同步整流技术在正激变换器中的应用研究

栅极电荷保持的方法可以解决传统自驱动同步整流的正激变化器在变压器电压死区时间的驱动问题,但同时会带来变换器出现直通的问题,本文提出了一种解决该问题的方法,另外本文还对外驱同步整流的驱动调节进行了探讨,并且阐述了同步整流中电流检测和轻载时候的问题。     

同步整流技术在正激变换器中的应用研究

栅极电荷保持的方法可以解决传统自驱动同步整流的正激变化器在变压器电压死区时间的驱动问题,但同时会带来变换器出现直通的问题,本文提出了一种解决该问题的方法,另外本文还对外驱同步整流的驱动调节进行了探讨,并且阐述了同步粘流中电流检测和轻载时候的问题。     

基于电流检测的飞机地面电源同步整流控制

三相整流器作为飞机地面电源的前级为后级电力变换提供稳定的直流母线。飞机地面电源的容量可达100~200kVA,传统的二极管整流方案效率低、损耗大、发热量高、散热问题严峻。针对上述问题提出了一种基于电流检测的大功率同步整流控制方案,其中主电路采用多个功率MOSFET并联取代传统的整流二极管。通过分析整流电路各开关器件的通断状态与输入电流的关系,明确各开关器件的动作规律;进一步检测输入三相电流的大小与方向,提出功率MOSFET的同步整流驱动控制方案。然后考虑实际工程应用因素,设计电流回差方案以产生各功率MOSFET的驱动信号,并考虑霍尔器件、采样电路与控制电路的延迟对回差的各阈值进行修正。最后通过Simulink仿真及工程样机实验平台进行验证,结果显示本文所提方案可有效实现MOSFET的同步整流功能,提高了整流电路的效率,降低了系统的热损耗。     

一种反激同步整流倒灌电流控制技术研究

研究了反激同步整流电路中倒灌电流对DC/DC电源模块中功率管的危害,分析了同步整流电路在容性负载条件下快速启动和关断过程中倒灌电流形成原因及电流大小,提出了次级同步MOS管在启动阶段延迟导通、在关电阶段快速关断的方案,控制了反激同步整流电源模块的倒灌电流。采用该控制方案设计了一种6 V/10 A输出的反激同步整流模块。仿真和实测结果表明,倒灌电流的抑制效果明显。     

一种应用于高速电流型DAC的电流开关驱动器

就电流开关驱动器对高速电流型DAC动态性能的影响因素进行了分析,给出了设计应对措施,并设计了一种结构简单使用了同步锁存技术、低驱动信号摆幅技术和低信号交叉点技术的电流开关驱动器电路.基于SMIC 0.18μm CMOS工艺模型,采用Hspice仿真工具,对电流开关驱动器进行仿真分析,结果表明所设计驱动器电路功能正确.测试结果表明,应用该电流开关驱动器的一款嵌入式14位400MSPS DAC电路在输出80 MHz正弦信号时,达到76.47 dB的无杂散动态范围,所设计电流开关驱动器能保证高速电流型DAC的良好动态性能.     

一种适合于开关稳压器的新颖电流检测方法

针对开关稳压器中负载电流检测难以同时做到准确、同步和结构简单这一难题,结合自己多年工作经验,提出了一种新颖的开关稳压器负载电流检测的新方法。其基本原理是利用断续模式（DCM）下负载电流与同步管栅极驱动信号N_DRV的同步关系,通过检测该栅极信号来检测开关稳压器的输出负载电流。这种方法不仅使负载电流检测同步和准确,且同时克服检测电感平均电流带来的电路结构复杂及实现上的困难。该电路经过HSpice仿真验证,其仅消耗5μA的静态电流,工作状态良好。     

用于LED驱动芯片的高低边电流检测电路

本文介绍了一种适用于大功率LED驱动芯片的高低边电流检测电路.该检测电路可以根据实际应用系统不同实现高低边检测电路的自动切换,不需要额外设置,并且采用该电流检测电路的LED驱动芯片能支持升压、降压以及升-降压等多种拓扑结构的应用,为LED驱动芯片提供更广阔的应用市场.芯片采用CSMC 0.6μm 60VBCD工艺实现,测试结果显示当基准电压VREF为1.217V时,LED电流为371.3mA,采样比例与设计的基本一致,从而验证了该高低边电流检测电路的可行性.     

