菲高效降解菌1-2D的筛选鉴定及其降解特性

从山西省太原钢铁集团有限公司排放的废水中筛选出一株高效菲降解菌株1-2D。通过形态特征、生理生化指标和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,菌株1-2D鉴定为适冷假单胞菌(Pseudomonas extremaustralis)。研究结果表明,菌株1-2D生长和降解的适宜条件分别是温度33℃、 pH值为7.0～7.5和不外加NaCl,此条件下接种该菌48 h后,菲浓度(50 mg·L~(-1))降解率达99%。另外,该菌对低温(26～37℃)、偏碱性(pH=6.5～9.0)、低盐(外加NaCl为0～2%)的环境具有良好耐受性。营养物质的添加选择牛肉膏,可较好促进菌株生长和菲降解。通过研究不同菲浓度下菌株1-2D对菲的降解过程,可知其耐受较高菲质量浓度(1 000 mg·L~(-1))。经菌株1-2D降解动力学分析,该菌降解菲浓度(500 mg·L~(-1))的过程与一级降解动力学方程很好拟合,其中25～100 mg·L~(-1)低浓度下该菌快速降解菲,半衰期为6.7～7.0 h,而高浓度菲(1 000 mg·L~(-1))的该菌降解过程符合零级降解动力学方程,半衰期为39.7 h。     

焦化污染场地中萘降解菌的分离及降解特性

为从焦化污染场地中分离萘高效降解菌，采用萘作为唯一碳源，通过梯度筛选和富集培养获得一株高效萘降解菌株AO-4。依据形态及16S rDNA基因序列，将其鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）。通过PCR验证了菌株基因组中含有萘双加氧酶基因（nahAC）和邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶基因（nahH），推测该菌可能是通过水杨酸途径对萘进行降解。在对菌株降解特性分析中发现，菌株AO-4在24h对萘（400mg/L）的降解率达到97.67%，菌株的生长、脱氢酶活性与萘的降解率呈正相关。其次，探究了温度、pH、萘初始浓度和菌量对菌株降解萘的影响，明确最适降解温度为30℃、pH为5.0～7.0；在一定范围内，菌株降解效率随着萘浓度和菌量的增大而提高。对该菌株降解多环芳烃（PAHs）的广谱性测试表明，AO-4不仅能有效降解萘，而且对其他PAHs，如芴、菲、蒽和芘在单一和混合体系中均有不同程度的降解，研究结果可为PAHS污染场地的微生物修复提供一定的技术支持。     

高效油脂降解混合菌株筛选及降解条件的优化

从采自青岛台东步行街下水道的地沟油中分离可培养微生物,采用透明圈法筛选能够高效降解油脂的菌株,进行组合研究其油脂降解力,并对菌株进行形态学、生理生化特征和分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,分离到的菌株T5、C25和N30对油脂的降解能力较强,通过18S rDNA的方法鉴定菌株T5与地丝菌(Geotrichum fermentans)同源性最高达到97%。利用16S rDNA法鉴定菌株C25与假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp. ALEB 33)同源性最高达到99%、菌株N30与鞘脂单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp. KA1)相似性达到99%。该菌株组合的适合pH和温度范围较广,适宜pH和温度分别为7和30℃,降解率最高达94.79%。可为油脂降解菌株混合组的构建和应用提供实验基础和依据。     

一株石油烃降解菌的固定化及其降解特性研究

从石油污染盐渍土壤中筛选出一株对液蜡乳化效果明显、对原油降解率达56.8%的菌株,命名为BZ-L。经生理生化和16SrRNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌株属于沙雷氏菌属。以海藻酸钠和活性炭为包埋剂,对该菌株进行固定化研究。结果表明,当活性炭含量为0.8%时,固定化微球的破损率最低、渗透性最好;在接种量为35.0g·L-1、NaCl浓度为6.0%时,固定化微球对原油的降解率可达61.7%;菌株BZ-L的固定化微球对原油的降解率明显高于游离菌,且比游离菌的耐盐性能更强,可用于石油污染盐渍土壤的生物修复。     

润滑油降解菌的分离筛选与鉴定

以润滑油为唯一碳源,从石油污染土壤中筛选分离得到了2株润滑油降解菌,考察发现2株菌株均能生物降解润滑油,菌株X1、X2在2 d内的润滑油降解率分别达到40.83%和32.54%,其中X1的润滑油降解能力更强。通过测定16S rDNA基因序列的方法对两株菌株进行了鉴定。结果表明,所分离的2株菌株中,X1为伤口埃希菌(Escherichia vulneris),X2为黄假单胞菌(pseudomonas lutea strain)。     

