Application of Haar functions for transmission line and transformer differential protection

The development of algorithms, based on Haar functions, for extracting the desired frequency components from transient power-system relaying signals is presented. The applications of these algorithms to impedance detection in transmission line protection and to harmonic restraint in transformer differential protection are discussed. For transmission line protection, three modes of application of the Haar algorithms are described: a full-cycle window algorithm, an approximate full-cycle window algorithm, and a half-cycle window algorithm. For power transformer differential protection, the combined second and fifth harmonic magnitude of the differential current is compared with that of fundamental to arrive at a trip decision. The proposed line protection algorithms are evaluated, under different fault conditions, using realistic relaying signals obtained from transient analysis conducted on a model 400 kV, 3-phase system. The transformer differential protection algorithms are also evaluated using a variety of simulated inrush and internal fault signals.     

A recursive least error squares algorithm for power system relayingand measurement applications

A recursive algorithm suitable for microprocessor-based power system relaying and measurement applications is described. The algorithm is designed using the least error squares (LES) curve fitting technique. The mathematical background for the nonrecursive least error squares algorithm is extended to form a recursive algorithm. A method for including decaying DC and harmonic frequencies in the algorithm is described. Sample studies are presented to demonstrate the performance of the developed algorithm. The recursive LES (RLES) algorithm is shown to be computationally efficient and does not require the time constant of decaying DC and statistical information concerning the signal. It is shown that a 12-RLES algorithm can be used for implementing transformer differential protection     

递推最小二乘算法在变压器微机差动保护中的应用研究

本文在分析递推最小二乘算法基础上，给出了在微机变压器差动保护中采用的实用递推算法。理论分析和仿真结果表明，该算法是具有变数据窗，计算简便，收敛速度快的特点。     

基于幅值特征的变压器励磁涌流和故障电流的识别

提出一种基于幅值特征的变压器差动保护原理,利用经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)奇异点检测算法准确定位故障时刻,然后利用两点乘积算法计算出对应基波幅值.结果表明,由于非饱和阶段的存在,励磁涌流的基波幅值很小,而由于故障支路的影响,故障电流的基波用幅值远大于阈值,因此可以用幅...     

Power Transformer Differential Protection Based On Optimal Probabilistic Neural Network

In this paper, the optimal probabilistic neural network (PNN) is proposed as the core classifier to discriminate between the magnetizing inrush and the internal fault of a power transformer. The particle swarm optimization is used to obtain an optimal smoothing factor of PNN which is a crucial parameter for PNN. An algorithm has been developed around the theme of the conventional differential protection of the transformer. It makes use of the ratio of voltage-to-frequency and amplitude of differential current for the determination of operating condition of the transformer. The performance of the proposed heteroscedastic-type PNN is investigated with the conventional homoscedastic-type PNN, feedforward back propagation (FFBP) neural network, and the conventional harmonic restraint method. To evaluate the developed algorithm, relaying signals for various operating condition of the transformer, including internal and external faults, are obtained by modeling the transformer in PSCAD/EMTDC. The protection algorithm is implemented by using MATLAB.     

电流互感器饱和对风电场送出线纵差保护的影响及对策

目前风电等新能源应用越来越广泛,而风电场送出线路电流互感器的配置依旧采用常规的方法进行选型计算。当风电场送出线发生故障时,由于风电场呈现出弱电源特性,且输出故障电流含有大量的非周期分量使电流互感器易发生饱和现象,从而导致送出线路纵差保护误动。利用PSCAD和Matlab软件,针对风电场送出线路电流互感器的不同饱和情况分别进行了仿真分析。为了提高纵差保护的可靠性,给出在保护中采用改进递推两点乘积算法的措施。仿真结果表明,改进递推两点乘积算法能有效避免电流互感器饱和所带来的区外故障保护误动作的问题,且计算、动作时间更快,从而提高了送出线路纵差保护的可靠性和快速性。     

Transformer Differential Protection Using Principal Component Analysis

This paper describe a new algorithm for transformer differential protection, based on pattern recognition of the differential current obtained as the phasor sum of the current-transformer secondary currents. The algorithm uses principal component analysis to preprocess data from the power system in order to eliminate redundant information and enhance hidden pattern in differential current to discriminate between internal faults (transformer differential protection zone) from inrush and overexcitation conditions. The algorithm was proven using PSCAD/EMTDC simulations in a three-phase power system considering critical fault cases. The results show the feasibility to implement this algorithm for transformer differential protection.     

