基于应力功恒等法的振动时效研究

振动时效主要用于消减构件的残余应力,本质上类似于应力松弛,应变变程恒定的情况下峰值应力随周期减小。材料发生应力松弛的部分为应力集中区,振动时效过程中产生局部塑性应变。针对如7075高强铝合金幂次硬化材料,可以采用基于等效线弹性模型的应力功恒等法近似计算材料的局部应力和应变变程,以弥补实验过程需要测量但不易获得的重要数据。计算得到的应力-应变曲线与流变塑性理论公式推导的结果及其它研究者通过模型仿真得到的结果相似,表明应力功恒等法应用于振动时效分析具有计算简单,准确实用的特点,对工程实践有一定的参考价值和指导作用。     

概率局部应力应变法

实际工程中的结构件往往具有多个不确定因素,包括材料、几何、载荷等。这些不确定因素导致构件的局部应力应变响应和疲劳寿命响应具有随机性。因此对低周疲劳分析中的局部应力应变法进行了概率分析。通过基本随机变量将诺伯法中的循环应力应变曲线(迟滞回线)和诺伯公式表示为概率曲线,基本随机变量反映了构件的不确定因素。通过建立近似拟合多项式的方法,求得局部应力应变的随机响应。将应变寿命曲线视为概率曲线,采用随机累积损伤理论,通过同样方法得到疲劳寿命的随机响应。算例表明结果与蒙特卡罗模拟的结果十分接近。该方法是一个简单有效的疲劳寿命概率分析方法。     

一种多轴向随机激励下结构疲劳寿命分析方法

提出了一种多轴向随机激励下结构疲劳寿命估计的频域分析方法。首先,对结构进行频响分析,得到在基础加速度激励下的应力频响函数矩阵,通过随机振动分析,得到结构应力的功率谱密度矩阵;其次,采用等效的Von Mises应力功率谱密度将多轴应力问题转化为单轴应力问题;最后,利用单轴应力疲劳寿命估计的频域分析方法对结构疲劳寿命进行估计。对一典型构件在多轴向随机激励下的疲劳寿命进行了计算,并与实验结果进行了对比。另外,对构件在多轴向同时激励与单轴分别激励的疲劳损伤结果进行了对比分析,表明多轴向同时振动具有明显的多轴效应,因此进行多轴向振动疲劳研究十分必要。     

6082-T6铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头的疲劳性能的有限元分析

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS模拟了6082-T6铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头在不同载荷作用下的应力场,进而分别运用名义应力法和局部应力-应变法计算得到当前载荷水平下的疲劳寿命。结果表明:在较大的载荷水平下,应力法分析结果与试样实际寿命接近,在较小的载荷水平下,局部应力-应变法分析结果与试样实际寿命接近;试样疲劳寿命随焊点间距的增加而减小。通过分析6082-T6铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头疲劳断口形貌,发现疲劳裂纹起裂于焊点根部的热影响区和热力影响区,同时沿上板焊点边缘和下板母材处横向扩展。     

不同环境对2D70铝合金低周疲劳性能的影响研究

循环应力和低周疲劳寿命都是材料疲劳损伤的关键指标.循环应力表征的是材料在循环载荷下抵抗变形的能力.大多数飞机构件由于拐角、圆孔、沟槽等的存在都会存在应力集中现象,当构件承受循环应力载荷时,虽然构件总体处于弹性范围内,但局部已进入弹塑性状态,即已处于循环应变的疲劳过程中.这类服役条件下的构件疲劳寿命一般小于105周次,称为低周疲劳,又由于低周疲劳断裂时应力水平往往较高,低周疲劳也称高应力疲劳或者应变疲劳.衡量材料抗低周疲劳特性的指标主要有低周疲劳极限和低周疲劳寿命,二者统称材料的低周疲劳性能.低周疲劳极限,是指材料所承受应力低于该应力极限值时其理论循环次数可为无限次;低周疲劳寿命,即构件破坏前能承受应力循环的次数.     

考虑循环塑性修正的薄片材料低周疲劳试验方法

对N18锆合金和SAPH440板材采用薄片漏斗试样进行了室温下的等幅低周疲劳试验,基于局部应力、应变相等的疲劳损伤等效原理,建立了用于估算N18和SAPH440材料疲劳寿命的Manson-Coffin模型和循环应力-应变方程。对于符合Masing律的材料,提出了一种获得循环本构关系的新方法,用转子材料B65A-S在300℃高温下的低周疲劳试验进行了验证。通过基于标定循环本构关系的有限元分析,建立了两种材料薄片漏斗试样平均应力到漏斗根部轴向应力、测试应变到漏斗根部轴向应变的转换模型。完成了SAPH440材料等直圆棒试样的低周疲劳试验,证明了采用薄片漏斗试样的低周疲劳测试新方法具有较高的精度。     