烟嘧磺隆高效降解复合菌系的构建及降解特性

[目的]构建烟嘧磺隆高效降解复合菌系并明确其降解特性，为高效修复烟嘧磺隆污染土壤提供理论支撑。[方法]通过富集驯化培养，从山西省不同生态区烟嘧磺隆污染土壤中筛选出5株烟嘧磺隆降解菌，通过16S rDNA和ITS序列分析鉴定降解菌的分类地位。通过全组合构建高效降解复合菌修复体系，并通过单因素试验明确其降解特性。[结果]筛选获得10株具有烟嘧磺隆降解能力的菌株，其中5株菌株降解能力较强。经16S rDNA和ITS序列鉴定和系统发育分析，5株烟嘧磺隆降解菌株分别为A枯草芽孢杆菌、B黑曲霉、C草酸青霉、D土曲霉和E绿木霉。全组合复配结果表明，由3种菌株组成的复合菌系对烟嘧磺隆降解率最好，其中ABD组合对烟嘧磺隆降解能力最高，较单株菌降解率最高的菌株D降解率提高23.74%；将筛选的A、B、D进行不同比例复配，菌株最佳复配比A∶B∶D为2∶3∶1时，烟嘧磺隆降解率最高达98.31%，各菌株对烟嘧磺隆降解的影响效果A>B>D。复合菌系较单一菌株增加了适宜的温度、pH值和烟嘧磺隆初始浓度范围，最适培养降解条件为接种量2%～5%，温度30～40℃，pH 7.0，烟嘧磺隆初始质量浓度50～2...     

一株耐盐石油烃降解菌的分离、鉴定及其降解特性研究

研究通过逐渐提高培养液的盐浓度从含石油烃的钻井泥浆中驯化获得四株耐盐的石油烃降解菌,筛选出1株对原油降解效率高的优势菌株SW-1。经16S r RNA基因序列分析确定其系统发育地位,采用单因素实验研究环境因素对该菌原油降解率的影响,研究其对典型石油烃类物质的降解能力及降解特性。结果表明:石油烃降解菌耐受的盐度为9%;盐度为0时,菌株SW-1的原油降解率为51.49%; 16S r RNA基因序列比对结果显示,该菌株与Bacillus licheniformis MGB70112. 1核苷酸序列相似性为100%; p H值为9,温度为30℃降解效果最佳;在9%盐浓度,最佳条件下培养7 d,SW-1菌株对原油的降解率为33. 10%,对菲的降解率为46. 53%; GC-MS分析结果表明,菌株SW-1可以降解链长为C19～C28的烷烃,C19～C28烷烃的平均降解率达到18. 48%。     

柴油污染土壤烷烃降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

从某炼油厂柴油罐区污染土壤中分离筛选出优势柴油降解菌L12,并经过形态学观察、生理生化试验以及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter.sp)。采用摇瓶实验研究了菌株L12对正十六烷的适宜降解条件,并考察了该菌对柴油的降解能力。结果表明,菌株L12最佳的培养初始pH为7、接种量为5%、摇床转速为150 r/min、培养温度为30℃,菌株可耐受正十六烷质量浓度高达5 000 mg/L。最优条件下培养7 d,该菌株对正十六烷的降解率高达90.33%,能将质量浓度为3 000 mg/L的柴油几乎完全降解,表明该菌具有良好的用于生物修复柴油污染土壤的潜力。     

甲硫醚降解菌JLM-8的分离鉴定与降解条件优化

从制药厂的活性污泥中分离到一株能以唯一碳源和硫源降解甲硫醚的菌株JLM-8,经过生理生化测试与16S rDNA系统发育树分析鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)。通过测定菌株的生长量、甲硫醚的降解率,利用响应面法优化最佳降解条件,并测定了该菌降解甲硫醚的动力学参数。结果表明:当接种量为25 mg·L^-1时,通过响应面法优化的最佳降解条件为温度31.3℃、pH 7.5,初始甲硫醚浓度50 mg·L^-1时最大预测降解率为98.2%,实验验证降解率为97.9%。菌株降解动力学参数最大比降解速率、半饱和系数、抑制系数分别为2.37 h^-1、143.55 mg·L^-1、51.35 mg·L^-1,临界抑制浓度为78.46 mg·L^-1。     

直接降解稻草菌种筛选及降解稻草过程优化

以稻草降解率为指标,研究了从稻草等筛选到的菌株对稻草降解的活性。对最优菌株进行形态和18S rDNA基因序列分析表明,该菌株为烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)。进一步优化了菌株XC6稻草降解的过程参数,结果表明,最优参数条件下,该菌株可以实现对稻草的完全降解[降解率为(100±0.2)%];同时生物量也高达(22.9±1.1)g/L。为今后这方面进一步发酵放大研究打下了基础。     

Isolation and Identification of a Strain of Aspergillus Tubingensis With Deoxynivalenol Biotransformation Capability

