基于视觉的机械臂轨迹优化方法研究

针对应用视觉系统进行工件抓取时,工件相互遮挡导致识别工件不准确且抓取效率较低的问题,提出基于视觉的机械臂轨迹优化方法。由相机采集工件图像信息,通过标定机械臂坐标系、工件坐标系及相机坐标系,建立“手眼”坐标关系,基于点云数据对工件识别与定位;提出改进遗传-鲸鱼混合轨迹规划算法,以控制工件抓取过程。对机械臂的3个重要关节进行了运动仿真与实验测试。仿真结果显示：改进的遗传-鲸鱼混合算法收敛速度更快,搜索能力更强,优化后的抓取时间比基本遗传算法优化的抓取时间减少了2.3 s。实验结果表明：基于点云识别的机械臂抓取成功率达到93.75%,极大提高了抓取效率,验证了算法的有效性。     

基于快速扩展随机树的机械臂路径优化算法研究

针对传统快速扩展随机树算法在关节空间对机械臂进行路径规划难以得到机械臂笛卡尔空间下最短路径的问题,提出改进的快速扩展随机树算法(DL-RRT),在笛卡尔空间对机械臂进行路径规划,得出机械臂笛卡尔空间下的最短路径。同时采用三次样条插值算法对所得轨迹拟合优化,使机械臂末端运动轨迹连续光滑,保证机械臂平稳快速的运行,减少运动过程中的冲击。通过仿真实验显示,机械臂空间路径满足最短路径要求,同时关节运动曲线平滑,减少了机械臂工作时间,提高机械臂工作效率。     

基于改进PSO算法的时间最优机械臂轨迹规划北大核心

针对传统机械臂轨迹规划存在效率低、智能算法易早熟和运行不稳定等问题,提出了一种以时间最优为目标,采用改进粒子群算法(PSO)对6自由度机械臂轨迹进行优化的方法。首先,在关节空间下利用机械臂正逆运动学原理获取其轨迹插值点;其次,为了使机械臂能够快速平稳地到达目标位置,采用3-5-3多项式对其轨迹进行插值;最后,使用改进PSO算法对分段多项式插值构造的轨迹进行优化,实现6自由度机械臂时间最优的轨迹规划。通过MATLAB仿真实验可以得到机械臂各个关节的加速度、速度和位置的轨迹信息,在满足机械臂运动学约束的前提下,机械臂完成整段轨迹所用的时间从3 s减少到2.1 s,整体运行时间相对于PSO算法优化前缩短了近30%,由此表明改进PSO算法可以有效地实现6自由度机械臂时间最优的轨迹规划。     

基于关节位置约束的冗余机械臂协调控制误差仿真研究

针对冗余机械臂关节位置约束问题,设计了冗余机械臂关节位置控制策略,在不同条件下对机械臂运动效果进行仿真验证。建立冗余机械臂简图模型,通过雅可比矩阵推导机械臂运动方程式。分析机械臂优先级任务体系构造,比较冗余机械臂在不同优先级条件下的极限状态,引入了机械臂监控系统。设置机械臂仿真环境,采用MATLAB软件对机械臂运动进行仿真。结果表明:机械臂2个关节都违背了极限限制;监控系统在保证关节位置规避限制的同时,会导致路径跟踪误差较大。但是,路径跟随误差不会影响所需的相对末端效应器运动,能够保持末端执行器的相对运动,保证抓取对象的稳定性;证明了冗余机械臂控制器的有效性。采用该策略避免了运动过程中的机械臂关节的限制,能够实现机械臂抓取物体的路径跟踪功能。     

一种机械臂时间-冲击轨迹的快速求解优化方法

针对NSGA-II算法优化机械臂轨迹耗费计算时间的问题,提出一种时间-冲击轨迹规划优化方法。采用均匀五次B样条函数在关节空间内构造插值曲线,在运动学约束的条件下,利用牛顿法对目标函数进行迭代求解。仿真结果表明:结合牛顿法与埃特金加速法对五次B样条函数插值轨迹规划的时间和冲击进行优化求解,寻优时间短,保证在运动学约束下产生较小的冲击以及缩短机械臂的运动时间,使得机械臂的运动控制性能得到提高。     