电流源变频器电流补偿仿真研究

针对电流源型变频器中存在的大量谐波.在电流型变频器的基础上加入一个电压型逆变电路,提出了一种谐波电流的补偿方法。该方法首先通过滤波电路检测谐波电流.然后补偿电路产生与谐波电流相位相反的电流注入负载.以减小负载电流谐波.此外.补偿电路还可以提高变频调速系统运行性能以及可靠性.仿真结果说明了分析的正确性     

一种高可靠同步整流变换器的反向电流控制电路

在成本与环保问题的强烈推动下,对功率变换器的轻载效率要求不断提高,需要在轻载下进行低功耗设计.同步整流变换器在轻载下会产生反向电流,而反向电流控制电路是提升轻载效率的有效手段.传统的反向电流控制电路需要电流采样,或者特定的控制芯片实现,不具备高可靠、低成本的特点.因此针对高可靠应用,提出了一种新型反向电流控制电路,仅需要少量元器件以及通用PWM控制器即可实现轻载反向电流的阻断.首先,对轻载下反向电流的产生机理进行了阐述,得到反向电流主要流过同步续流管的结论.其次,详细介绍了提出电路的工作原理,推导了关键参数的表达式,并进行仿真.最后,将该电路应用于一款100 W的正激同步整流变换器中,并进行参数设计.测试结果显示,应用该电路的样机可以实现全输入电压范围下的反向电流控制,轻载效率提升了约10%-20%,空载电流降低了87%,输出电压的负载瞬态与负载调整率基本不受影响.     

一种BUCK型开关稳压器负载电流检测电路

针对Buck型开关稳压器的断续工作模式(DCM),基于CSMC0.5μm CMOS工艺设计实现了一种新颖的负载电流检测电路。同传统的电感电流采样方式不同,该结构直接应用与负载电流变化几乎同步的同步管栅极驱动信号作为"电流采样"信号,实现了负载平均电流的检测。经投片验证,提出的电流检测电路工作良好,且面积仅占芯片的1.5%,同传统采样方式相比,面积减小了21%,静态时的耗电仅为原来的40%。     

A novel high frequency current-driven synchronous rectifierapplicable to most switching topologies

A novel current-driven synchronous rectifier is presented in this paper. With the help of a current sensing energy recovery circuit, the proposed current-driven synchronous rectifier can operate at high switching frequency with high efficiency. Compared with those voltage-driven synchronous rectification solutions, this current-driven synchronous rectifier has several outstanding characteristics. It can be easily applied to most switching topologies like an ideal diode. Constant gate drive voltage can be obtained regardless of line and load fluctuation. This makes it desirable in high input range application. Power converters designed with this synchronous rectifier are also capable of being connected in parallel without taking the risk of reverse power sinking. Their principle of operation is given in the paper. A series of experiments verify the analysis and demonstrate the merits     

一种新型高精度斜坡补偿电路

针对采用高端功率MOSFET的导通电阻作电流取样电阻的同步整流电流模式降压DC-DC变换器,设计了一种新型高精度斜坡补偿电路.该电路采用有一定死区时间的同步整流,防止主功率管和续流管同时导通.死区过后,主功率管给电感充电,此时,续流管漏极寄生电容还在放电,造成电流采样误差.针对该问题,提出一种斜坡补偿电路,进行误差消除...     

