“十二五”期间我国天然气消费格局主要特征及发展方向探讨

我国天然气消费水平较低,虽然自本世纪以来有了较大提高,但与一些发达国家相比仍有很大差距和发展空间。我国能源供应长期以煤炭为主的局面在"十一五"变化不大,"十二五"期间提高天然气占一次能源的比重是我国节能减排最重要、最可行的措施之一。广泛应用天然气除了可提高热效率以外,还可以减少废气排放总量。当前,我国天然气的主要用途是替代城市居民生活用煤,然而单一采用民用燃气方案必定存在供气量波动较大的缺点,日本和韩国在促进天然气消费的政策措施方面有不少成熟经验值得我们借鉴。当前城市燃气已成为我国天然气消费的主力,同时应高度重视建筑节能,DES/CCHP就是一种具有代表意义的建筑节能技术,应有计划、有步骤地对其进行试点,做到多实践、少争论。同时应大力发展天然气汽车,并努力解决其经济性和加气难的问题。我国"十二五"期间天然气利用存在两个主要问题,一是天然气价格,二是天然气储气与调峰。天然气利用应遵循因地制宜和逐步升级开发的原则,进一步深化、优化天然气利用应是我国发展天然气产业的一个重要战略措施。     

国际天然气汽车发展经验借鉴及对上海的推广建议

随着社会经济水平的提高,汽车逐步进入百姓家庭,大大方便了交通出行的需求,然而另一方面汽车排放的有害气体、污染物以及能源短缺等问题也越发严重。近阶段我国许多城市出现雾霾天气,城市空气质量处于严重污染程度,主要原因之一就是汽车排放。为此,各国广泛开展汽车替代燃料的研发。其中天然气汽车以其低排放、抑制温室效应和摆脱高碳能源依赖等特点,在世界范围内得到普及和推广。文章通过梳理总结世界各国推动天然气汽车发展的经验,结合上海城市的特点与实际条件,提出上海未来发展天然气汽车的原则与建议。     

天然气汽车的应用情况与发展动态研究

介绍了近年来国内外天然气汽车的应用情况和发展趋势,讨论了天然气汽车发展过程中存在的一些问题及解决措施。     

我国道路交通发展替代能源的思考

本文在分析传统汽车行业存在的问题基础上,对多种汽车替代能源进行了分析阐述,提出道路交通发展石油替代能源是解决环保和石油安全问题的有效途径,认为天然气汽车和电动汽车是我国替代能源汽车发展的方向。而且应该将发展天然气汽车作为现实的选择,发展新能源汽车作为战略选择。     

对我国发展天然气汽车的建议

我国正面临空气污染的严重威胁,而多个国家的经验告诉我们,推广天然气汽车是改善空气质量的有效手段。我国目前重点出台扶持政策推广纯电动汽车,但效果欠佳,主要原因一是充电不方便,二是充电时间长,三是销售价格高且性价比低,这些问题在短期内恐无法解决。相对于纯电动汽车,天然气汽车不存在上述问题,更具有在短期内推广的优势。天然气加气站普及建设更加便利,完全可以将效益不好的加油站改装为加气站,或改装为油气混合站;天然气汽车一般几分钟就可完成加气,与加油时间基本相当;同时价格低,成本回收快,更易被市场和用户所接受;另外在二氧化碳减排方面,天然气汽车也不逊于电动汽车。目前影响我国天然气汽车发展的主要问题是优惠政策少,油气价差小,加气困难,管网建设未能大范围普及。建议应推行差别定价,对天然气汽车充气实行比工业和化工用气更低的价格,并辅以财税优惠;研究推行油气混合站,加强在加油站增设充气设施的研究和实践;同时要加快天然气管网建设,充分利用国内外两个市场,推动我国天然气汽车的发展。     

发展天然气汽车存在的问题及对策

石油价格上涨,促进了天然气汽车的发展。天然气汽车的优势在于环保和节能。我国目前存在的问题是加气站点不足,汽车的动力性下降,对发动机有一定的腐蚀。解决的途径是政府扶持,改进发动机结构,使用专用的润滑油等。     

天然气汽车及天然气加气站的经济性分析

论述了国内外天然气汽车的发展现状与趋势,对天然气汽车和天然气加气站进行了经济分析,指出天然气作为汽车替代燃料具有一定的经济优势和较大的环保效益,快速发展天然气汽车产业对改善城市大气环境具有重要意义.     

城市公交车辆的发展方向分析

随着城市规模不断扩大以及城市人口和车辆的快速增加,以汽车为主要工具的城市交通消耗的燃油将会随之增加。当前,城市交通所面临的问题日益严重,开发清洁燃料汽车成为实现城市交通可持续发展的战略选择。介绍了电动汽车的不同种类及特点,尤其是混合动力汽车的优点和局限性,指出了我国城市电动公交车辆的发展方向。     

天然气汽车的发展研究

综合分析了天然气汽车（CNGV）的改装技术，评价了天然气汽车改装后的工作性能，总结了改装后存在的主要技术问题及运行的经济效益。     

浅谈中国天然气价格的考察与分析

中国社会经济的高速发展,以及国家对生态环境的管理,使得人们对天然气这类清洁能源资源的消费量不断增加。但是中国终端消费天然气的价格差别明显,天然气城市门站的价格定价机制复杂。这给天然气市场的平衡带来了一定的影响。从分析中国天然气价格的实际情况入手,研究了中国天然气价格变化的主要原因,并提出了解决中国天然气价格问题的有效措施。     

