先驱体浸渍-裂解SiC界面改性涂层对气相渗硅3D-C_f/SiC复合材料力学性能的影响

界面改性涂层对调节复合材料的力学性能起到重要作用。特别是在气相渗硅(GSI)制备C_f/SiC复合材料时,合适的界面改性涂层一方面保护C纤维不受Si反应侵蚀,另一方面调节C纤维和SiC基体的界面结合状况。通过在3D-C纤维预制件中制备先驱体浸渍-裂解(PIP)SiC涂层来进行界面改性,研究了PIP-SiC涂层对GSI C_f/SiC复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:无涂层改性的GSI C_f/SiC复合材料力学性能较差,呈现脆性断裂特征,其弯曲强度、弯曲模量和断裂韧性分别为87.6 MPa、56.9GPa和2.1 MPa·m~(1/2)。具有PIP-SiC界面改性涂层的C_f/SiC复合材料力学性能得到改善,PIP-SiC涂层改性后,GSI C_f/SiC复合材料的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和断裂韧性随着PIP-SiC周期数的增加而降低,PIP-SiC为1个周期制备的GSI C_f/SiC复合材料的力学性能最高,其弯曲强度、弯曲模量、断裂韧性分别为185.2 MPa、91.1GPa和5.5 MPa·m~(1/2)。PIP-SiC界面改性涂层的作用机制主要体现在载荷传递和"阻挡"Si的侵蚀2个方面。     

界面涂层对气相渗硅Cf/SiC复合材料力学性能的影响

在1650℃气相渗硅（Vapor Silicon Infiltration—VSI）制备了3D碳纤维增强SiC基复合材料（Cf／SiC），其密度约为1．85g／cm^3．当C／SiC界面涂层存在时，气相渗硅cf／SiC强度为239．5MPa；而无界面涂层存在时，Cf／SiC弯曲强度大幅下降，约为67．4MPa．无界面涂层保护时，气相渗硅过程中纤维与硅蒸气发生反应，使得纤维硅化，造成材料性能下降．纤维表面沉积的C／SiC涂层，不仅保护纤维，避免被硅侵蚀，而且具有弱化界面、偏转裂纹等作用，复合材料的断裂功得到显著提高．将气相渗硅温度提高到1700℃后，有界面涂层存在情况下Cf／SiC复合材料密度显著提高，达到2．25g／cm^3，强度基本与1650℃时相当．     

C/SiC复合材料的常压制备与性能研究

采用聚碳硅烷作为碳化硅先驱体, 以二维0°/90°正交编织碳布叠层后作为增强体, 采用真空压力浸渍的方法制备了C/SiC复合材料, 研究了裂解温度和浆料浓度对复合材料性能的影响. 结果表明: 复合材料的弯曲强度随着裂解温度的升高以及浆料浓度的增加都呈增加趋势; 基体在纤维束内部分布均匀, 但依然有一些小气孔存在; 在1100℃时, 基体中开始生成一定量的β-SiC相, 复合材料的三点弯曲强度达到232MPa, 断裂韧性达到10.50MPa·m^1/2. 在断裂过程中表现出明显的韧性断裂, 断口有较长的纤维拔出.     

CVD-SiC界面改性涂层对气相渗硅制备C_f/SiC复合材料力学性能的影响

在气相渗硅制备C_f/SiC复合材料时,界面改性涂层非常重要。良好的界面改性涂层一方面起到保护碳纤维不受Si反应侵蚀的作用,另一方面起到调节纤维和基体界面结合状况。通过在C纤维表面制备CVD-SiC涂层来进行界面改性,研究CVD-SiC界面改性涂层对GSI C_f/SiC复合材料力学性能和断裂特征的影响,并分析其影响机制。结果表明:无CVD-SiC涂层改性的C_f/SiC复合材料力学性能较差,呈现脆性断裂特征,其强度、模量和断裂韧度分别为87.6MPa,56.9GPa,2.1MPa·m1/2。随着CVD-SiC涂层厚度的增加,C_f/SiC复合材料的弯曲强度、模量和断裂韧度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,CVD-SiC涂层厚度为1.1μm的C_f/SiC复合材料的力学性能最好,其弯曲强度、模量和断裂韧度分别为231.7MPa,87.3GPa,7.3MPa·m1/2。厚度适中的CVD-SiC界面改性涂层的作用机理主要体现在载荷传递、"阻挡"Si的侵蚀、"调节"界面结合状态3个方面。     

纤维类型对纤维增强SiC基复合材料性能的影响

对比了采用先驱体浸渍法制备的三种不同纤维增强SiC基复合材料的性能差异,并从材料的微观结构特征入手分析了差异产生的原因。通过研究发现,采用Hi-Nicalon纤维增强的SiC基复合材料具有较好的性能,单向复合材料弯曲强度达到703.6 MPa, 断裂韧性达到23.1 MPa·m1/2;采用国产吉林碳纤维(JC)制备的SiC基复合材料也具有较好的性能,弯曲强度为501.1 MPa,断裂韧性为13.8 MPa·m1/2。      

化学气相反应法制备SiC涂层对C/C复合材料力学性能影响

采用化学气相反应法在C/C复合材料表面制备了SiC涂层,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜及能谱等分析手段研究了涂层的形貌和结构,并采用三点弯曲试验研究了材料的力学性能,讨论了SiC涂层及制备工艺对复合材料断裂行为的影响.结果表明:涂层后材料的弯曲强度和最大断裂位移明显增大.未涂层C/C复合材料的平均弯曲强度为172.4MPa,而涂层后C/C复合材料的平均弯曲强度为239.8MPa,弯曲强度提高了39.1%.涂层试样强度的提高主要与制备过程中部分蒸气扩散渗透反应引起的界面强化及SiC颗粒的增强作用有关.此外,涂层后材料的断裂模式未发生明显转变,断裂过程中试样表现出一定的假塑性和韧性断裂特征.     