考虑平均应变的低周疲劳寿命本征损伤耗散预测方法

金属构件疲劳破坏是工业中常见的破坏形式。为了提高构件疲劳寿命的预测精度，针对低周疲劳载荷下平均应变对疲劳寿命的影响，基于连续介质损伤力学及其不可逆热力学框架，并引入Ramberg-Osgood循环本构模型，以等本征损伤耗散功作为等寿命条件，建立了一种考虑平均应变的低周疲劳寿命预测模型。为对比验证新建模型的有效性和先进性，采用新建模型、修正的Ohji模型、Sandor模型和Wei-Wong模型分别对叠加平均应变的45钢和2124-T851铝合金的低周疲劳寿命进行了预测，并与对应的试验结果进行对比。结果表明：新建模型的预测结果与试验结果吻合较好，其预测效果优于现有模型。基于本征损伤耗散理论的疲劳寿命预测方法为金属材料疲劳寿命的预测提供了新思路。     

基于有限元法的16MnR缺口件疲劳寿命预测方法

以16MnR钢缺口棒状试样为研究对象,基于有限元分析方法,提出了一个缺口构件疲劳寿命预测方法。以一种能描述材料非Masing特性的A-F类循环塑性理论为基础,用有限元方法分析了缺口棒状试样在比例与非比例加载下的多轴应力-应变状态。比例与非比例加载工况通过理想的试验控制路径和半寿命时的试验实际路径来实现加载。基于有限元应力-应变结果,运用一个基于临界面概念的多轴疲劳损伤准则预测了缺口构件的疲劳启裂位置和寿命。分析结果表明:提出的疲劳寿命预测方法能很好地预测缺口构件在比例与非比例加载下的疲劳寿命。     

弹塑性随机有限元在低周疲劳分析中的应用

推导了交变载荷下弹塑性随机有限元的迭代格式,计算了局部多轴应力应变的随机响应。迭代格式中,针对复杂的交变载荷,采用运动强化模型反映塑性变形引起的各向异性和包辛格效应,运用Jhansale模型描述材料的瞬态应力应变关系。弹塑性有限元分析,克服了以往近似方法只能计算单轴局部应力应变响应的缺陷,为多轴疲劳分析奠定了基础。考虑零构件的随机因素,将随机有限元方法引入到交变载荷下弹塑性有限元的迭代格式中,得到局部应力应变的随机响应,为低周疲劳可靠性分析提供了更精确的依据。MontCarlo模拟结果证实了提出的弹塑性随机有限元方法是可靠的。     

金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展曲线的拟合方法研究

提出了一种金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展曲线(a~N曲线)的拟合方法,即修正的双曲函数拟合方法。为检验这种曲线拟合方法的适用性,利用2024-T42铝合金CCT试样的疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据,对该铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展曲线进行了拟合分析,并给出了疲劳裂纹扩展速率和扩展寿命。通过疲劳裂纹扩展寿命计算结果和试验结果的对比分析,证明这种拟合方法具有较高的拟合精度。     

Prediction of Fatigue Life of a Notched Body by the Local Stress-Strain State. Part 3. Allowing for Stress and Strain Gradients

We propose a method for calculating the fatigue life of bodies with stress concentrators prior to the fatigue-crack initiation. It is based on the energy criterion of fracture. Energy dissipated in a notch is taken as a determining parameter. The method allows the fatigue life of notched bodies under regular symmetrical loading to be predicted from the cyclic strain and fatigue characteristics of the material, as obtained in tests of smooth specimens. We analyze the influence of absolute dimensions of a stress concentrator on the fatigue life and propose relationships for calculating the gradients of dissipated energy and the residual strain amplitude. The data we obtained are compared with the test results for notched specimens of 30KhGSA steel and D16AT and AMtsM aluminum alloys.     

交变应力下A356铝合金疲劳行为及微结构演变

对处于交变应力下A356铝合金的单轴疲劳寿命以及变形行为进行了研究,并与单一应力加载下的加载情况进行了对比.发现先进行高应力加载后换用低应力加载将会显著延长合金的疲劳寿命.合金的循环应变值主要与合金的循环加载应力幅值有关.此外,利用透射电镜的方法观察了在不同循环加载历史条件下合金中微观结构的变化情况,尤其是位错以及位错带的演变规律.并发现了沉淀物附近的位错塞积现象.     

一种基于临界平面法的多轴疲劳寿命预测模型

在多轴交变应力作用下,由于非比例循环附加强化效应导致疲劳寿命降低。针对这一问题,以薄壁圆管疲劳试件为研究对象,在分析临界平面上剪应变和正应变随相位角变化特征的基础上,引入了一个新的有效循环变量———临界平面上的等效应力,提出了一种新的多轴疲劳预测模型。新的损伤参量不含经验常数,便于工程实际的运用。通过和铝合金7075-T651多轴疲劳实验数据比较,结果表明,所提出的多轴寿命预测模型具有更好的预测精度,适用于比例与非比例加载条件。     

Substantiation of the predicted fatigue curve for structural elements of aluminum alloy

The paper provides a more specific definition of the method for calculating fatigue life of aluminum alloy structural elements by a local stress-strain state in pulsating regular loading. The calculated results are compared to the test data for specimens with a free and filled holes and for lugs. Recommendations on the method application for calculating fatigue life by nominal stresses are given.     

