Tonle Sap Lake,Cambodia: A perspective on its transborder hydrological and resources governance

Tonle Sap Lake is the largest freshwater lake in South East Asia, being situated at the heart of the Mekong River Basin. Governance of the lake over the recent past has been weak and overly complex, and the basin governance structure has changed over time in terms of its fisheries management framework. The governance framework initially focused on the commercial exploitation of fish resources, but has more recently switched to a community‐based fisheries management, biodiversity conservation and open access model. This study discusses how the water flows occurring between the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake complicate the governance of the lake, and particularly its fisheries, biodiversity, land and water management activities. The establishment of the Tonle Sap Authority (TSA) in 2007 sought to address the governance challenges facing the lake. The current study concludes, however, that the TSA alone is not sufficient and that global, regional and national stakeholders must make an effort to ensure the water flows between the lake and the Mekong River are themselves considered a core governance issue for the Tonle Sap.     

Enhancing institutional dynamics for multiple uses of water amidst climate‐related risks: The case of Lake Buhi,Philippines

This study examined the current governance system for Lake Buhi, Philippines. It describes stakeholder patterns of decision‐making, their roles in the decision‐making process based on their legal mandates, the manner of interactions, the sources of conflict and how these various issues are currently resolved. Stakeholders represent diverse interests, including irrigation, hydropower generation, fishery management and navigation. This study uses data generated from ten key informant interviews of the different stakeholders, information from five round table discussions, and secondary data and reports of various agencies. The results indicate that Lake Buhi and its watershed present classic man‐in‐nature governance challenges. The interplay of internal and external uncertainties regarding multiple uses results in a complex system that is difficult to effectively manage. Climate‐related hazards aggravate the pressures from activities within the lake watershed, complicating water allocation issues. The institutional arrangements that have emerged to address these challenges, however, appear to be fraught with overlaps, fragmentation and a lack of communication. It is thought these deficiencies could be addressed by establishing a lake basin council with representation from all the involved organizations, as well as any stakeholder groups not represented by organizations. The system of governance over the lake must address issues concerning water uses and access to the resource. The capacity of the organizations to participate in such an arrangement is weak, however, and capacity building is needed. The availability and sharing of data and information among stakeholders are also weak and must be strengthened if the work of the lake basin council is to be based on the best available information.     

Better governance for integrated management of the Lake Biwa—Yodo River Basin

The present study discusses the efforts of the Union of Kansai Governments to resolve serious issues in the Lake Biwa—Yodo River Basin in Japan. It identifies many of the issues related to the basin on a ‘no man's land’ mindset of today's governmental framework, which has constrained both the will and the approach to remedy the associated problems. It also highlights better governance that not only encourages individual efforts, but also promotes collaboration and cooperation among the major stakeholders in the area, as important to developing acceptable solutions to relevant issues. The present study also recognizes objective scientific evidence as an effective driver for improving governance, being the basis for making informed decisions and highlighting the use of appropriate indicators to evaluate the conditions characterizing a specific location or the basin as a whole. The present study also describes the Union of Kansai Governments as a behind‐the‐scenes coordinator that gathers knowledge and intelligence on the basin, and works to integrate policies by getting basin stakeholders to gradually improve governance by repeating a cycle of: (a) recognizing the current situation; (b) identifying relevant issues to be addressed; (c) establishing a framework and policy for collaboration and corporation; and (d) taking necessary actions. To this end, the present study discusses the studies and efforts of the Union of Kansai Governments to develop and implement integrated management of this important interlinked lake–river water system in Japan.     

历史维度下的河西走廊水利问题研究

社会建设和生态文明建设中,历史维度是不可或缺的一环,流域管理亦然。通过对河西走廊近代水资源开发利用历史的回顾,分析了甘肃省河西走廊地区石羊河、疏勒河及讨赖河流域的水资源开发利用、社会经济发展和流域管理的演变,重点探讨了河西走廊地区历史上形成的"以时分水"的时间水权制度的运行情况、人类活动影响下流域水循环特征变化导致时间水权制度失效的机理,以及讨赖河流域传统分水模式与现代水利制度衔接的现实需求与可能方式。研究认为,在历史维度下进行流域管理问题研究,对于深入认识河西走廊水环境演化规律、深刻理解水资源开发利用管理问题的现实内涵、科学制定传统水资源管理与现实发展要求衔接的可行方案具有重要意义。     