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common contaminants of various foodstuffs. A biotransformation system was used in order to lessen the toxicity of DON. A strain of Aspergillus (NJA-1) was isolated from soil and cultured in an inorganic salt medium containing DON. Bt2a/Bt2b primers were used to amplify the β-tubulin gene of NJA-1. Sequence analysis the PCR product and morphology observation indicated that NJA-1 belonged to Aspergillus tubingensis (aerobic fungi). The DNA sequence information of the PCR product was deposited in GenBank (accession number DQ9025790). The DNA sequence had 99% similarity to the Aspergillus tubingensis accession number {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AY820009","term_id":"65307063"}}AY820009. An unknown compound in NJA-1 showed the ability to convert DON into another product. The molecular weight of the bioconversion product was 18.1 D (H2O) larger than that of DON. The analysis showed that DON could be hydrolyzed by NJA-1. The mean DON biotransformation rate was 94.4% after two weeks of cultivation. The finding presents a new method for DON biotransformation.     

8种真菌对玉米秸秆细胞选择性降解的研究

玉米秸秆组成上的不均一性导致了其高值化利用的困难,本研究旨在找出一株对杂细胞有高度选择性降解能力的菌种,用于降解玉米秸秆中的杂细胞,解决其组织结构不均一的问题,剩下的纤维则可用于制浆造纸。采用从染凤梨病甘蔗秆分离出的7种病原真菌和绿色木霉分别对汽爆玉米秸秆梳理过筛后分成的纤维细胞和杂细胞进行降解,结果显示:8种真菌对杂细胞的降解能力普遍大于对纤维细胞的降解能力。通过测定酶活和扫描电镜观察,得出其原因是与菌种所产酶活以及原料组成结构有关。其中,菌种 C-2 对杂细胞的选择性降解能力最强,杂细胞和纤维细胞的失重率相差17.88%。     

D006醚化树脂催化剂的工业应用

考察了D006醚化树脂催化剂在延安石油化工厂12万t/a MTBE装置上的工业应用。结果表明,D006醚化树脂催化剂具有良好的异丁烯转化能力和抗高温能力。装置运行后,产品中甲醇的质量分数小于0.1%、混合碳四的质量分数小于0.1%、叔丁醇的质量分数小于0.3%、MTBE纯度大于98%。     

Determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, barley and corn and its relationship with the levels of total molds, Fusarium spp., colonization percentage and water activity

Fifty samples of cereals including 30 of wheat (10 of wheat hard red spring), 10 of wheat soft red winter and 10 of wheat durum ámber), 10 of barley and 10 of corn (5 of white corn and 5 of yellow corn) were analyzed to detect and determine by the TLC method, the quantity of deoxynivalenol levels, which is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium species. The aw of samples and the internal and external micoflora and Fusarium spp. levels were also investigated. Results showed that the highest grade of infection (12-80%), and the highest count of total molds (3.9 Log UFC/g) were detected in wheat samples, while the highest levels of Fusarium spp. (2.3 Log UFC/g) were detected in white corn. Deoxynivalenol was found in the wheat and barley samples but not in corn. The wheat red winter soft samples showed the highest levels of deoxynivalenol (3.2 ug/g) which is over the limit levels accepted by the FDA. Correlation was not found among count of total molds, Fusarium spp., infestation grade, aw, and deoxynivalenol levels. These results suggest that it is necessary to exert measures to avoid and to control the importation of contaminated cereals with DON levels higher to those allowed.     

不同云芝菌株腐朽杨木过程的扫描电镜研究

本文应用扫描电镜观察研究了白腐菌云艺（Coriolusvericolor）三个菌株腐朽杨木的过程，对试材的显微形态变化以及各菌株的降解特性进行了详细描述和探讨．实验结果表明，三个菌株降解木材的性能和方式存在着差异。NFU008对木质素和纤维素均具有很强的降解能力，它在腐朽早期优先降解胞间层中的木质素并能使纤维解离，在腐朽后期，它对纤维素产生强烈降解。NFU006对木质素和纤维素的降解是同时进行的，但对纤维次生壁中木质素的降解率明显高于对纤维素的降解率。NFU019降解木质素的能力相对较弱，但对纤维素的降解能力却很强，早期它以降解出生壁的木质素为主，而在腐朽后期它对纤维素产生剧烈降解。三个菌株最终均造成纤维细胞壁不同程度的减薄和破坏。     

深圳地区大豆加工食品中呕吐毒素污染与暴露状况调查

通过对深圳市场豆腐、酱油、豆腐乳等豆类加工品DON污染状况的调查发现,DON污染呈现低污染程度、高污染率的特点。44份豆腐乳、豆腐、大豆中全部检出,平均含量为201μg/kg;40份酱油样品,检出率为87.5%,平均68.19μg/kg。根据以上豆类制品DON含量和对不同人群膳食结构的调查结果计算DON的摄入量,DON的摄入量远低于JECFA提出PMADI的阈值,表明DON在这三类食品食用没有明显的风险。但对于DON和其他毒素的协同作用所引起的危害还需进一步的研究。     

