Demand creation and location: a variable consumer-distribution approach in spatial competition

This paper deals with a variable spatial distribution of consumers according to the location decisions of firms in spatial competition. Specifically, we present a location-then-quantity game in which some of the consumers are attracted to the firms’ locations. We show that all firms agglomerate in a circular city when the transport cost is low. This is in sharp contrast to the results shown in previous studies with fixed distributions of consumers, where such a full agglomeration never occurs in equilibrium. Welfare analysis shows excess dispersion compared with the second-best scenario.     

基于通勤特征的深圳市城中村职住关系研究

本文选取深圳市14个居住型城中村作 为案例,基于手机信令数据分析城中村的通勤特 征,探讨其与就业的职住关系模式。研究发现, 城中村的通勤特征呈现出了显著的区位差异性： 从通勤距离看,城边村最长,城内村次之,城外 村最短;从通勤方向看,城内村和区位条件较好 的城边村具有较强的市中心指向,而城外村的 通勤多局限于外围区。结合深圳的就业空间布局 特征,研究归纳了不同区位城中村的职住关系模 式,分析职住空间错配的表现,进而提出优化职 住空间格局的政策建议,包括针对不同区位的城 中村制定差异化的空间引导政策,以及在城市中 心区外培育非工业类就业中心等。     

How can the concept of public value influence U.K. utility regulation?

There is much recent debate about extending the purposes of investor-owned firms to embrace the broader interests of a variety of stakeholders. Regulatory decisions in network industries already involve extensive use of centralised social cost-benefit analysis to capture some aspects of public value. A gap remains that might be filled by a decentralised process in which the regulator supports firms in expanding their purposes to include the pursuit of public value, identified by regulated firms in collaboration with consumers and citizens, and delivered in innovative and entrepreneurial ways. Based on a preliminary case study, we conclude that the approach has a role, but its success depends critically upon the companies fully embracing the revised purposes.     

山地居住区规划模式探索——以双桥区北部片区详细城市设计为例

城市中心区周边的居住区是城市风貌的重要展示窗口。中心区的城市特色与周边住区如何结合,住区如何体现城市的地域风貌,是本文探索的重点。     

体验营销理念在城市营销中的运用

在城市竞争愈加激烈的今天,城市营销已经成为众多城市经营者关注和经常采用的手段。城市营销与企业营销不同,企业营销的一些理论不能直接为城市营销所用,但是其营销的理念却是城市营销的有力指导。在体验经济时代,城市管理经营者要充分理解和运用体验营销的理念,力求做到:明确营销思路,使城市消费者有正确的体验;全民参与营销,使城市消费者有真实的体验;注重文化建设,使城市消费者有深刻的体验;系统连贯营销,使城市消费者有良好的体验。     

Price regulation in a spatial duopoly with possible non-buyers

If the price is regulated in a spatial duopoly where consumers have a finite upper bound as to the price they are willing to pay for the differentiated product, in most cases the Principle of Minimum Differentiation does not apply. Depending on the market structure firms either (i) form local monopolies, or (ii) differentiate intermediately, or (iii) agglomerate at the market centre. Minimum differentiation is never total-surplus-maximizing nor desired by firms. In most cases the regulator sets a price below that maximizing industry profits. For a substantial range of market configurations the regulated (first-best) price exceeds marginal cost. This induces firms to serve a larger part of the market. Received: February 1999/Accepted: September 2001     

Spatial Cournot competition in a circular city with directional delivery constraints

This paper analyzes spatial Cournot competition in a circular city with a directional delivery constraint, which means that a firm can only deliver its product in one direction. It reveals that, contrary to the standard result, the unique location equilibrium involves duopoly firms agglomerating at the same location when they deliver products in different directions or when the direction decisions are made endogenously. We point out that spatial agglomeration emerges from a central point of view for a firm in a circular city, showing relaxing quantity competition through cost differentiation.     