Systematic error cancellations and fault detection of resolver angular sensors using a DSP based system

Resolver sensor based angular position and speed sensing are extensively used in safety critical servo applications that demands accurate as well as high-resolution position and speed information for feedback control. In this paper, a novel scheme for position and speed sensing along with fault detection and identifications of a resolver sensor with systematic errors like magnitude imbalance, imperfect quadrature, and inductive harmonics is presented. The proposed scheme of resolver-to-digital (R/D) conversion mitigates the errors in position and speed estimate due to these common resolver imperfections and provides fault indicators such as good resolver signal, degradation of signal, and loss of signal for fault tolerant operation and diagnosis of malfunctions in the sensor system for safety critical systems. The proposed method incorporates software generation of the resolver carrier using a digital filter for synchronous demodulation without unintended time delay of the processed outputs, in such a way that there is substantial saving in hardware, for instance, carrier oscillator and associated digital and analog circuits for amplitude demodulators. The R/D converter incorporates an adaptive phase-locked loop (APLL) that accurately estimates the angular position and speed for a large range of operation along with superior tracking performance under dynamic conditions. Also, it provides the estimate of the magnitudes of the resolver outputs, estimate of the imperfect quadrature, and indication of harmonic distortion in the sensing angle, which can be used to directly access the quality of the resolver sensor system. Computer simulations and experimental results demonstrate an accurate R/D converter with adaptive capabilities to mitigate all the major systematic disturbances with reduced hardware complexity.     

Active current transformer circuits for low distortion sensing in switched mode power converters

The current transformer (CT) is frequently used for sensing applications in switched mode power converters. Advantages are that galvanic isolation is inherently incorporated, bandwidth is high, losses are low and that a high-amplitude output signal may be derived. Because of this combination of advantages it may be preferred to other current sensing technologies such as the Hall-effect sensor or the sense resistance. However, it exhibits some limitations. A compromise exists between the amplitude of the output signal and the distortion present in it due to droop. Droop results as some of the input current under measurement diverts away from the "ideal" transformer within the CT's equivalent circuit and into its magnetizing branch. In addition, where the CT is used for sensing unidirectional current pulses, the duty cycle of the pulses has to be restricted if saturation of its core material is to be avoided. This paper describes techniques based on the incorporation of an active load and synchronous rectification for reducing the distortion due to droop and allowing operation at extended duty cycles. Experimental results are given for a dual transformer arrangement used to sense the choke current drawn by a boost converter circuit.     

Integrated on-chip 0.35 μm BiCMOS current-mode DC–DC buck converter

A current-mode DC–DC buck converter with a fully integrated power module is presented in this article. The converter is implemented using BiCMOS technology in amplifier and power MOSFET in a current sensor. The current sensor is realised by the power lateral double-diffused MOSFET with the aspect ratio much larger than that of a matched p-MOSFET. In addition, BiCMOS technology is applied in the error amplifier for an accurate current sensing and a fast transient response. The DC–DC converter is fabricated with 0.35?µm BiCMOS process. Experimental results show that the fully integrated converter operates at 1.3?MHz switching frequency with a supply voltage of 5?V. The output DC voltage is obtained as expected and the output ripple is controlled to be within 2% with a 30?µH off-chip inductor and 100?µF off-chip capacitor.     

巨磁阻生物传感器阵列及专用锁相放大器设计

EW_GⅠ是基于GMR(巨磁阻)传感器,用于检测血样中特种病毒的正在研发的生物芯片系统。叙述了其巨磁阻传感器阵列以及后端锁相放大IC电路的设计及实现。该阵列包含32个GMR传感器单元和2个传感器参考单元,形成多路的半桥式惠斯通电桥,用于感应绑定磁球的附加磁场。每个单元(100μm×100μm)由长1mm、宽7μm的巨磁电阻蜿蜒而成,该电阻采用[Ag(2nm)/NiFe(6nm)/Cu(2.2nm)/CoFe(4nm)]20结构,采用Ag作为镜面层,其饱和磁场小于等于30mT,GMR值约6%,单个传感器电阻约为780Ω。配套的锁相放大芯片包括了信号通道、参考通道、前置低噪声放大器、带通滤波器、可控增益放大器、相敏检测电路、正交移相电路、差分直流放大电路八个部分,整个设计功耗小于50mW@Vcc=3V。     