Socio‐economic and institutional assessment of Malaysia's first biosphere reserve: Chini Lake

Despite being designated the first UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Malaysia, the Chini Lake Basin experiences continuing management challenges attributable to existing sectoral management practices and differences in demands of multiple stakeholders. Accordingly, a socio‐economic survey and stakeholder consultative process were undertaken, involving relevant stakeholders in the lake basin. The consultative process involved: (a) identification and prioritization of relevant stakeholders; (b) assessment of their socio‐economic activities and perceptions; (c) organization of focus group discussions between basin stakeholders; and (d) development of management recommendations in collaboration with stakeholders. The results of this study indicated the local community's way of living has changed from traditional occupations to a wage economy. Overlapping functions and lack of communication were among the major identified challenges facing by Chini Lake. Multiple strategies were proposed to promote environmental protection and good governance of Chini Lake, including formation of special area plans and strengthening institutional arrangements to sustainably manage the Chini Lake catchment. An effective authority also is necessary to improve communication and coordination of programmes by the various basin agencies and communities.     

黄盖湖流域防洪规划方案研究

黄盖湖地处长江中游南岸,是湖南省、湖北省的界湖,多年来由于缺乏系统治理,致使洪涝灾害严重。根据黄盖湖流域的现状及其洪水特性开展了分析研究工作。研究结果认为,黄盖湖流域洪水过程时间短,通过加强单退垸建设,在关键时刻启用单退垸,可以有效降低洪峰水位。根据研究结果,制定了比选方案,通过方案比选,确定采用依靠堤防、铁山咀泵站、单退垸建设等一些工程措施以及由防洪非工程措施组成的综合防洪规划方案。该方案可为保障流域的防洪安全提供基础支撑。     

Carrying capacity and vulnerability of four Asian lakes: A comparative study

To present axes for evaluating the water resources, lake environment and water use in a lake and its watershed, a comparative study was done for four East Asian lakes; lake Kasumigaura (Japan), Lake Laguna (Philippines), Lake Songkhla (Thailand) and Lake Dianchi (China). Two axes were then determined from the relationship between: (1) water use and water supply rate, and (2) water use and water quality. To clarify the meanings ‘carrying capacity’ and ‘vulnerability’, the maximum population density in the lake basin and total nitrogen concentration in the lake water were calculated and discussed to decide the direction of environmentally sound management of the drainage basin.     

流域视角下京津冀水污染协同治理路径探析

京津冀协同治理水污染是海河流域建设的核心与立足点,探寻三地联防、联控、联治措施与协同机制是解决水污染问题的关键。在系统梳理三地分治水污染的局限性和区域协同治理的有效性的基础上,提出"扎实区域协同、迈向流域共治"的流域化治理理念。通过剖析海河流域治理瓶颈,发现瓶颈主要在于:资源型缺水和水质型缺水的双重水资源压力,流域权威机构和顶层立法缺失的管理矛盾,以及局部性工程和阶段性补偿的治理局限。针对上述问题,从流域资源保障、管理机制和治理模式方面提出一体化实现路径,即从统筹配置水资源量、制定流域水环境目标、重塑流域管理机构、确立统一流域法体系、发展一体化治理模式、深化多元长效补偿机制6个方面,解决跨区域水环境治理工作中合作不彻底的问题。流域一体化理念及其实现路径的研究可为海河及类似跨界流域的水环境治理提供参考。     

太湖流域治水实践回顾与思考

系统治理和综合治理是流域治理中至关重要的思想,是解决流域性水问题的有效方法论.太湖流域因湖得名、因水而兴,在我国经济社会发展中占有举足轻重的地位.流域治水始终围绕兴水利、除水害、保发展、惠民生,先驱们为之进行了长期艰苦的实践与探索,逐渐形成了系统治理和综合治理的治水思想,并成为流域各地治水的重要遵循,未来也将不断传承与...     

