Modified multilevel inverter employing half- and full-bridge cells with cascade transformer and its extension to photovoltaic power generation

For the use of stand-alone photovoltaic inverters, it presents a modified multilevel inverter employing a half- and full-bridge cells with a cascade transformer. The circuit configuration is based on a prior (3ⁿ⁻¹ + 2) level inverter. Among full-bridge cells employed in the prior inverter, one cell is substituted by a half-bridge cell. Owing to this simple alteration, the proposed inverter has three promising merits. First it can increase the number of output voltage levels resulted in high quality output voltages. Second, it can reduce two power switches by means of employing a half-bridge cell. Third, it can reduce power imposed on a transformer connected with the half-bridge unit. That is to say, most power is transferred to loads via transformers connected with low switching inverters, which are used to synthesize the fundamental output voltage levels whereas the output of a transformer linked to a high switching inverter is used to improve final output voltage waves; thus, it is desirable in the viewpoint of the improvement of the system efficiency. By comparing to the prior inverter, it assesses the performance of the proposed inverter as a stand-alone photovoltaic inverter. The validity of the proposed inverter is verified by computer-aided simulations and experimental results.     

Control of cascaded transformer multilevel inverter based DSTATCOM

In this paper, the design of a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) based on cascaded transformer multilevel inverter is proposed. The topology requires controlling only a common dc storage capacitor. Two-level ramp-comparison current control method is extended for the multilevel inverter using phase-shifted multi-carrier PWM. The method provides equal switching stress and power handling for all the cascaded units. The net switching frequency increases while the ripple magnitude reduces using multilevel topology. These cause the feedforward gain to increase leading to a higher bandwidth of the control loop. An expression of the feedforward gain is derived for fixed switching frequency modulation of the inverter. It is shown that the use of proportional plus resonant controller with proposed multilevel modulation improves the tracking characteristics at fundamental frequency. A seven-level inverter based DSTATCOM is proposed for the application to the three-phase medium voltage distribution system and the results are shown through the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation. The proposed modulation and control scheme is validated through the experimental results that are obtained using the laboratory model of a single-phase, five-level inverter based DSTATCOM.     

单相中点箝位开关电容多电平逆变器及其控制

提出一种单相电压源中点箝位开关电容多电平逆变器,该逆变器利用直流母线箝位电容对电源电压进行分割,通过控制电源与电容的串并联实现逆变器多电平输出,并且可以通过扩展进一步提高逆变器的输出电平数量和电压增益。为实现电容的电压平衡,同时降低其电压纹波,逆变器的调制过程考虑了开关的冗余状态,且开关管之间互补工作,调制策略简单。对所提逆变器的工作原理、调制策略、电容电压及相关参数进行了详细分析,并给出了拓扑结构的扩展方法。最后,分别通过仿真和实验,对所提逆变器的稳态性能和动态性能进行了验证。     

A new five-level inverter with reduced leakage current for photovoltaic system applications

A general growth is being seen in the use of renewable energy resources, and photovoltaic cells are becoming increasingly popular for converting green renewable solar energy into electricity. Since the voltage produced by photovoltaic cells is DC, an inverter is required to connect them to the grid with or without transformers. Transformerless inverters are often used for their low cost and low power loss, and light weight. However, these inverters suffer from leakage current in the system, a challenge that needs to be addressed. In this paper, a topology with two alternative connection models is presented to stabilize the common mode voltage and reduce the leakage current. The output voltage characteristic of the proposed inverter is five-level, which reduces the harmonic distortion in the output current compared to the two- and three-level inverters. The operation modes and output of the proposed topology are described and analyzed. The structures of the proposed inverter are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and are compared with some well-known structures. Results show that the proposed structure with both connection models effectively reduces leakage current and improves grid current THD.     

A new five-level inverter with reduced leakage current for photovoltaic system applications

A general growth is being seen in the use of renewable energy resources, and photovoltaic cells are becoming increasingly popular for converting green renewable solar energy into electricity. Since the voltage produced by photovoltaic cells is DC, an inverter is required to connect them to the grid with or without transformers. Transformerless inverters are often used for their low cost and low power loss, and light weight. However, these inverters suffer from leakage current in the system, a challenge that needs to be addressed. In this paper, a topology with two alternative connection models is presented to stabilize the common mode voltage and reduce the leakage current. The output voltage characteristic of the proposed inverter is five-level, which reduces the harmonic distortion in the output current compared to the two- and three-level inverters. The operation modes and output of the proposed topology are described and analyzed. The structures of the proposed inverter are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and are compared with some well-known structures. Results show that the proposed structure with both connection models effectively reduces leakage current and improves grid current THD.     

A reliable and efficient single-phase modular multilevel inverter topology

Bilevel inverters are replaced by multilevel inverters due to their capability of producing quality output voltage with low total harmonic distortion (THD). On the contrary, increase in number of semiconductor switches has questioned the reliability of the multilevel inverter topologies. To enhance the reliability, this paper proposes a single-phase five-level inverter topology with inherent fault-tolerant feature. The proposed inverter can sustain faults in sources and semiconductor switches by amending the switching combinations. No healthy switch is needed to be bypassed during the fault to ensure the optimum utilization of the switches. An analysis on the basis of reliability, cost, and efficiency is carried out of the proposed inverter and compared with the existing topologies. To prove the claim, the experimental results of the developed hardware model is analyzed and compared with the simulation results of MATLAB/SIMULINK.     