三维应力状态下高温低周疲劳寿命分析

通过带缺口的圆柱形ＬＤ８铝合金度样的高温低周疲劳试验，并应用ＴＭＦ程序，进行了轴对称问题的循环应力应变计算，探讨了应用当量应变范围评价三维低周疲劳特性，研究结果表明，三维应力状态下，当量应变范围可以作为三维高温低周疲劳的有效力学参量。     

Mixed-mode fatigue crack growth analysis of functionally graded materials by XFEM

The present study investigates the fatigue life of a functionally graded material (FGM) made of aluminum alloy and alumina (ceramic) under cyclic mixed mode loading. The fatigue lives of aluminum alloy, FGM and an equivalent composite (having the same composition as of FGM) are compared for a major edge crack in the rectangular domain. The extended finite element method is used to simulate the fatigue crack growth under plane strain conditions. Various discontinuities such as minor cracks, holes and inclusions of arbitrary sizes are randomly located in the domain along with the major edge crack. Paris law is used to evaluate the fatigue life of the aluminium alloy, FGM and equivalent composite.     

Effect of Particulate Silicon Carbide on Cyclic Plastic Strain Response and Fracture Behavior of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Metal Matrix Composites

In this paper, the cyclic stress response and cyclic stress–strain response characteristics, cyclic strain resistance and low-cycle fatigue life, and mechanisms governing the deformation and fracture behavior of aluminum alloy 6061 discontinuously reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particulates are presented and discussed. Two different volume fractions of the carbide particulate reinforcement phase in the aluminum alloy metal matrix are considered. The composite specimens were cyclically deformed using fully reversed tension–compression loading under total strain-amplitude-control. The stress response characteristic was observed to vary with strain amplitude. The plastic strain-fatigue life response was found to degrade with an increase in carbide particulate content in the metal matrix. The fracture behavior of the composite is discussed in light of the interactive influences of composite microstructural effects, cyclic strain amplitude and concomitant response stress, deformation characteristics of the composite constituents and cyclic ductility.     

扭转疲劳试验的探索性研究

介绍了扭转疲劳试验方法的探索性研究，并对不锈钢，铝合金及结构钢进行了扭转疲劳试验研究，结果表明，这几种材料的扭转疲劳寿命取决于轴向切应变与切向应变的相位差。     

Damage accumulation modeling under uniaxial low cycle fatigue at elevated temperatures

The paper presents a fatigue damage accumulation model, which allows us to predict fatigue life under low cycle uniaxial loadings at elevated temperatures. The structure of the model has been based on the stress–strain curves obtained during the experimental study. The model has been verified experimentally by applying experimental studies carried out on ENAW-2024T3 aluminum alloy and 2Cr–2WVTa steel. Moreover, a comparison between the results of fatigue life prediction using the proposed damage accumulation model was done with the results obtained on the basis of various generally applied models, based on the Manson–Coffin dependency. Furthermore this paper presents the results of experimental studies carried out on the aluminum alloy ENAW 2024 T3 under uniaxial low cycle fatigue loadings in the conditions of elevated temperatures. In the course of the study, material constants and the parameters of the stress–strain curve in the range of low cycle fatigue for four levels of temperatures (20, 100, 200 and 300 °C) were set.     

Fatigue behavior and dislocation substructures for 6063 aluminum alloy under nonproportional loadings

In this paper, the fatigue behavior and dislocation substructures of 6063 aluminum alloy were studied under several nonproportional path loadings, which were circle, ellipse, rectangle and square paths. After fatigue test the micro-structure especially the dislocation substructures of the failure materials was carefully observed with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) method. Under the same 93 MPa equivalent stress amplitude loading, the alloy has the shortest life and the most severe cyclic additional hardening with circle path loading among all the loading paths. This attributes to the complicated dislocation substructures and severe stress concentration of the alloy during the cycling process. While under the ellipse path loading, the alloy has a comparably long life and light cyclic additional hardening. The deformation of the alloy and the morphology of the dislocation substructures determine the fatigue behavior of 6063 alloy under the same equivalent stress amplitude loading. Under the circle path loading, the fatigue life decreases while the cyclic strain increases as the loading stress amplitude increases from 47 MPa to 163 MPa. The dislocation evolution of 6063 alloy during the cycling process under circle path loading was examined with TEM. It was found that the dislocation merges with each other and changes from single lines to crossed bands. The movability of dislocation reduces and the stress concentration degree rises during the cycling process.