Sustainability Analysis for Yellow River Water Resources Using the System Dynamics Approach

The water resource issue is one of the most significant problemsthat the Yellow River basin will face this century, and one which has received much attention by public and government for several years. Water authorities will face great challenges in meeting the in-stream flow requirements and providing more water for growing populations, industry and agriculture. In order toevaluate the sustainability of the water resource system inthe study area, an object-oriented system dynamics approachhas been used to develop a model for the water resourcessystem in the Yellow River basin, which is referred to asthe Water Resources System Dynamics (WRSD) model. It hasbeen developed for simulating a water resource system andcapturing the dynamic character of the main elements affectingwater demand and supply in the study area. For thebusiness-as-usual (BaU) scenario, the water demands in theYellow River basin are estimated 50.9, 56.5, and 59.5billion m³ for 2010, 2020, and 2030. The existing andpotential water supplies from surface water, aquifers andtreated waste-water are estimated, and potential waterdemands for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses areprojected. Various water supply and demand scenarios havethen been explored by changing variables and parameters,and the sustainability index of the water supply system isestimated for different sub-regions over various periods.     

State-of-the-art review of transboundary water governance in the Euphrates–Tigris river basin

This article reviews the state of the art of transboundary water governance in the Euphrates–Tigris river basin, which is characterized by both political confrontation and cooperative institutional development. First, research on the physical characteristics of the basin is presented, with references to the literature on large-scale water development projects that underpin transboundary water interactions. Then, contending approaches to transboundary water governance are discussed, with specific references to the evolution of institutions. Finally, bearing in mind that transboundary water governance in the basin occurs in volatile political circumstances, current issues such as control of the water infrastructure by non-state violent actors and protection of water during armed conflict are scrutinized.     

引江济太工程与太湖流域水资源可持续利用刍议

太湖流域突出的水环境问题引起国家和社会各界的高度关注,两年的引江济太试验对缓解太湖水质恶化、使死水流动产生了明显的作用和效益.但是太湖流域的水环境修复和保护在本质上仍然还是要先治污.因此,引江济太工程需要与太湖流域水资源可持续利用和水环境综合治理规划有机结合,分阶段实施.     

Crossing boundaries between science and policy: Two case studies illustrate the importance of boundary organizations in the Great Lakes Basin

Boundary organizations are institutions that interface between science and policy by facilitating interactions between scientists, policy specialists, and other stakeholders to inform collaborative decision-making. Natural resource management in the Great Lakes Basin is complex and a shared exercise among two federal governments, eight states, two provinces, and over 200 sovereign Tribes, First Nations, and Métis. Many governmental agencies have recognized a need to effectively engage with other jurisdictions in order to bridge the gaps between scientific knowledge and policy decisions. As a result, boundary organizations have emerged to facilitate planning and implementation of collaborative governance frameworks. This commentary highlights how decades of shared governance of the world’s largest freshwater surface water system is augmented and assisted by boundary organizations in addressing two key Great Lakes management issues – Western Lake Erie Basin nutrient levels and Lake Michigan fisheries – which are complex, broad in scale, and pose challenges that must be addressed collaboratively across jurisdictions. While there are many governmental and non-governmental entities that engage in boundary organization-like behaviors, this commentary will be centered on three key institutions: The Great Lakes Executive Committee’s Annex 4 (Nutrients) Subcommittee, the Great Lakes Commission, and the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. We illustrate how each organization procedurally engages stakeholders, especially within state and provincial jurisdictions, to produce information and products that add breadth and capacity to manage the ecosystems of the Great Lakes. We also highlight areas of success and opportunities for improvement in collaborative governance frameworks now and into the future.     

太湖涉水建设项目防洪影响控制性技术指标初探

为规范太湖流域涉水项目的建设,保障流域防洪安全,在调查分析太湖流域主要涉水项目建设状况的基础上,提出了太湖流域涉水建设项目防洪影响控制性技术指标体系,初步构建了以"防洪安全"为目标层,以"建筑物形式、行洪畅通、河势稳定、水利工程安全、防洪标准、规划相适性、其他影响"等7个方面为准则层,以23项具体指标为指标层的防洪影响控制性技术指标体系。指标体系的构建为太湖流域涉水建设项目的设计、审批与管理提供了技术支撑。     

A national research and development blueprint for sustainable lake basin management in Malaysia