新型近似无死区PWM逆变器开关控制方法及其特性分析

针对逆变器的死区补偿问题,研究了一种无电流传感器近似无死区逆变器开关控制方法.与传统逆变器死区补偿方法相比,该方法只需在逆变器输出电流正负跳变时加入固定的死区脉冲,大幅减少了死区脉冲个数,从而减小死区的影响.为了减小系统成本,采用简单的模拟电路来判别逆变器输出电流正负跳变时刻.深入分析了死区补偿方法的基波和低次谐波特性...     

一种共地型低开关纹波光伏微逆变器

提出了一种只包含3个开关的单相非隔离光伏微逆变器拓扑结构。该逆变器为交流侧和直流侧共地的拓扑,从而完全消除了共模漏电流。针对该拓扑还提出了一种调频控制策略,以抑制逆变器直流侧的2倍频功率振荡。此外,在该逆变器的交流侧配置一个小容量的单电感滤波器。将滤波电感与该逆变器的内部电感进行磁集成,以构建纹波转移通道,并通过合理设计耦合系数即可将滤波电感上的开关电流纹波转移至该逆变器的内部电感,进而有效抑制并网电流的纹波。最后,搭建了额定功率为420 W的实验室样机,验证了所提逆变器的有效性。     

基于固态变压器的有源配电网自适应模式切换与功率管理

为实现高压电网和交直流混合微网的系统集成与优化,固态变压器(solid-state transformer, SST)成为研究热点。然而,目前较少考虑线路或通信故障条件下系统运行模式的协调控制以及即插即用单元的功率优化分配。为此,提出一种基于SST的有源配电网自适应模式切换与功率管理策略。首先,基于SST的系统架构实现高压并网、微网互联、微网孤岛的平滑模式切换,保证母线电压稳定在额定值附近。同时,采用分布式一致性算法和改进下垂控制,根据运行成本、储能荷电状态(state of charge, SOC)实现经济均衡的功率分配。最后,基于RT-LAB实时仿真平台验证所提模式切换与功率管理策略。     

A multilevel inverter based on cascade connection of submultilevel units with reduced switch count

In this paper, a multilevel inverter based on cascade connection of new submultilevel inverters is presented. The suggested submultilevel inverter is constructed using series connection of basic switching units. The proposed multilevel inverter uses fewer power switches in comparison with some similar topologies which results in reduction of switch gate drivers and also converter size and cost. The proposed multilevel inverter can be implemented in both symmetric and asymmetric configurations. The multilevel inverter configuration and operation principle are described in detail, and then, design methods of symmetric and asymmetric configurations are given. Determination of the optimal number of basic units and cascaded submultilevel inverters regarding criteria such as number of switches and total blocking voltage (TBV) of switches is studied. Power losses of the proposed multilevel inverter are calculated, and then, its symmetric and asymmetric configurations are compared with each other and also with similar cascaded multilevel inverters in various items. The validity of the suggested cascaded multilevel inverter is verified using both computer simulations and laboratory prototype implementation.     

新型光伏逆变器及其前馈功率预测控制

提出了一种新型光伏逆变器拓扑结构,其由罗氏升压电路、三相四开关逆变单元组成,可以有效提高光伏发电效率、降低光伏系统成本.针对该结构逆变器提出了一种新型前馈功率预测控制策略,其通过将自然环境分区后排列,然后逐一对其历史光伏最大功率进行寻优,从而确定相应的前馈功率预测值.该方法具有计算量小、运算速度快、实现简单、控制精度高、可靠性强的显著优点,可以省去传统逆变器控制的直流侧电压闭环,由逆变器本身完成光伏阵列的最大功率点跟踪功能,从而提高系统响应速度与可靠性.仿真与实验结果均验证了所提结构和控制方法的可行性及优越性.     

Research on cascaded multilevel inverter and its application in STATCOM

Because of the broad application of multilevel converters in the high-power area, a cascaded multilevel voltage-source inverter with phase-shifted SPWM (PS-SPWM) switching scheme is proposed as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). This can eliminate the bulky and weighty transformers and reduce power loss. In addition, the equivalent carrier frequency can be doubled and the output harmonics will be reduced compared with the STATCOM being put into operation. The operating principle and control methods are analyzed in detail and the feasibility is validated by simulation with MATLAB. __________ Translated from Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, 2005, 38(4): 34–37, 41 (in Chinese)     

