Assessment of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the Tarkwa gold mining area of Ghana using epiphytic lichens

In situ lichens (Parmelia sulcata) have been used to assess atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the Tarkwa gold mining area of Ghana. Total heavy metal concentrations obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) were processed by positive matrix factorization (PMF), principal component (PCA) and cluster (CA) analyses. The pollution index factor (PIF) and pollution load index (PLI) criteria revealed elevated levels of Sb, Mn, Cu, V, Al, Co, Hg, Cd and As in excess of the background values. The PCA and CA classified the examined elements into anthropogenic and natural sources, and PMF resolved three primary sources/factors: agricultural activities and other non-point anthropogenic origins, natural soil dust, and gold mining activities. Gold mining activities, which are characterized by dominant species of Sb, Th, As, Hg, Cd and Co, and significant contributions of Cu, Al, Mn and V, are the main contributors of heavy metals in the atmosphere of the study area.     

某铀尾矿库周边土壤中铀元素的空间分布与污染评价

为查明某铀尾矿库周边土壤中铀元素的空间分布特征及污染程度,对该铀尾矿库进行了现场采样,利用便携式XRF元素分析仪进行了原位测试,并采用SPSS软件对铀元素的测试数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:该铀尾矿库周边土壤中铀元素含量的平均值分别是中国及其所在省土壤中铀元素含量背景值的4倍和2.3倍,而样品中铀元素含量变异系数达到61.84%,属于强变异,且样品中铀元素含量的统计频数属于正偏态分布,这说明该铀尾矿库对其周边土壤产生了一定的污染效应。在统计分析基础上,运用单因子污染指数法与地质累积指数法,并结合Arc GIS空间分析功能对该铀尾矿库周边土壤中铀元素污染程度进行了定量评价,评价结果表明,主要污染区域集中在该铀尾矿库坝址区0~500 m范围内及尾矿库NE侧的应急处理池周围0~100 m内,该评价结果可为铀尾矿库治理及植物修复提供基础数据。     

Elemental analysis of rain－and fresh water by neutron activation analysis

Analysis of rain-and fresh water for trace constitutents is a mandatory part of environmental monitoring.This text gives a survey of neutron activation analysis(NAA) within the framework of current environmental water research programmes.based on the practice developed in co-operation with the Dutch Energy Research Centre at Petten(ECN).While the procedures reported in literature cover obout thirty five elements,our routine procedures of instrumental neutron activation analysis(INAA) is limited to ten to fifteen elements.THe use of some dedicated radiochemical separations(RNAA) adds another six,some of which are speciated as well.Current contributions of NAA to water analysis center on determination and speciation of anionic trace elements,notably Br.I,As,and Se,on the assay of some ultra traces like Ag,Au and Hg and on validation.     

Using different analytical techniques to study beach rocks of Tamilnadu, India

Beach rocks samples were collected from South East Coast of Tamilnadu, India. The mineralogical com-position was determined using FT-IR and XRD. The natural radioactive measurements to detect radioactive elements were determined by gamma ray spectrometer. The multi-element analyses were carried out by INAA (Instrumental neutron activation analysis), with the standard Estuarine Sediment as reference material. The geochemical behavior of elements in the region is discussed. The occurrence of the radioactive and non-radioactive elements is discussed for their geological significance. The results were used to assess environmental toxicity of heavy metals and radiation hazard in the study area.     

微生物还原固化技术在铀尾矿(渣)渗水污染防控中的应用

基于对我国铀尾矿(渣)库渗水排放及处理现状的分析,为解决石灰中和存在的反酸、污染物持续溶出等问题,提出了微生物还原固化铀的污染源头防控思路。调查了铀的物质特性以及微生物与铀的相互作用机理、影响因素等研究现状,确定了微生物还原固化技术对铀尾矿(渣)渗水治理的适用性和技术可行性。分析和展望了铀尾矿(渣)库的污染防控需求,明确了微生物还原固化技术应用前景的广阔性。结合技术研究现状,提出了工程应用的主要难点包括维持并最大化微生物在特定环境中的功能、优化微生物注入的工程技术方案两个方面,这是微生物还原固化效果长期稳定性的关键所在。     