Real-Time Observation of Superstructure-Dependent DNA Origami Digestion by DNase I Using High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy

DNA nanostructures have emerged as intriguing tools for numerous biomedical applications. However, in many of those applications and most notably in drug delivery, their stability and function may be compromised by the biological media. A particularly important issue for medical applications is their interaction with proteins such as endonucleases, which may degrade the well-defined nanoscale shapes. Herein, fundamental insights into this interaction are provided by monitoring DNase I digestion of four structurally distinct DNA origami nanostructures (DONs) in real time and at a single-structure level by using high-speed atomic force microscopy. The effect of the solid–liquid interface on DON digestion is also assessed by comparison with experiments in bulk solution. It is shown that DON digestion is strongly dependent on its superstructure and flexibility and on the local topology of the individual structure.     

一株木质素降解细菌的筛选及其降解途径

经高温碱性盐法预处理的玉米秸秆预处理液中木质素和碱性盐含量高,为了反复利用含盐预处理液,需脱除其中的可溶性木质素。本实验从腐木中筛选分离到一株木质素降解菌株CCZU-WJ6,通过形态学观察和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株属于无色杆菌属（Achromobacter sp.）。测定了CCZU-WJ6木质素降解相关酶的活性,及其在玉米秸秆预处理液中的生长趋势、预处理液的COD去除率和木质素降解率,通过GC-MS和FTIR检测预处理液中组分及其化学键的变化。通过单因素实验确定了菌株CCZU-WJ6处理预处理液的最佳条件为pH 7.0、温度30℃、预处理液稀释倍数10倍、接菌量0.5g/mL。在处理6天后,预处理液COD脱除率为40.9%,木质素的降解率为32.1%,CCZU-WJ6分泌木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的酶活分别达到215.5U/L、200.1U/L。CCZU-WJ6会破坏木质素结构中的苯环结构、醚键以及C＝O键,降解产物中含有愈创木酚和对香豆酸,推断其降解途径为β-芳基醚代谢途径和阿魏酸代谢途径。CCZU-WJ6可用来处理含木质素的工业废水,在工业方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

The impact of the fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on the health and performance of broiler chickens

The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of feeding grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on morphometric indices of jejunum and to follow the passage of deoxynivalenol (DON) through subsequent segments of the digestive tract of broilers. A total of 45 1-d-old broiler chickens (Ross 308 males) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (15 birds/treatment): (1) control diet; (2) diet contaminated with 1 mg DON/kg feed; (3) diet contaminated with 5 mg DON/kg feed for five weeks. None of the zootechnical traits (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion) responded to increased DON levels in the diet. However, DON at both dietary levels (1 mg and 5 mg DON/kg feed) significantly altered the small intestinal morphology. In the jejunum, the villi were significantly (P < 0.01) shorter in both DON treated groups compared with the controls. Furthermore, the dietary inclusion of DON decreased (P < 0.05) the villus surface area in both DON treated groups. The absolute or relative organ weights (liver, heart, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, spleen, pancreas, colon, cecum, bursa of Fabricius and thymus) were not altered (P > 0.05) in broilers fed the diet containing DON compared with controls. DON and de-epoxy-DON (DOM-1) were analyzed in serum, bile, liver, feces and digesta from consecutive segments of the digestive tract (gizzard, cecum, and rectum). Concentrations of DON and its metabolite DOM-1 in serum, bile, and liver were lower than the detection limits of the applied liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Only about 10 to 12% and 6% of the ingested DON was recovered in gizzard and feces, irrespective of the dietary DON-concentration. However, the DON recovery in the cecum as percentage of DON-intake varied between 18 to 22% and was not influenced by dietary DON-concentration. Interestingly, in the present trial, DOM-1 did not appear in the large intestine and in feces. The results indicate that deepoxydation in the present study hardly occurred in the distal segments of the digestive tract, assuming that the complete de-epoxydation occurs in the proximal small intestine where the majority of the parent toxin is absorbed. In conclusion, diets with DON contamination below levels that induce a negative impact on performance could alter small intestinal morphology in broilers. Additionally, the results confirm that the majority of the ingested DON quickly disappears through the gastrointestinal tract.     

D006催化剂在MTBE装置的应用

本文介绍了一种新型、高活性催化剂一阳离子交换树脂催化剂D006在MTBE装置的应用情况,工业试验表明,相比较D005催化剂而言,D006催化剂具有较好的低温活性,较高的转化率,且能耗低。