基于磁链平衡方程的变压器保护的关键问题的研究

变压器是电力系统中的枢纽关节,是电力系统的重要组成部分.在查阅大量     

和应涌流对变压器差动保护影响的试验研究

大坝发电厂 1号发变组差动保护 ,在 2号主变反送电空投时往往引起误动作。为此 ,作了 2号主变反送空投试验 ,试验发现 :空投 2号主变时 ,在 1号主变中产生和应涌流 ,分析研究了和应涌流对变压器差动保护的影响 ,得出了和应涌流是变压器差动保护误动的原因之一的结论。并提出了变压器差动保护防止和应涌流误动的技术措施。     

Y_N/y变压器差动保护误动分析及解决

由于YN/y接线变压器在现场中应用比较少,厂家往往忽略了该类型变压器的特点。按常规Y/Y变压器设置差动保护算法,会引起变压器差动保护误动。介绍了一起YN/y变压器差动保护误动案例,从原理上分析了误动的原因。根据现场实际情况提出了两种不同的解决方案,并给出了详细的论证。     

三相变四相电力变压器的差动保护原理

采用三相交四相的电力变压器可以实现四相输电方式，也可以用作电气化铁道的AT供电方式，但这种变压器的差动保护研究未见报道。根据该变压器三相侧与四相侧的电流变换关系，提出了两种简单实用的差动保护接线，并比较分析了这两种接线的优劣，给出了变压器三相侧采用三相电流互感器接成Δ形的差动保护接线方案更优的结论。     

华新换流站500 kV站用变压器保护的配置方案

三沪直流输电工程华新换流站的站用交流辅助电源系统, 配置了1 台500/10 kV 站用变压器。其主保护针对不同的接线形式, 均可以采用引线差动和变压器差动相结合的配置方式。为了确保电流互感器的可靠工作, 电流互感器的变比既不能选得太小, 又不能选得太大。这些特点可供特高压直流输电工程的站用变压器保护配置借鉴。     

换流变档位调节对差动保护的影响及解决方案

按照传统的换流变压器保护方案,在换流变压器档位发生变化时,换流变保护装置CPU会误计算出一定的差流,可能导致差动保护启动。分析了差流产生的原因,指出在直流输电工程应用中应如何减小换流变调档对差动保护的影响,提出了一种引入换流变分接头档位信号的差动保护方案。能避免换流变调档对差动保护的影响,且原理接线简单、可行性强。     

数字差动保护抗电流互感器饱和的线性区方案

主设备保护通常采用差动原理作为主保护原理,随着数字保护在电力系统的广泛应用,存在电流互感器（TA）暂态饱和易引起差动保护误动的问题。数字差动保护抗TA饱和的线性区方案是建立在TA暂态饱和时一次电流每个周期过零时始终存在一定的线性传变区域的理论基础上,对TA传变的数据取最小的线性区选择方法,动作电流采用半波傅里叶滤波算法计算,制动电流采用全波傅里叶滤波算法计算,构成比率制动差动保护。该方案原理简单、实现方便,动模录波数据说明该方案能够基本消除区外故障TA暂态饱和引起差动保护误动的情况,可直接应用于变压器差动保护、发变组差动保护和母线差动保护,应用前景良好。     

