Embryonal carcinoma in a 16-year patient

The authors present diagnostic and therapeutic documentation of a very rare case of a tumour with carcinoma embryonal in a 16-year old girl. After the surgery (total hysterectomy and adnexectomy) followed by chemotherapy, the patient survived four years.     

Disease-free survival in a patient with squamous cell lung carcinoma following complete response with the combination chemotherapy of cisplatin and etoposide

Disease-free survival is reported in a patient with non-small cell lung carcinoma successfully treated with the combination chemotherapy of cisplatin and etoposide (CDDP-ETOP). An 80-year-old woman was diagnosed as having squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with bone metastasis. Chest X-ray showed a tumor (64 x 68 mm in size) in the S1/4 segment of the right lobe, and CT scan revealed no apparent metastasis of hilar lymphnode. In March 1989, the patient achieved a complete response (CR) after two courses of CDDP-ETOP therapy, followed by ETOP(100mg) every two weeks and daily UFT (400 mg) for 10 months. Subsequently, a single course of CDDP-ETOP was administered as a consolidation therapy. The patient is alive with no evidence of recurrent disease for 3 years and half after achieving CR.     

Liver transplantation in a 29-year-old patient with gallbladder carcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis

Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are at increased risk for cholangiocarcinoma. This tumor usually is a fatal complication, median survival after diagnosis is less than six months. In an asymptomatic 29-year-old patient with long-standing PSC and ulcerative colitis, routine abdominal ultrasound demonstrated an irregular mass, 11 x 13 mm, in the gallbladder. Cholecystectomy was performed, and histological examination demonstrated a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with infiltration of all layers of the gallbladder and invasion of local lymphatic vessels. Extensive diagnostic work-up failed to consistently demonstrate metastatic disease, and the patient was offered a liver transplantation. 24 months after the operation, the patient feels well and there is no indication of tumor recurrence. In carefully selected patients with gallbladder carcinoma complicating PSC, liver transplantation may be a therapeutic option.     

Renal cell carcinoma in a patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

We report the case of a patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) who developed renal cell carcinoma (RCC). At birth, this patient presented with macroglossia, diastasis recti, mild gigantism, hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia, and the diagnosis of BWS was made. At 22 months, an intrapelvic rhabdomyosarcoma was detected and resected. At 37 months, computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a small mass with high attenuation in the right kidney, which was surgically confirmed to be RCC.     

Small cell carcinoma of gallbladder: report of two cases

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma has been reported from multiple sites, including the gallbladder. Small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder is a very rare tumor, found usually in elderly women and associated with cholelithiasis. It carries a grave prognosis, metastasizing early and causing death shortly after diagnosis. Treatment of metastatic disease with two different chemotherapeutic regimens has been shown to improve survival. To the best of our knowledge, this tumor has not been previously reported in a black individual, or in any subject less than 49 yr or more than 79 yr old. We report two cases: one is the first black and youngest reported case. The second is the oldest person reported with this rare malignancy. Radiological studies such as ultrasound and CT scan were useful in evaluating tumor spread and follow-up.     

Significant prognostic factors for 5-year survival after curative resection of renal cell carcinoma

The aim of this study was, (1) to characterize the serum protein binding of lerisetron, a new 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) receptor antagonist under investigation as an antiemetic agent, and (2) to measure the percentage of unbound lerisetron in cancer patients. The binding parameters were determined in human serum albumin (HSA), alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and in pooled serum from six healthy volunteers. Concentrations of lerisetron ranging from 50 ng/ml to 2 microg/ml were used. The serum protein binding of 14C-lerisetron (2 microg/ml) was determined by ultrafiltration in three groups of individuals. Group I comprised healthy subjects (n = 11), group II comprised cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (n = 9), and group III comprised cancer patients receiving chemotherapy (n = 18). The unbound concentration of lerisetron was measured in all samples by liquid scintillation counting. Concentrations of both AAG and HSA were also measured in all serum samples. The drug was extensively bound in pooled serum, involving a nonsaturated process. In HSA, lerisetron was also highly bound (4.04+/-0.8% unbound) and the protein binding was essentially unchanged within the studied concentration range of lerisetron. The extent of binding to AAG was high but significantly lower than in serum and in HSA and was also independent of lerisetron concentration. The unbound lerisetron was significantly decreased in group II cancer patients when compared with group I subjects (2.38+/-0.64% vs 3.70+/-0.70%; P < 0.001). No significant changes in lerisetron binding were observed in group III patients. HSA was diminished in both groups of patients and AAG was only significantly increased in group II. Unbound lerisetron was correlated with AAG in group II and with HSA in group III.     