Potential importance of hydrogen as a future solution to environmental and transportation problems

Air pollution is a serious public health problem throughout the world, especially in industrialized and developing countries. In industrialized and developing countries, motor vehicle emissions are major contributors to urban air quality. Hydrogen is one of the clean fuel options for reducing motor vehicle emissions. Hydrogen is not an energy source. It is not a primary energy existing freely in nature. Hydrogen is a secondary form of energy that has to be manufactured like electricity. It is an energy carrier. Hydrogen has a strategic importance in the pursuit of a low-emission, environment-benign, cleaner and more sustainable energy system. Combustion product of hydrogen is clean, which consists of water and a little amount of nitrogen oxides. Hydrogen has very special properties as a transportation fuel, including a rapid burning speed, a high effective octane number, and no toxicity or ozone-forming potential. It has much wider limits of flammability in air than methane and gasoline. Hydrogen has become the dominant transport fuel, and is produced centrally from a mixture of clean coal and fossil fuels (with C-sequestration), nuclear power, and large-scale renewables. Large-scale hydrogen production is probable on the longer time scale. In the current and medium term the production options for hydrogen are first based on distributed hydrogen production from electrolysis of water and reforming of natural gas and coal. Each of centralized hydrogen production methods scenarios could produce 40 million tons per year of hydrogen. Hydrogen production using steam reforming of methane is the most economical method among the current commercial processes. In this method, natural gas feedstock costs generally contribute approximately 52–68% to the final hydrogen price for larger plants, and 40% for smaller plants, with remaining expenses composed of capital charges. The hydrogen production cost from natural gas via steam reforming of methane varies from about 1.25 US$/kg for large systems to about 3.50 US$/kg for small systems with a natural gas price of 6 US$/GJ. Hydrogen is cheap by using solar energy or by water electrolysis where electricity is cheap, etc.     

LNG汽车发展现状及相关问题分析

近两年我国LNG汽车实现了快速发展,本文介绍了我国LNG汽车产业发展现状,分析了LNG汽车的特点及发展优势,并综合我国LNG汽车产业目前发展面临的问题及未来发展的不确定因素,结合我国宏观经济形势及天然气行业发展趋势,分析了LNG汽车产业的发展趋势。     

Comparative life cycle assessment of hydrogen-fuelled passenger cars

In order to achieve gradual but timely decarbonisation of the transport sector, it is essential to evaluate which types of vehicles provide a suitable environmental performance while allowing the use of hydrogen as a fuel. This work compares the environmental life-cycle performance of three different passenger cars fuelled by hydrogen: a fuel cell electric vehicle, an internal combustion engine car, and a hybrid electric vehicle. Besides, two vehicles that use hydrogen in a mixture with natural gas or gasoline were considered. In all cases, hydrogen produced by wind power electrolysis was assumed. The resultant life-cycle profiles were benchmarked against those of a compressed natural gas car and a hybrid electric vehicle fed with natural gas. Vehicle infrastructure was identified as the main source of environmental burdens. Nevertheless, the three pure hydrogen vehicles were all found to be excellent decarbonisation solutions, whereas vehicles that use hydrogen mixed with natural gas or gasoline represent good opportunities to encourage the use of hydrogen in the short term while reducing emissions compared to ordinary vehicles.     

车用天然气燃料在我国的应用与发展

介绍我国石油天然气资源状况以及天然气汽车的发展现状,分析了我国天然气汽车的技术应用及面临的问题,展望了我国车用天然气发动机的发展。     

天然气汽车的储气技术

推广和应用天然气汽车是降低汽车排放污染的有效途径，天然气作为汽车燃料的一个技术关键是天然气贮气技术。文章介绍了目前车用天然气贮存方法的现状及研究中的贮气技术。     

国内车用发动机代用燃料研究综述

综合介绍了国内有关天然气、液化石油气、乳化柴油这几种车用发动机代用燃料的研究情况;并认为以压缩天然气作为代用燃料的车用发动机将在大、中城市得到推广。     

Development of a multi-criteria assessment model for ranking of renewable and non-renewable transportation fuel vehicles

Several factors, including economical, environmental, and social factors, are involved in selection of the best fuel-based vehicles for road transportation. This leads to a multi-criteria selection problem for multi-alternatives. In this study, a multi-criteria assessment model was developed to rank different road transportation fuel-based vehicles (both renewable and non-renewable) using a method called Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment and Evaluations (PROMETHEE). This method combines qualitative and quantitative criteria to rank various alternatives. In this study, vehicles based on gasoline, gasoline–electric (hybrid), E85 ethanol, diesel, B100 biodiesel, and compressed natural gas (CNG) were considered as alternatives. These alternatives were ranked based on five criteria: vehicle cost, fuel cost, distance between refueling stations, number of vehicle options available to the consumer, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit distance traveled. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed to study the impact of changes in various parameters on final ranking. Two base cases and several alternative scenarios were evaluated. In the base case scenario with higher weight on economical parameters, gasoline-based vehicle was ranked higher than other vehicles. In the base case scenario with higher weight on environmental parameters, hybrid vehicle was ranked first followed by biodiesel-based vehicle.