Hierarchical geographic multicast routing for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks comprise typically dense deployments of large networks of small wireless capable sensor devices. In such networks, multicast is a fundamental routing service for efficient data dissemination required for activities such as code updates, task assignment and targeted queries. In particular, efficient multicast for sensor networks is critical due to the limited energy availability in such networks. Multicast protocols that exploit location information available from GPS or localization algorithms are more efficient and robust than other stateful protocols as they avoid the difficulty of maintaining distributed state (multicast tree). Since localization is typically already required for sensing applications, this location information can simply be reused for optimizing multicast performance at no extra cost. Recently, two protocols were proposed to optimize two orthogonal aspects of location-based multicast protocols: GMR (Sanchez et al. GMR: Geographic multicast routing for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE SECON, 2006) improves the forwarding efficiency by exploiting the wireless multicast advantage but it suffers from scalability issues when dealing with large sensor networks. On the other hand, HRPM (Das et al. Distributed hashing for scalable multicast in wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE TPDS 47(4):445–487, 2007) reduces the encoding overhead by constructing a hierarchy at virtually no maintenance cost via the use of geographic hashing but it is energy-inefficient due to inefficacies in forwarding data packets. In this paper, we present HGMR (hierarchical geographic multicast routing), a new location-based multicast protocol that seamlessly incorporates the key design concepts of GMR and HRPM and optimizes them for wireless sensor networks by providing both forwarding efficiency (energy efficiency) as well as scalability to large networks. Our simulation studies show that: (i) In an ideal environment, HGMR incurs a number of transmissions either very close to or lower than GMR, and, at the same time, an encoding overhead very close to HRPM, as the group size or the network size increases. (ii) In a realistic environment, HGMR, like HRPM, achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) that is close to perfect and much higher than GMR. Further, HGMR has the lowest packet delivery latency among the three protocols, while incurring much fewer packet transmissions than HRPM. (iii) HGMR is equally efficient with both uniform and non-uniform group member distributions.     

System on chip thermal vacuum sensor based on standard CMOS process

An on-chip microelectromechanical system was fabricated in a 0.5μm standard CMOS process for gas pressure detection. The sensor was based on a micro-hotplate (MHP) and had been integrated with a rail to rail operational amplifier and an 8-bit successive approximation register (SAR) A/D converter. A tungsten resistor was manufactured on the MHP as the sensing element, and the sacrificial layer of the sensor was made from polysilicon and etched by surface-micromachining technology. The operational amplifier was configured to make the sensor operate in constant current mode. A digital bit stream was provided as the system output. The measurement results demonstrate that the gas pressure sensitive range of the vacuum sensor extends from 1 to 105 Pa. In the gas pressure range from 1 to 100 Pa, the sensitivity of the sensor is 0.23 mV/Pa, the linearity is 4.95%, and the hysteresis is 8.69%. The operational amplifier can drive 200 Ω resistors distortionlessly, and the SAR A/D converter achieves a resolution of 7.4 bit with 100 kHz sample rate. The performance of the operational amplifier and the SAR A/D converter meets the requirements of the sensor system.     

一种DC/DC转换器的短路保护电路设计

针对负载短路会对DC/DC造成性能不稳定或损坏的情况,提出一种新型短路保护电路,有效地避免了传统电路在短路时大电流输出造成的能量浪费。该保护电路采用在负载短接时,通过改变电流限比较器输入端基准电压达到降低电路最大输出电流的措施。采用0.35 μm BCD工艺将该电路应用于一款高压同步BUCK型DC/DC转换器中,specter仿真结果表明,当负载短路时,该芯片的短路电流只有30 mA,与传统保护电路相比,降低了短路时的输出电流,达到节约能量的目的。     

巨磁电阻传感器

利用材料的巨磁电阻 (GMR)效应 ,可制得新一类磁电阻传感器—— GMR传感器。与传统的磁阻传感器相比 ,GMR传感器具有灵敏度高、可靠性好、测量范围宽、抗恶劣环境、体积小等优点 ,有广泛的应用前景。本文就目前已商业化的几种 GMR传感器的工作原理作一评述