Long-term survival of a patient with bile duct carcinoma by endoscopic biliary drainage

An 80-yr-old female presented with obstructive jaundice. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a carcinoma in the middle extrahepatic bile duct, and a biliary endoprosthesis was inserted. Exfoliative cytology of the bile and forceps biopsy of the tumor revealed a papillary adenocarcinoma. Surgical resection could not be done because of her cardiovascular complications, and neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy was administered. Stents were exchanged and cleaned 21 times because of occlusion and cholangitis. Subsequent serial cholangiogram showed a slow growth of the papillary tumor, but local invasion to the adjacent organs or distant metastasis was not observed. The patient survived for 7 yr and 6 months after insertion of the biliary endoprosthesis.     

Cardiac metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of gallbladder

A 65-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of gallbladder tumor. Right extended hepatic lobectomy plus lymph node dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament and left hepaticojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction was performed in July, 1993. The gallbladder tumor was histologically proven to be squamous cell carcinoma. Seventeen months later, the patient experienced dyspnea and pitting edema of the lower legs and was admitted, in December 1994, with a diagnosis of heart failure. Despite intensive cardiac support, she died 12 days after the second admission. Autopsy revealed multiple cardiac tumors in the left and right ventricles, left atrium, left coronary artery, and left diaphragm. Histologically, these tumors were shown to be squamous cell carcinoma, considered to have metastasized from the primary gallbladder carcinoma. As neither local recurrence of the gallbladder carcinoma nor any lymph node metastasis was found, the cardiac metastasis of the gallbladder carcinoma may have occurred via the hematogenous route. Although rare, this route of cardiac metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma may be an important aspect of distant metastasis, which should be monitored for during follow-up after resection of the primary tumor.     

Genetic alterations in gallbladder carcinoma: a review

Earlier evidence suggests that gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) has three carcinogenic pathways; de novo development; adenoma-carcinoma sequence; and hyperplasia-carcinoma sequence associated with an anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary duct (AAPBD). We review gene abnormalities in GBC reported to date. p53 mutation and its protein overexpression are frequently observed in de novo carcinoma and GBC with AAPBD, but never found in carcinoma with adenoma. The incidence of K-ras codon 12 mutation in GBCs with AAPBD is significantly higher than that in the other types. Mutation of K-ras is never detected in carcinoma with adenoma. These findings suggest that diverse genetic pathways may exist in gallbladder carcinogenesis and reflect morphologic variations.     

Anesthetic management of a patient with renal cell carcinoma extending into the right atrium

A 60-year-old man with renal cell carcinoma extending through inferior vena cava into the right atrium was scheduled for the removal of the right kidney under general anesthesia and the cardiopulmonary bypass technique. In order to obtain a clear operative field and to minimize the risk for pulmonary embolism of necrotizing tumor, total circulatory arrest under profound hypothermia (20 degrees C) was performed. Anesthesia was maintained with high doses of fentanyl (62 micrograms.kg-1), midazolam and supplemented with enflurane. We attempted to prevent circulatory collapse due to acute pulmonary embolism by tumor fragments during operation. The body temperature of the patient was decreased down to 20 degrees C for protecting central nervous system with the minimal damage. No complications occurred during anesthesia and the post-operative period. For the safe anesthetic management of the patient such as our case, adequate monitoring of circulation and protection of central nervous system are essential.     

Advanced testicular germ cell tumor in a hemophilic patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection

A stage IIIB anaplastic seminoma which occurred in an HIV-infected hemophilia is reported. The patient with hemophilia A was 36 years old and had been seropositive for HIV antibody for 3 years. Inguinal orchiectomy and subsequent chemoradiotherapy for retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy were performed and a marker negative partial response was obtained. In spite of a low initial CD4+ lymphocyte count (90/microliter), the patient tolerated the treatment well without life-threatening opportunistic infection. Although factor VIII supplement was performed, continuous bleeding from the operative wound made postoperative care difficult.     