中子活化分析测定烟道中不同粒径颗粒物的元素含量

本工作用中子活化分析方法测定两种锅炉的烟道中不同粒径颗粒物的39种元素浓度,有利于查清和分析本地区大气污染的主要来源、数量和种类,有利于制定大气污染防治对策,并为利用接收体模式计算燃煤和燃油锅炉对大气颗粒物的贡献率提供必要的数据。     

江西省修水县石煤矿区放射性环境调查与评价

石煤的开发和综合利用对环境有可能造成一定的污染,其中影响环境放射性水平增高和居民受照剂量增加等辐射方面的污染问题较为敏感以及突出。本次研究对江西省主要石煤资源区——修水县一处典型石煤矿的放射性环境进行调查,通过多介质采样分析以及现场监测γ辐射空气吸收剂量率和地面γ能谱相结合,综合研究该区放射性核素分布与环境γ剂量率之间的关系,利用公式估算石煤矿区居民辐射剂量并评价其环境辐射情况。结果表明,调查范围内的石煤矿区地面γ辐射空气吸收剂量率的平均值达到了662 nGy/h,该处铀矿主要形式为碳硅泥岩型,区内石煤、石煤渣、土壤、水样放射性核素测量值都高于省内相应介质的本底值,石煤矿的开采需接受专业的监管。     

Elemental analysis of mining wastes by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF)

An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) tri-axial geometry experimental spectrometer has been employed to determine the concentrations of 13 different elements (K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Pb) in mine wastes from different depths of two mine tailings from the Cartagena-La Union (Spain) mining district. The elements were determined and quantified using the fundamental parameters method. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb were compared to the values from the European and Spanish legislation to evaluate the environmental risk and to classify the wastes as inert wastes or as wastes that have to be control land-filled. The results obtained demonstrate that these wastes can be considered as inert for the considered elements, apart from the concentration levels of Zn and Pb. Whilst Zn slightly overpasses the regulatory levels, Pb mean value exceeds three to six times the value to be considered as Class I potential land-filling material.     

冬季上海吴淞地区大气颗粒物PM10的元素主成分分析

从2002年12月到2003年2月,利用8通道采样器对上海吴淞地区进行3个月的大气气溶胶PM10(空气动力学直径小于10μm的颗粒)的采样。使用质子激发X射线荧光(PIXE)分析方法进行了多元素质量浓度测定,然后对获取数据进行主成分分析,讨论了吴淞地区8个风向采集的PM10中含有的主要化学元素成分和可能的来源。     

基于还原体系的气溶胶中铀同位素分析方法研究

铀的同位素分析对铀的辐射剂量评价和环境污染源调查工作有重要意义。本文建立了以抗坏血酸为还原剂的气溶胶样品铀同位素分析方法,将气溶胶样品全融处理,离子交换法对铁、钚等干扰元素的去除效果良好,铀同位素的放化回收率为74.5%～93.6%,平均值为81.5%,能够满足气溶胶样品铀同位素常规分析的要求。     

用中子活化分析法研究产妇及其新生儿发中汞含量的相关性

以人发作“监示器”，用中子活化法分析了２７对北京海淀区产妇、婴儿发样中的汞含量，以研究汞在孕妇体内的转移及在新生儿体内的蓄积。发现婴儿发汞与母亲发汞呈显著线性正相关（ｒ＝＋０．８５６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；婴儿发汞平均值比母亲发汞值高１２％；母亲发汞有随怀孕时间的增加而逐渐降低的趋势。     

Golden glazes analysis by PIGE and PIXE techniques

We present the analysis performed on the chemical composition of two golden glazes available in the market using the PIGE and PIXE techniques at the ITN ion beam laboratory. The analysis of the light elements was performed using the Emitted Radiation Yield Analysis (ERYA) code, a standard-free method for PIGE analysis on thick samples. The results were compared to those obtained on an old glaze. Consistently high concentrations of lead and sodium were found in all analyzed golden glazes. The analysis of the samples pointed to Mo and Co as the specific elements responsible of the gold colour at the desired temperature, and allowed Portuguese ceramists to produce a golden glaze at 997 °C. Optical reflection spectra of the glazes are given, showing that the produced glaze has a spectrum similar to the old glaze. Also, in order to help the ceramists, the unknown compositions of four different types of frits (one of the components of glazes) were analysed.     