化学气相浸渗2DCf/(SiC-C)复合材料的微观结构与强韧性

采用等温等压化学气相浸渗法(ICVI)制备了二维碳纤维增韧碳化硅碳二元基复合材料(2D Cf/(SiC-C)).利用扫描电镜(SEM)和背散射电子成像(BSE)研究了其基体的微观结构,并与二维碳纤维增韧碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料(2D Cf/SiC)比较了室温力学性能和断口形貌.结果表明:2D Cf/(SiC-C)复合材料的基体是由SiC与热解碳(PyC)组成的多层结构,PyC基体层分布均匀而连续,且与SiC基体层结合紧密.纤维束内部PyC基体层较厚的2D Cf/(SiC-C)复合材料具有较高的强韧性,其拉伸强度、断裂应变、断裂韧性和断裂功分别比2D Cf/SiC复合材料的提高了3%、142%、22%和58%.SiC与PyC组成的多层基体使2D Cf/(SiC-C)复合材料的纤维在拔出过程中发生了两次集中拔出,且第一次集中拔出的纤维对复合材料的强韧性起主要作用.     

“CVI+压力PIP”混合工艺制备低成本 C/SiC复合材料

以低成本填料改性有机硅浸渍剂作为先驱体,采用"化学气相渗透法+压力先驱体浸渍裂解法"(CVI+P-PIP)混合工艺制备了低成本C/SiC陶瓷复合材料.研究了浸渍剂裂解机理,探讨了界面涂层对复合材料性能的影响.结果表明,填料改性有机硅浸渍剂裂解产物结构致密、陶瓷产率高;压力可提高填料改性有机硅浸渍剂的致密效率.混合工艺充分利用沉积SiC基体和裂解SiC基体的致密化特点,有效缩短了制备周期.C/SiC/C三层界面不仅可降低纤维/基体之间结合强度界面,提高了复合材料韧性;而且减缓了氧化性气体扩散到碳纤维表面的速度,改善了复合材料的抗氧化性能.复合材料的抗弯强度达到455MPa,断裂韧性达到15.7MPa·m-1/2.在1300℃空气中氧化3h,复合材料失重仅8.5%.     

不同物相电沉积CNTs对C/SiC复合材料力学性能的影响

采用电沉积法与化学气相渗透(CVI)法将碳纳米管(CNTs)分别引入到碳纤维表面和SiC基体中,制得了不同物相电沉积CNTs的C/SiC复合材料(CNTs-C)/SiC和C/(CNTs-SiC)。研究了CNTs沉积物相对C/SiC复合材料力学性能的影响,分析了不同CNTs沉积物相的C/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度及断裂机制。结果表明:相较于未加CNTs的C/SiC复合材料,CNTs沉积到碳纤维表面的(CNTs-C)/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度提高了67.3%,断裂功提高了107.2%;而将CNTs引入到SiC基体中的C/(CNTs-SiC)复合材料的断裂功有所降低,拉伸强度也仅提高了6.9%,CNTs没有表现出明显的增强增韧效果;C/(CNTs-SiC)复合材料与传统的C/SiC复合材料有相似的断裂形貌特征,断裂拔出机制类似,主要为纤维增强增韧,CNTs的作用不明显。     

PIP工艺制备C/Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C-SiC复合材料及其微观结构和弯曲性能EI

基于自制Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C先驱体和商业化液态聚碳硅烷,通过先驱体浸渍裂解(PIP)工艺成功制备C/Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C-SiC复合材料,研究纤维表面热解C涂层厚度对复合材料微观结构及弯曲性能的影响。结果表明:自制Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C先驱体在1400℃下即可转化生成单一Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C固溶体。因具有良好的渗透性,转化生成的Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C基体同时存在于C/Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C-SiC复合材料的纤维束内和束间,呈包裹SiC基体的层状形貌。C/Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C-SiC复合材料主要由C,SiC和Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C相组成;具有不同热解C涂层厚度(0.67,0.84,1.36μm)的3组复合材料密度分别为2.07,1.99,1.98 g/cm^(3);随热解C涂层厚度的增加复合材料中SiC含量减少。弯曲加载中3组不同热解C涂层厚度复合材料均呈现假塑性断裂模式,弯曲强度,弯曲模量和断裂韧度分别在410 MPa,60 GPa和15.6 MPa·m^(1/2)以上。良好的界面结合和预先引入的SiC基体是C/Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)C-SiC复合材料获得优良弯曲性能的关键。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.