机械臂途经N路径点的连续轨迹插补算法研究

为减小对工业机械臂振动和机构磨损,提高机械臂轨迹跟踪精度,在关节空间分别研究了通过起点和终点的三次、五次和七次多项式轨迹算法,以及途经2、4个中间点的4-3-4、3-5-3、3-3-3-3-3多项式轨迹插补算法。在此基础上,给出了贯穿N路径点的机械臂连续三次样条轨迹快速迭代算法。试验表明：机械臂途经期望的N-2(N≥4)中间点时,充分满足轨迹给定的约束条件,保证关节位置、速度轨迹连续可导和加速度轨迹的连续性,可进一步提高关节轨迹的平滑性,减少额外游移运动,提高高精度平稳控制。     

5-DOF仿人型机械臂关节空间轨迹规划研究

文章以5-DOF仿人型机械臂为研究对象,讨论了工业机器人轨迹规划方法及相关问题。对该机械臂进行了运动学分析,建立了机械臂运动学方程,并针对典型搬运作业方式,以距离最优为目标选取空间梯形路径关键点,设计了基于关节空间五项多项式插值算法的轨迹规划方法,利用Robotics Toolbox工具箱进行机械臂虚拟建模及关节空间轨迹规划仿真。经验证,相对于传统矩形路径作业方式,该方法可以更好完成工业机器人搬运作业的轨迹规划问题,对进一步结合工艺参数研究工业机器人控制系统具有必要的理论及实践意义。     

基于改进RRT算法的空间机械臂避障路径规划北大核心

针对传统快速扩展随机树(RRT)算法在机械臂的运动规划时,存在方向随机性强、目标导向性差、规划速度慢、轨迹平滑度差的问题,提出了一种基于目标偏置和拓展点选择机制的改进RRT算法。该算法利用目标偏置策略影响叶子结点的扩展方向,并且在算法陷入局部极小值时,结合碰撞信息进行拓展点选择从而快速脱离极小值;同时考虑到不同关节角对机械臂位姿影响的程度不同,为待搜索的关节空间各方向添加权重,从而大幅提升搜索效率,并且方便确定机械臂位姿的变化量。结果表明,改进后的算法能对树的生长方向产生引导作用,在提高算法的收敛速度的同时避免陷入局部极小值,并且提高了机械臂在仿真中运动规划效率。     

经颅磁六轴机械臂运动学分析与路径规划

目前，经颅磁治疗仪治疗方式主要以人工为主，时间强度大、成本高，严重制约着国内经颅磁产业的发展。为此，根据GB 2428—1998《成年人头面部尺寸》，设计一款智能经颅磁六轴机械臂，可以代替人工手持工作，特点是工作强度高、治疗时间安排灵活。机械臂整体建模采用SolidWorks三维软件，依据改进的D-H参数法，结合MATLAB软件中Robotics Toolbox工具箱，建立机械臂的运动学模型，推导机械臂正、逆运动学方程并求解。以此经颅磁六轴机械臂为研究对象，搭建半仿真试验平台对其进行蒙特卡罗法工作空间仿真和路径轨迹规划仿真。应用双向RRT算法产生无碰撞路径点，对生成的3段治疗轨迹运用多项式插值函数进行拟合。最后输出整个路径轨迹及各关节的角位移、角速度、角加速度等相关运动参数随时间变化的曲线。分析所得结果可知，该六轴机械臂可以满足经颅磁治疗仪高精度、高效灵活、平稳工作的要求。     

铸件多功能作业机器人多臂协调轨迹规划与仿真

以铸件多功能作业机器人的工作臂为研究对象,采用笛卡尔空间变量法对机器人铸件搬运过程进行轨迹规划。结合多臂协调的运动约束条件以及伪逆法,对机器人的4个工作臂关节运动进行优化,得到多机械臂协调运动的关节位置和速度变化曲线。由MATLAB软件仿真得到的运动参数曲线可知,算法优化后得到的运动轨迹均能保持连续、平滑,有利于实现对机器人的精准控制。利用机械臂正运动学方程得到了机械臂末端执行器的轨迹曲线,曲线满足铸件搬运的要求,验证了算法的正确性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。