大中型水电工程施工场内物料最优运输方案分析

运用运筹学及图论方法对施工场内物料运输(料源、路径选择、机械设备等因素)最优方案进行讨论,建立各种运输模式的数学模型并给出求解方法,再利用工程实例进行验证,可以为水利水电施工决策提供科学依据。     

大型石灰回转窑实际能耗统计分析及节能建议

文中介绍了国内某大型造纸企业石灰回转窑在某时间段内的日产量、燃料消耗量、单位能耗等数据的统计图表,通过这些图表结合理论计算重点分析了单位能耗随不同季节、不同负荷率变化时的变化趋势。此外,针对该回转窑目前运行状态,简要地提出了几点管理节能与技术节能建议。     

生物质电厂秸秆燃料收集范围优化分析

在微元分析法的基础上建立生物质电厂燃料收集运输模型,利用该模型建立秸秆收集运输费用函数关系式,通过求解得到秸秆收储点的最佳收集半径。结果表明:收储点的运输费用与收集半径的立方呈正比。另外,当在生物质电厂周围布置一圈秸秆收储点时,收储点的最佳收集半径为0.25R,需布置9个收储点;当在生物质电厂周围布置二圈秸秆收储点时,收储点的最佳收集半径为0.16R,共需布置26个秸秆收储点,即最外圈布置16个收储点,次外圈布置10个,上述两种情况均比不建立秸秆收储点时节省运输费用。     

区域秸秆资源最优化收集路径与运输成本分析

从GIS技术在秸秆收集运输过程中的应用出发,研究了基于Arcgis模型手段与Python脚本功能的两点间最优路径的批量分析方法.并以即墨市20 MW秸秆电厂原料的收集运输过程为例,完成了最短路径的分析、最优收集点的选择及其最小运输成本的估算,以期为全国秸秆资源合理收集与运输提供基于空间分析技术的科学解决途径.     

100t电弧炉不同冶炼模式能效评价与分析

针对某钢铁企业100t炼钢电弧炉实际工况,分阶段建立了电弧炉炼钢过程物料衡算和能量衡算的热化学计量模型,并通过现场实际生产数据对模型进行校正.计算结果表明电弧炉冶炼各阶段氧气消耗量、电能消耗量,并且计算电弧炉冶炼各阶段能量效率,对电弧炉冶炼工序提出优化建议,最终达到节省冶炼时间、降低能耗的目的.     

喜河水电站施工总布置设计

喜河水电站施工主要划分为3个标段,为满足电站物料运输、渣料堆存和施工设施布置的需要,对场内外交通运输、施工场地布置、土石方平衡规划等进行了研究,满足了工程建设的需要。     

汽车燃料消耗量标识方案研究及标准介绍

介绍典型国家和地区的汽车燃料消耗量标识,对标识的属性、主要技术内容等进行综合分析,对中国汽车燃料消耗量标识方案的确定依据进行说明,并介绍标识标准的主要技术内容。     

道路运输车辆燃料消耗量检测和监督管理办法解读

交通部依据先前制订的相关条例、法规,在今年6月审议通过的道路运输车辆燃料消耗量检测和监督管理办法,从控制营运车辆燃料消耗量入手,限制高耗能车辆进入道路运输市场,为实现节能减排总体目标提供了基础保障。对于提供相关动力并对整车厂生产的营运车辆能耗影响最大的柴油机生产企业来说,具有不可忽视的重要信息。解读‘‘方法”有助于提高产品燃油经济性的专项研究,做好节能降耗相关的技术准备工作,尽快提升和改进产品的燃油经济性和开发具有‘低油耗”的高竞争产品,从技术上支持整车生产企业的竞争力。     

中国汽车技术研究中心标准化研究所副总工程师金约夫：车辆燃油消耗量标准法规正进一步完善

金约夫介绍了目前中国汽车燃料消耗量标准法规体系,并汇报了近几年我国乘用车和商用车燃料消耗量标准法规工作,以及未来两年内中重型商用车燃料消耗标准制定的计划。     

中国乘用车燃料消耗量水平分析

采用对比的方法对2002～2006年我国乘用车燃料消耗量水平进行分析,采用按销量加权的方法计算我国乘用车公司平均燃料消耗量、全国平均燃料消耗量和技术来源平均燃料消耗量并与国外水平进行对比.     