燃气调压器管理系统的建立

燃气调压器是连接燃气管网与用户的纽带,不仅将较高的燃气进口压力调节到较低的出口压力供用户使用,而且还能保证出口压力的稳定。采用调压器的管理系统可全面反映基础信息和动态信息,通过数据的分析、查询、统计来为管理决策提供依据,以保证调压器的安全、可靠、稳定运行。     

Capital-labor substitution and city hierarchies

The works of Beckmann (1) and Beckmann and McPherson (2) represent the first serious attempts to reconcile the apparent differences between the central place system and the nonhierarchical rank size distribution. A major shortcoming of this model is the highly restrictive assumption that production function is a fixed proportion type and that labor is the only factor used. This paper extends Beckman's model by allowing a neo-classical production function. It is shown that while this general formulation entails a city hierarchy, the specific pattern where city size increases exponentially with the level of the city in the hierarchy, will emerge only under restrictive assumptions. In addition, the modified model allows the size of cities of the same rank to vary-a result consistent with observations.     

构筑多模式的现代复合交通体系——上海世博公园交通系统规划设计

上海世博公园不仅是2010年上海世博园区核心公共空间,更是上海中心城区及沿黄浦江的一块结构型公园绿地。上海世博公园绿地要承载超高密度人流,交通系统规划设计是关键。本文围绕构筑多模式的现代复合交通体系,在分析公园外部交通条件的基础上,对绿地内部道路交通系统的合理布局做了阐述,同时对集散空间、游船停泊系统、无障碍设计等交通设施的设计进行了分析介绍。     

An intra-industry trade model in a vertical differentiation framework

We developed a partial equilibrium model in which intra-industry trade arises as a result of utility maximization of consumers and profit maximization of firms. The driving force for intra-industry trade is non-homothetic preferences of consumers. We utilized a vertical differentiation framework, in which consumers have the same tastes for quality but different income levels determining their non-homogeneous choices. All firms in all countries have access to the same production technology, and there are no differences in factor endowments. Intra-industry trade arises as a result of each firm specializing on a certain segment of the market in all countries. We solved the model numerically for a two-country two-firm setup. In this setup, firms choose their product quality level and their price by maximizing their profits in a two-stage optimization problem. They also decide whether to export to the foreign market or to concentrate only on the domestic market in a standard two-by-two game. With introduction of non-zero transportation costs, trade volumes in both directions decrease. Transportation costs are shared between consumers and firms according to the marginal demand in the domestic versus in the foreign country. This model supports Krugman’s home market effect: In case of non-zero transportation costs, firms want to locate their production site in the country where there is higher marginal demand for their product.     

Patterns of innovation relations in metropolitan regions: the case of the Vienna urban region

Innovation networks have been analysed at several spatial levels, from the local to the global. There has still been much interest in innovation systems below the national level. A wide range of regions has been studied but there is still one type which has been so far neglected, the metropolitan or urban region. It is a region which reaches beyond the administrative boundary of a city, comprising the core city and the surrounding suburban municipalities which are closely interlinked with the centre. In this paper the special case of the Vienna urban region is analysed with regard to the innovation networks in the city and the suburban area and, in particular, between the two parts of the metropolitan area. The analysis of data from an innovation survey covering the Vienna urban region leads to the conclusion that in this specific case the innovation relations between the city and its surroundings are not very strong and concentrated on interactions within the business sector. Firms located in the city focus most on relations within the city, which applies to the business, finance as well as the research sectors. Firms in the suburban area, on the contrary, are more oriented towards innovation partners outside the urban region.     

Optimal zoning of a mixed duopoly

This paper studies the optimal zoning of a mixed duopoly when the objective function of the public firm is a weighted sum of its profits and social surplus. We find that a regulator may attain the optimal locations of both firms by restricting the location of the private firm only. There is no need to limit the location of the public firm. In contrast, in a private duopoly, the regulator needs to restrict the locations of both firms.     