Characterization of primary and metastatic cell lines established from a patient with renal cell carcinoma

Prolonged hypoxia induced transient drug resistance in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Previously hypoxic cells were resistant to adriamycin and resistant to etoposide. Complete recovery of etoposide sensitivity was observed following reaeration for 24 hr. A change in P-glycoprotein expression was unlikely to contribute to the resistance caused by hypoxia, since adriamycin resistance was not reversed by verapamil. However, alteration in the plasma membrane structure may be involved, since previously hypoxic cells were resistant to extracellular superoxide radical generated by the addition of xanthine/xanthine oxidase. In contrast, adriamycin sensitivity was not altered by hypoxia in 3 human breast-cancer cell lines. MDA-468 and MCF-7/Adr differed in their response to EGF, independent of the presence of hypoxia. These results suggest that hypoxic-stress-induced drug resistance is not generalized.     

Malignant tumours of the parotid gland: a 12-year review

Malignant parotid tumours are uncommon and present a significant management challenge. Fifty-one such patients (25 male, 26 female, median age 64 years) operated on in the Newcastle Plastic Surgery Unit between 1983 and 1994 were retrospectively evaluated. Preoperative investigations included FNA cytology (n = 20), and for staging CT and/or MRI scans (n = 21). Of the 35 primary tumours 32 were epithelial and three lymphomatous. Metastatic tumours were squamous cell carcinoma (7), melanoma (6), renal cell carcinoma (2) and sebaceous carcinoma (1). FNA cytology correctly diagnosed malignancy with an 88% sensitivity (false negatives = 2). A total or radical parotidectomy was required in 60% of patients, the rest undergoing superficial parotidectomy. In continuity neck dissection was undertaken in 23 (45%) cases. Postparotidectomy reconstruction included 10 free, 3 myocutaneous, and 4 local transposition/rotation flaps. Thirty-seven patients (73%) received postoperative radiotherapy. Seventy-two per cent of patients are alive after a mean follow-up of 42 months. The crude 5- and 10-year survival rates were 68% and 49% respectively while the loco-regional control rate (Kaplan-Meier method) at 10 years was 79%. Fifteen patients (30%) have permanent facial palsy. It is concluded that radical surgery with appropriate reconstruction followed by planned postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy gives effective control of malignant parotid tumours.     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva in an HIV-positive patient: a case report

This article presents a case of gingival squamous cell carcinoma in a patient who was HIV positive but who had no history of pan chewing, smoking, alcohol consumption or nutritional deficiency. Investigations also revealed the presence of superimposed pseudomembranous candidiasis. The case reported reveals that squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva may occur as an oral manifestation of AIDS.     

Clinical effect of immunochemotherapy for a patient with advanced gallbladder cancer: report of a case

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate pain and pulmonary function the first two days after abdominal and laparoscopic hysterectomy. METHODS: Women scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy were prospectively randomized to either laparoscopic (n=20) or abdominal (n=20) hysterectomy. Analgesics were self-administered by the patients by means of a programable infusion pump containing morphine. Postoperative pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale. Oxygen saturation was measured with an oxymeter. Pulmonary function was assessed using a peak flow meter measuring peak expiratory flow and a vitalograph measuring forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second. RESULTS: Pain scores were lower after laparoscopic hysterectomy at the first (p<0.05) and second postoperative day (p<0.01). Lung function was impaired on days 1 and 2 postoperatively, measured as peak expiratory flow, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second, in both groups compared to the preoperative values. The patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy had less impairment of lung function measured by peak expiratory flow (p<0.01), forced vital capacity (p<0.05) and forced expiratory volume in one second (p<0.05) the first postoperative day compared to the patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. The second postoperative day differences between the groups remained for peak expiratory flow (p<0.05) and forced expiratory volume in one second (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic hysterectomy results in less pain and less impairment of respiratory function compared to abdominal hysterectomy.     

Myositis associated with interleukin-2 therapy in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been used successfully in the treatment of some patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, with a partial response rate of 15%-20%. It produces a well documented spectrum of side effects. Autoimmune diseases have been associated with IL-2 immunotherapy and the development of autoimmune thyroiditis may correlate with antitumor clinical response. METHODS: A patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma is described who developed a polymyositis-like myopathy after an autologous tumor vaccine and IL-2 therapy. RESULTS: The patient had a delayed response for 15 months after developing this previously unreported toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, this represents the first reported case of necrotizing myositis in association with IL-2 therapy. Subsequent continuous partial response of the advanced malignancy was observed for 15 months. In this case, IL-2 may have broken tolerance to both normal muscle cells and tumor cells.