The deterioration of water quality in lakes resulting from unsustainable catchment practices requires concerted efforts to address them, in the form of cooperation among government agencies and institutions, private bodies and the community‐at‐large. Research that provides an understanding of a lake's ecosystem is an important aspect of making informed decisions for sustainable management and governance of lakes. The present study describes the findings of literature reviews on Malaysian lakes, and the national efforts made to establish an agenda for lake research and development in Malaysia directed towards integrated lake basin management (ILBM). The main findings and outcomes of the National Lake Research Blueprint workshop in April 2014 on the issues facing lakes and reservoirs are highlighted. Seven research themes were identified, namely (i) ecosystem services and socio‐economic development, (ii) governance, (iii) water quality and pollution, (iv) eco‐hydrology and basin management, (v) biodiversity and natural products, (vi) physical limnology and hydrodynamics and (vii) technology. The goal is to enhance research and development on sustainable lake basin management directed to conservation and development targets. The findings of this study provide an integrated research framework that can support ILBM governance elements (pillars) elsewhere, and to call for researchers to participate in much‐needed research areas.     

泰晤士河流域与太湖流域水污染治理比较分析

对太湖流域与泰晤士河流域的水污染治理过程进行比较分析。通过对两流域的主要特征、污染情况、水污染治理等方面的对比分析,总结太湖流域水污染治理的经验教训,并借鉴泰晤士河流域的治理经验,提出有针对性的太湖治理建议。     

河湖长制下跨界河湖联合管理保护对策研究——以太湖为例

以太湖流域为例,通过文献整理、现场调研、座谈交流等方式,梳理太湖流域生态环境现状和管理情况,总结太湖流域联合管理保护经验,分析太湖流域联合管理保护方面存在的不足。在此基础上,从推进流域整体管理保护立法、出台跨界河湖联防联控指导意见、统一规划、统一标准、加强河湖保护和治理协同作业、以水定产、绿色发展等方面,提出加强太湖流域联合管理保护的对策建议,以期能对提升太湖流域跨界综合管理与河湖长制推行水平有所帮助。     

Managing resources through stakeholder networks: collaborative water governance for Lake Naivasha basin,Kenya

Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis were used to analyze stakeholders’ social and structural characteristics based on their interests, influence and interactions in Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya. Even though the Kenyan government and its agencies seem to command higher influence and interest in water resource management, the presence of influential and central stakeholders from non-government sectors plays a key role in strengthening partnership in a governance environment with multiple sectors, complex issues and competing interests. Interactions in the basin are guided by stakeholders’ interest and sphere of influence, which have both promoted participation in implementing a collaborative water governance framework.     

CAS理论在滇池流域水资源配置中的应用

基于复杂适应系统（CAS—Complex Adaptive System）理论,研究滇池流域水资源配置系统的演化机制,描述滇池复杂适应水资源配置系统“学习”的特点和本质、各用水及供水主体的影响因素和反应规则。随后,建立了滇池流域水资源配置的CAS模型。基于此模型,利用Matlab优化平台,预测了不同规划年滇池流域各部门的需水量,给出了流域仅在滇池水域与掌鸠河云龙水库供水条件下的水资源配置结果。最后,分析了利用CAS理论研究流域水资源配置的优越性,并给出了相应的结论。     

Poyang Lake basin: a successful, large-scale integrated basin management model for developing countries

Protection of water environment while developing socio-economy is a challenging task for lake regions of many developing countries. Poyang Lake is the largest fresh water lake in China, with its total drainage area of 160,000 km2. In spite of rapid development of socio-economy in Poyang Lake region in the past several decades, water in Poyang Lake is of good quality and is known as the "last pot of clear water" of the Yangtze River Basin in China. In this paper, the reasons of "last pot of clear water" of Poyang Lake were analysed to demonstrate how economic development and environmental protection can be coordinated. There are three main reasons for contributing to this coordinated development: 1) the unique geomorphologic features of Poyang Lake and the short water residence time; 2) the matching of the basin physical boundary with the administrative boundary; and 3) the implementation of "Mountain-River-Lake Program" (MRL), with the ecosystem concept of "mountain as source, river as connection flow, and lake as storage". In addition, a series of actions have been taken to coordinate development, utilisation, management and protection in the Poyang Lake basin. Our key experiences are: considering all basin components when focusing on lake environment protection is a guiding principle; raising the living standard of people through implementation of various eco-economic projects or models in the basin is the most important strategy; preventing soil and water erosion is critical for protecting water sources; and establishing an effective governance mechanism for basin management is essential. This successful, large-scale basin management model can be extended to any basin or lake regions of developing countries where both environmental protection and economic development are needed and coordinated.