Instrumental neutron activation analysis of beachrock samples of South East Coast of Tamilnadu, India

Element profiles of some beach rock samples collected from South East Coast of Tamilnadu, India have been determined using single comparator method of INAA. The geo-chemical behavior of the elements in the region is discussed. The irradiations were done at thermal neutron flux of ~ 1011 cm-2·s-1 at 20kW power using Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI), IGCAR, Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu, India. Around 19 elements have been determined from 15 samples by high-resolution gamma spectrometry. The accuracy and precision were evaluated by assaying the irradiated Standard Reference Material (SRM 1646a Estuarine sediment) and were found to be in good agreement with certified values.     

中子活化分析法对洪古勒楞蛇绿岩中变质橄榄岩的地球化学研究

用预富集中子活化分析法测定了新疆洪古勒楞蛇绿岩中的稀土元素(REE)，用仪器中子活化法测定了微量元素。依据测定结果分析了微量的稀土元素和过渡金属元素及不相容元素地球化学特征。认为二辉橄榄岩X-49可能代表原始地幔的化学成分，方辉橄榄岩X-44可能为上地幔部分熔融后残留的地幔物质，纯橄榄岩X-55、X-57可能为镁铁质熔融体在上地幔内以堆晶作用形成的超镁铁质岩类。     

大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5元素组成的中子活化分析

在北京市郊区设立采样点，使用Gent采样器收集PM₁₀（直径小于10μm）和PM_2.5（直径小于2.5μm）大气颗粒物。利用仪器中子活化分析（INAA）法对2005年春、夏两季采集的样品进行测量，用k₀法中子活化分析（ADVNAA软件）对元素含量进行定量计算，得出春季PM_2.5平均浓度为41.43μg/m^₃，PM₁₀平均浓度为140.82μg/m³；夏季PM_2.5平均浓度为50.63μg/m³，PM₁₀平均浓度为119.10μg/m³。通过分析可以看出，样品中污染元素随季节、气象条件变化，并通过富集因子来寻找污染元素的来源。[JP]     

Investigation of trace elements in ancient pottery from Jenini, Brong Ahafo region, Ghana by INAA and Compton suppression spectrometry

Concentrations of trace elements in ancient pottery excavated from Jenini in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in conjunction with both conventional and Compton suppression counting. Jenini was a slave Camp of Samory Toure during the indigenous slavery and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Pottery fragments found during the excavation of the grave tombs of the slaves who died in the slave camps were analysed. In all, 26 trace elements were determined in 40 pottery fragments. These elemental concentrations were processed using multivariate statistical methods, cluster, factor and discriminant analyses in order to determine similarities and correlation between the various samples. The suitability of the two counting systems for determination of trace elements in pottery objects has been evaluated.     

退役铀矿环境治理实践

本文简要介绍了我国首批退役的处于高镉背景和镉地球化学生态脆弱区的湖南某铀矿山的放射性与重金属污染的综合治理实践。通过坑口堵水、废石场复土植被和对镉污染农田实施农业生态工程整治,切断了污染物的食物链转移,既达到了保障公众辐射安全的目的,又为当地农业可持续发展创造了良好条件。     

用仪器中子活化分析法检验环境土壤标样的均匀度

近年来,国际上标准参考物质的种类与数量急剧增加,一些重要的领域,象地球化学、环境科学、生物学等都有了相应的SRM。国内研制SRM的工作也十分活跃。 标准样品必须均匀,故在分析定值和样品发行前,需要先作均匀性检验。由于均匀性是一个相对的概念,它与各个元素在SRM中的分布紧密相关。取样量直接影响均匀性的好坏。因此,当给出SRM中某元素的均匀性数值时,必须注明相应的取样量。由于仪器中子活化分析法(INAA)具有灵敏度高、不破坏试样、且可同时测定多种元素等特点,因此可在较小的取样量情况下,实现对SRM中多种痕量元素的均匀性检验。