compared with optimal values, reveal that the LR upper bound performs better than the bound reached by pure LP relaxation. The lower bound obtained by LP relaxation combined with the RR technique provides close results in comparison with the distributed heuristic algorithm. Furthermore, the results of the distributed heuristic algorithm remain between the upper and lower bounds and close to optimal values.     

A cross-layer optimization based integrated routing and grooming algorithm for green multi-granularity transport networks

With the development of IP networks and intelligent optical switch networks, the backbone network tends to be a multi-granularity transport one. In a multi-granularity transport network (MTN), due to the rapid growth of various applications, the scale and complexity of network devices are significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, to deal with bursty IP traffic, the network devices need to provide continuous services along with excessive power consumption. It has attracted wide attention from both academic and industrial communities to build a power-efficient MTN. In this paper, we design an effective node structure for MTN. Considering the power savings on both IP and optical transport layers, we propose a mathematical model to achieve a cross-layer optimization objective for power-efficient MTN. Since this optimization problem is NP-hard (Hasan et al. (2010)  [11]) and heuristic or intelligent optimization algorithms have been successfully applied to solve such kinds of problems in many engineering domains (Huang et al. (2011)  [13], Li et al. (2011)  [17] and Dong et al. (2011)  [5]), a G  reen integrated R$R$outing and Grooming algorithm based on Biogeography-Based Optimization (Simon (2008)  [23]) (GRG_BBO) is also presented. The simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the other BBO based and state-of-the-art power saving approaches, GRG_BBO improves the power savings at a rate between 2%–15% whilst the high-level multi-user QoS (Quality of Services) satisfaction degree (MQSD) is guaranteed. GRG_BBO is therefore an effective technique to build a power-efficient MTN.     

IP/DWDM光Internet中的一种并行公平智能QoS组播路由机制

QoS需求的区间表示形式体现了对柔性与异构QoS的支持;根据微观经济学理论与方法,建立基于Kelly/PSP模型的定价策略,体现组间公平性;使用下游链路均分方法在组成员之间分摊费用,体现组内公平性;基于并行化点火耦合神经网络,建立智能QoS组播路由并行算法,充分挖掘点火耦合神经网络内在的并行能力,而且具备对网络规模与问题规模的良好可伸缩性。以上各方面有机结合,构成IP/DWDM光Internet中的并行公平智能QoS组播路由机制。仿真结果表明,该机制是可行和有效的,其时间效率优于相应的串行算法。     

面向能量和链路优化的水声移动传感器网络路由协议设计

针对水声移动传感器网络中存在水声通信环境恶劣、通信环境复杂多变以及节点能量受限造成的水声移 动传感器网络能量不均和路由链路断裂问题, 提出一种基于能量与链路度量路由的改进按需平面距离向量路由 (AODV)协议. 引入了以能量阈值为基准描述网络节点能量状态的能量指标以及以邻居节点间距离为基准描述链路 状态的链路指标, 并以综合考虑网络路由链路中节点的能量指标、路由链路指标以及路由链路跳数的路由度量作 为协议选择路径的优先条件, 并以此进行路由修复. 仿真实验表明, 本文所设计的改进AODV协议可提升网络整体 数据量、均衡网络节点能量、延长网络的生存周期.