基于EKF的虚拟磁链预测模型及其逆变器控制

虚拟磁链具有计算简单,易于数字化操作的优点,在交流检测应用中备受关注。但受其本身计算的缺点,对电网电压进行积分时引起的直流偏置与积分饱和现象,严重影响空间矢量定向的精确性。同时无论如何简化控制环节计算延时与检测误差在所难免,导致控制时刻电压并非检测时刻电压,对控制效果有一定影响。该控制方案在检测电压信号的过程中加入虚拟磁链技术,设计了虚拟磁链观测器取代锁相环技术,有效的消除了积分时引起的直流偏置与积分饱和现象。同时推出利用卡尔曼滤波的优秀跟踪预测特性拟合采样电压的虚拟磁链优化算法。仿真实验表明优化算法可以有效的减小谐波畸变,减少系统单周期控制时间。对观测器与算法的仿真研究,表明优化算法的观测器能消除积分饱和现象,消除直流分量对精确定向的影响,消除控制环的延时对系统输出造成的影响,提高系统控制精度和稳定性。     

一种基于开关函数的逆变器新型模型

提出了一种基于开关函数的逆变器新型模型 ,分析了其适用条件 ,并分别对该模型进行仿真和实验研究。研究结果表明该模型具有非常快的仿真速度和较高的精度     

光伏并网逆变器电子防孤岛保护测试装置及其应用

为了提高光伏并网逆变器的防孤岛测试水平、有效地解决传统RLC负载测试条件的限制,提出实时功率匹配的三相四线制背靠背结构电力电子防孤岛保护策略,并研制了30 k W防孤岛保护测试装置,装置输入侧模拟交流电压源实现光伏并网逆变器与测试装置在有功功率、无功功率的高精度匹配,输出侧将从输入侧吸收的有功功率高效逆变反馈给电网。该控制算法采用自适应模糊比例积分(PI)控制。将该装置与传统RLC负载防孤岛测试进行防孤岛性能对比,实验结果证明电力电子防孤岛保护测试装置响应速度快、测试精度高、操作便捷、不受外部环境影响。     

一种双功能变压器及其分析

目前,电力变压器与磁控电抗器这两种设备都是分别制造,这两种设备分别有各自的铁芯,占用面积比较大。提出一种双功能变压器,用一台磁控电抗器的铁芯,同时实现变压器与磁控电抗器两种功能。双功能变压器占用面积比较小。用Matlab仿真软件中的Simulink工具箱构建双功能变压器仿真模型,对双功能变压器进行仿真分析。结果表明:不论变压器铁芯饱和度的变化是多少,引起变压器漏抗的变化不大于7%。提出的双功能变压器可同时实现变压器与磁控电抗器两种功能。变压器模块运行对磁控电抗器模块工作影响很小;磁控电抗器模块运行对变压器模块工作影响很小。     

广州换流站换流变压器运行异常情况及措施探讨

换流变压器是直流输电系统中最重要的设备之一,简介了天广直流输电系统广州换流站换流变压器运行中发生的异常、原因及处理,介绍了广州换流站针对这一异常所采取的措施,探讨了一些换流变异常情况下提高直流输电系统运行可靠性的建议。这些运行经验及改进措施的探讨,不仅有助于提高直流输电系统的运行维护能力,还为未来我国直流输电工程的设计、建设提供有益的参考。     

光伏逆变器短路电流3次谐波及其对保护的影响分析

系统发生不对称故障时,短路电流、电压中出现负序分量,导致光伏逆变器直流母线电压中产生二倍频振荡,该振荡分量经过控制回路流通后将在光伏逆变器输出短路电流中生成3次谐波。推导了逆变器输出短路电流3次谐波的解析表达式,计及光伏逆变器的限幅控制特性、负序控制策略、低电压穿越策略,研究了3次谐波的变化特性,然后分析了3次谐波对变压器差动保护电流互感器饱和判据的影响,指出某些工况下光伏逆变器输出短路电流中的3次谐波含量较大,可能造成变压器差动保护误闭锁,导致变压器区内故障无法切除,并提出了相应的应对策略。大量的仿真试验结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

变压器绕组传递函数的拟合原理及绕组变形诊断应用

针对利用频响分析法检测变压器绕组变形的特点,即检测得到的牲量是绕组的频谱（传递函数）,提出了利用正交多项式拟合变压器绕组传递函数的原理和方法。该方法避免了用普通多项式拟合传递函数造成的弊病。利用正交伴随矩阵求取传递函数的零、极点,并根据零、极点的后通过实例证明该方法简单、快速、灵敏度高,比仅仅依靠频响曲线判断绕组变形有了大的提高。     

单相固态变压器逆变级的建模与控制

为了实现固态变压器逆变级在不同调制方式的高性能控制要求,采用开关周期平均法和小信号扰动法,建立了单相固态变压器逆变级在双极性调制和单极性调制方式下的连续数学模型,并分别推导了内环电流对占空比的传递函数以及外环电压对电流的传递函数。明确了其数学模型和传递函数在单极性和双极性调制方式下是不一致的,避免了采用同一个数学模型所导致的控制性能不佳等问题。依据串级系统原理,设计了外环电压子系统和内环电感电流子系统,并提出了具体PI控制器参数设计方法。实验结果表明,建立的系统模型正确,且逆变级输出电压稳态精度高,响应速度快,电压总谐波畸变率低,表明控制策略设计合理。