A thermodynamic,environmental and material flow analysis of the Italian highway and railway transport systems

The goal of this work is to provide a multi-method multi-scale comparative picture of selected terrestrial transport modalities. This is achieved by investigating the Italian transportation system by means of four different evaluation methods: material flow accounting (MFA), embodied energy analysis (EEA), exergy analysis (EXA) and emergy synthesis (ES). The case study is the main Italian transportation infrastructure, composed by highways, railways, and high-speed railways (high-speed trains, HST) sub-systems supporting both passengers and freight transport. All the analyses have been performed based on a common database of material, labor, energy and fuel input flows used in the construction, maintenance and yearly use of roads, railways and vehicles. Specific matter and energy intensities of both passenger and freight transportation services were calculated factors affecting results as well as strength and weakness points of each transportation modality were also stressed. Results pointed out that the most important factors in determining the acceptability of a transportation system are not only the specific fuel consumption and the energy and material costs of vehicles, as it is common belief, but also the energy and material costs for infrastructure construction as well as its intensity of use (with special focus on load factor of vehicles). The latter become the dominant factors in HST modality, due to technological and safety reasons that require high energy-cost materials and low intensity of traffic. This translates into very high thermodynamic and environmental costs for passenger and freight transported, among which an embodied energy demand up to 1.44 MJ/p-km and 3.09 MJ/t-km, respectively.     

Estimating road transport fuel consumption in Ecuador

Road transport is one of the sectors with highest energy consumptions in the planet, with large dependence of fossil fuels, and contribution for global greenhouse gas emissions. Although, Latin America is not a high-energy consumer, its share in global consumption is expected to grow, especially in the transportation sector. This make essential for developing countries the adoption of better policies to identify the vehicle groups with largest fuel demands. The present study describes the VKT technique to disaggregate road transport energy consumption by vehicle type, applied to the road transportation system of Ecuador. It also describes the procedures performed to estimate the variables required to run the model, and some of the practical applications that be used to create public policies. Results show as the biggest fuel consumers the heavy-duty freight cargo, followed by light duty vehicles. The estimation of greenhouse gas emissions evidence that road transport released 14.3 million tons of CO₂ in 2012. When fuel consumption is compared by it costs, it can be confirmed that Ecuadorean Government covered, through subsidies, for 68% of the annual fuel costs of national road transport, demonstrating the importance of restructuring these expenditures in order to achieve an efficient road transport system.     

交通运输业能耗现状及未来走势分析

低碳经济要求交通运输有效、合理地使用能源,优化配置各种交通工具,降低能耗。近年来,我国交通运输业能耗增长率总体上高于全社会能耗增长率,占全社会能耗比重基本维持在7.5%左右。各种运输方式的能耗主要集中在油耗上,2007年交通运输业汽煤柴3种油耗叠加在一起,占全社会油耗比重近70%。交通运输中电能利用效率较高,节电效果好于全社会,电耗占全社会电耗比重从2002年的2.07%降至2007年的1.63%,但占全国交通运输能耗比重仅10%左右,能耗结构不合理现象并未得到改善。2008年国家铁路单位运输工作量综合能耗比上年降低3.1%,2009年我国铁路电气化率达到41.9%,铁路能耗结构出现根本性改善和优化,开始转变为以电耗为主。公路运输油耗总量呈快速增长趋势,百吨公里油耗指标呈稳中略升态势,节能空间和潜能较大。水运(含港口)能耗2004年之前呈上升趋势,之后下降趋势明显,约占交通运输业总能耗的15%。民航每吨公里油耗从2002年的0.364kg降至2007年的0.309kg,航油消耗增长率基本维持在12%上下,有较为明显的减弱趋势。未来10年,我国交通运输能源消耗总量将进一步攀升,虽然能耗结构将得到一定程度优化,电耗比重会迅速增长,但由于公路能耗在交通运输能耗中占有绝对比重,故难以从根本上改善交通运输以油耗为主的结构特点。我国交通运输业应逐步调整到以铁路为主导的各种交通方式协调发展的模式上来,最大限度地降低运输业油耗在整个交通运输行业中的比重,"以电代油"。     

A review on energy pattern and policy for transportation sector in Malaysia

Transportation has dominated global fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have risen in an alarming rate. Gasoline and diesel consumption for road transport have a faster growing rate than other sector and the trend appeared to be rapidly moving upwards in the near future. This has caused much concern in many countries including Malaysia to improve the sustainable energy of this sector. The focus of this paper is to analyze the trends of energy pattern and emission of road transport in Malaysia. On top of that, the review of prospective policies such as fuel economy standards and fuel switching to natural gas as well as biodiesel are summarized in this study. The study found that there is an urgent need to adopt suitable energy policy to balance the energy demand and reduce emission in this sector. This study serves as a guideline for further investigation and research in order to implement and improve the transportation sector.     