Institutional and Conceptual Barriers to the Adoption of Gender Mainstreaming Within Spatial Planning Departments in England

Local authority planning departments within the United Kingdom are required to undertake gender mainstreaming as a result of European Union and domestic government requirements. However, research undertaken for the Royal Town Planning Institute demonstrates that few local authorities are doing so. A mêlée of competing equality and diversity considerations at local government level limits the attention given to gender considerations. A review of national policy guidance and planning law indicates that central government is taking an equivocal stance towards gender. It is concluded that before effective gender mainstreaming can take place institutional difficulties and underlying conceptual ambiguities need to be resolved.     

Evaluating demand management aspects of urban water policy—A field survey in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece

The objective of the paper is to investigate the attitudes and preferences of the residential water users of the city of Thessaloniki, in order to evaluate the demand management aspects of the urban water policy. A field survey has been conducted in the city of Thessaloniki and investigated among others the reliability of the utility’s services and infrastructure, the acceptability of various water demand options, the willingness to pay of the consumers and the level of public awareness. Straightforward comparisons with the results of a similar survey five years ago help extract useful remarks and conclusions concerning the shift of the urban water policy towards integrated and therefore more sustainable directions.     

Models for Conditioning Aging of Residential Structures

Abstract

This article, using data obtained during a survey conducted in Radnor Township, Pennsylvania—just outside of Philadelphia, tries to answer four basic questions concerning suburban use of the central city. First, how often do suburbanities take advantage of (or use) the cultural, recreational, and shopping facilities of the central city? Second, are there any meaningful social-economic characteristics that affect the rate at which suburbanites use central city facilities? Third, are commuters more likely to use central city facilities than are suburbanites who do not work in the city? And, fourth, does length of residency in a suburban community affect the rate at which suburbanites use the central city? The survey showed that about 50 percent of the suburban families use the city once a month or less. Meaningful relationships were found between most social-economic factors studied, including regular central city commuting and length of residence in the suburb, and central city use.     

城市中心区交通发展对策研究

城市中心区是交通指向性集中的区域，普遍存在交通拥堵、环境质量下降、停车设施供给严重不足等交通问题，导致土地利用的边际效益和整个城市运转效率的下降，严重影响了中心区中心职能的发挥。应通过有机疏解、调整土地使用功能，优化整合夏通资源，优先发展公共交通等措施，引导城市中心区的交通向高效、可持续的方向发展。     

集中式空调系统能效限值研究

本文结合国家相关标准对不同类型集中式空调制冷设备及室内侧输送系统的能效限值进行研究,给出了单位耗功量所能提供冷量这一统一衡量指标,同时结合国家对集中式空调系统能效限值规定,给出了室外侧输送系统能效限值的参考值,此参考值可作为国家标准有益的补充,指导实际工程设计。     

城市化水平测度方法与实证研究——以深圳市特区外地区为例

城市化水平是城市化研究中一个很重要的概念和度量指标 ,长期以来 ,人们习惯用城市人口比重占总人口比重来测度城市化水平 ,应该说 ,这种方法在单指标方法中是最科学的 ,在有些资料不够健全的地区也是可行的 ,但它也同样存在着诸多弊端和局限性 ,如城市人口难以包容城市化的全部内涵 ,难以反映城市化“质”的问题等。如果仅用人口这一指标来反映 ,目前特区外地区城市化水平已经高达90 %以上 ,这在一定程度上很难反映出特区外地区实际的城市化水平和城市化质量 ,因此需要从方法上加以创新 ,文章以深圳市特区外地区为例 ,分别采用了“复合指标法”、“各态历经假说法”和“指标比较法” ,测度了特区外地区城市化的实际发展水平 ,比较综合全面地论述了城市化水平测度方法     

Optimization of central places in an industrial economy

This paper presents a model to determine the optimal number, size, location and allocation of central places in industrial economies. We consider a hierarchy of central places ranging from towns, cities and a regional capital. The model is based upon the minimization of the total cost (sum of the manufacturing cost and distribution cost). The manufacturing cost is taken as a function of city size and the optimal distribution of manufacturing firms is the same as the optimal distribution of central places. The total cost function is a non-linear one and it has integer variables. A heuristic procedure is described for the solution. To extend the model into a more generalized form by including other activities is also discussed.