基于同步挤压小波变换的双馈风电场送出变保护研究

目前,电力变压器的保护研究及优化多是针对传统电源,少有文献研究双馈风电场电源下计及RSC控制电路的变压器保护。而当双馈风电场并入弱电网时,传统变压器差动保护又存在动作性能变差的问题。基于此,分析了系统发生故障时,计及Crowbar保护电路与计及RSC控制电路的短路电流特性,推导了两种运行条件下短路电流经傅里叶算法提取后的误差表达式。在此基础上,分析了致使传统差动保护性能降低的原因,从而提出利用同步挤压小波变换进行故障特征提取并联合归一化二维轨迹图对故障进行识别并动作的保护新方案。该方案不受风电场短路电流特性的影响,在双馈风电场送出变中具有更好的适用性和更高的精确性。最后,在Matlab/Simulink平台上搭建双馈风电场仿真模型,验证了该方案在不同故障类型、励磁涌流、不同大小噪声及非同步数据传输影响下的有效性。     

A novel probabilistic neural network‐based algorithm for classifying internal fault in transformer windings

The major function of protective devices in a power system is to detect the occurrence of faults and to isolate the faulty sections from the rest of the system. Much progress has been made in the development algorithms for detecting faults in power transformers, which depend on transients‐based techniques. This paper presents an algorithm based on a combination of discrete wavelet transforms and probabilistic neural networks (PNNs) for classifying internal faults in a two‐winding three‐phase transformer. Fault conditions of the transformer are simulated using alternative transients program/electromagnetic transients program (ATP/EMTP) in order to obtain current signals. The mother wavelet Daubechies4 is employed to decompose the high‐frequency components from these signals. All three phases of the differential current signals are used in the fault detection decision algorithm. The variations of first‐scale high‐frequency component that detects fault are used as an input for the training pattern. The training process for the neural network and fault diagnosis decision is implemented using toolboxes on MATLAB/Simulink. Various cases and fault types based on the Thailand electricity transmission and distribution systems are studied to verify the validity of the algorithm. Backpropagation neural network is also compared with the PNN in this paper. It is found that the proposed method gives satisfactory accuracy with less training time, and will be particularly useful in the development of a modern differential relay for a transformer protection scheme. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

数字式比率差动继电器的通用特性

讨论了数字式比率差动继电器的两种通用比率制动判据及其特性,并分析了此通用特性在输 电线路差动保护、变压器差动保护、母线差动保护及发电机差动保护中的应用性能。采用此 通用特性可以不必进行保护的整定计算,使保护的使用非常方便。     

变压器零序差动保护制动电流算法探讨

在制定云广直流工程换流变压器保护计划时,发现采用基于高压侧相电流之差原理的变压器零序差动保护制动电流算法结果有问题。通过整定计算实例和理论分析,指出该"新算法"用于换流变压器等单侧电源中性点直接接地系统时必然会产生误动;用于高压系统电厂双绕组升压变压器这类双侧电源系统时,所算得的零序制动电流比采用传统算法时的制动电流更小,区外单相接地故障制动效果比传统零序差动保护差。因此,该"新算法"有必要加以改进。     

基于六序电流分量的同塔多回线横差保护选线元件

基于同塔多回线的六序分量法解耦分析,提出了3种基于六序分量序电流的横差保护选线元件,形成了新的同塔多回线横差保护方案。文中分析了故障时选线元件的动作情况,探讨了横差保护在同塔多回线中的应用方案。基于新选线元件的保护方案对于单回线故障灵敏度高,且由于保护算法不涉及电压,与传统的电流方向选线元件相比,具有不受电压互感器断线...     

自适应短数据窗抗电流互感器饱和线路差动保护算法

深入分析了超高压线路差动保护中电流互感器(TA)饱和时的2个重要特征:一是区外故障时TA的工作磁链需要一定的时间累积才能达到饱和点,故障发生初始时刻并不会马上饱和;二是TA在每个周期内由于工频交流分量的负向去磁作用,TA总是一段时间内工作在线性区,一段时间内工作在饱和区.在此基础上,提出了综合利用附加制动区判别法和短数据窗自适应差动保护算法,利用附加制动区来判别区内、区外故障,当区外故障时一旦工作点进入附加制动区,则自适应增大出口判别次数,利用短数据窗差动保护算法本身的线性区范围性能保证保护可靠不误动;当区内故障时,出口判别次数自适应减少,保证差动保护快速动作.动模数据验证结果表明所提出的方法是可行、有效的.