Impact of urban development on residents’ public transportation travel energy consumption in China: An analysis of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles alternatives

Urban development has an important influence on the energy consumption of transportation. To develop public transportation is one of the important ways to decrease the energy consumption of urban transportation. It is very urgent to upgrade technology to reduce the energy consumption and emissions of the vehicles constantly. The popularization of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is the trend of the future automobile industry, which can effectively reduce traffic energy consumption and alleviate urban pollution. This article analyzes the impact of urban development on public transport and private transportation energy consumption from 2013 to 2015; and uses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles alternatives in urban public transport as a scenario. It shows that urban economic development can effectively reduce public transport. Population growth will increase greatly energy consumption of public transport, while larger cities with reasonable spatial density can reduce traffic energy consumption. Moreover, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can effectively reduce the energy consumption and pollution emissions of urban transportation during operating. Based on the above conclusions, this article will eventually provide targeted recommendations for the development of Chinese cities, public transport, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.     

生物燃料在我国公路交通中替代潜力分析

首先从我国生物燃料开发的资源保障性、生产的技术经济性以及现代汽车技术利用的可能性等方面,对生物燃料的开发利用潜力进行了分析。之后重点论述了利用IPAC模型研究我国未来公路交通能源需求以及生物燃料替代的发展情景。研究表明:未来我国公路交通倍增的油品需求对我国石油供应造成巨大压力,推广新型汽车技术和发展替代燃料是降低公路交通油品消耗的战略措施,混合动力汽车技术与生物燃料结合是我国未来公路交通最佳的技术选择,并且生物燃料在我国未来公路交通中将展现出很强的燃料替代前景。     

The primary forest fuel supply chain: A literature review

This paper provides a literature review of articles on the primary forest fuel supply chain which have been published in English speaking peer-reviewed journals from 1989 to 2011. The focus is on the key issues of the transportation of primary forest fuel to heat and/or power plants: (i) transportation modes, (ii) terminal types, and (iii) forest fuel supply chain management, and provides basics on the logistically relevant characteristics of wood as feedstock such as on various feedstock assortments.The analysed supply chains include the transshipment, storage, handling (e.g. chipping) and transportation of primary forest fuel from the place of harvest to energy conversion plant. Due to spatial distribution, low mass density, low energy density and low bulk density, the transportation of primary forest fuel is crucial for economic efficiency as well as for reduced CO₂ emissions. As a consequence of forests accessibility, road transportation (after hauling the biomass to the forest road) is the first step of the modern primary forest fuel supply chain. For longer transportation distances, rail or waterway is preferred because of lower transportation costs per volume transported and lower CO₂ emissions. We highlight that some experience exists in multimodal transport, including truck, train or ship. Intermodal transport, however, has not been studied in the past and, therefore, an outlook for the research requirements is made here.     

Monitoring urban transport air pollution and energy demand in Rawalpindi and Islamabad using leap model

A research associated with urban transportation was carried out in Rawalpindi and Islamabad to analyze the status of emission of air pollutants and energy demands. The study included a discussion of past trends and future scenarios in order to reduce the future emissions. A simple model of passenger transport has been developed using computer based software called Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP). The LEAP model was used to estimate total energy demand and the vehicular emissions for the base year 2000 and extrapolated till 2030 for the future predictions. Transport database in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, together with fuel consumption values for the vehicle types and emission factors of NO_x, SO₂ and PM₁₀ corresponding to the actual vehicle types, formed the basis of the transport demand, energy consumption and total emission calculations. Apart from base scenario, the model was run under three alternative scenarios to study the impact of different urban transport policy initiatives that would reduce energy demand and emissions in transport sector of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The prime objective was to arrive at an optimal transport policy, which limits the future growth of fuel consumption as well as air pollution.     

Road transport-related energy consumption: Analysis of driving factors in Tunisia

The rapid growth of urban population and the development of road infrastructures in Tunisian cities have brought about many environmental and economic problems, including the rise scored in energy consumption and the increase in the quantity of gas emissions arising from road transport. Despite the critical nature of such problems, no policies have yet been adopted to improve energy efficiency in the transport sector. This paper aims to determine driving factors of energy consumption change for the road mode. It uses decomposition analysis to discuss the effects of economic, demographic and urban factors on the evolution of transport energy consumption. The main result highlighted in the present work is that vehicle fuel intensity, vehicle intensity, GDP per capita, urbanized kilometers and national road network are found to be the main drivers of energy consumption change in the road transport sector during 1990–2006 period. Consequently, several strategies can be elaborated to reduce road transport energy. Economic, fiscal and regulatory instruments can be applied in order to make road transport more sustainable.     

基于LEAP模型的广州交通领域能耗及空气污染物排放分析

基于长期能源替代规划系统(LEAP)模型,结合情景分析法,模拟广州交通领域未来的能耗及CO、HC、NOx、PM2.5、SO2等主要空气污染物排放趋势,分析广州交通领域的节能及空气污染物排放控制策略.结果表明:综合情景下,到2035年,广州交通领域将较基准情景节能23.06％,CO、HC、NOx、PM2.5、SO2分别减...