中国原子能科学研究院紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器剥离引出技术研究

中国原子能科学研究院(CIAE)在20世纪90年代建造了一台30 MeV紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器后,经过近30年的发展,先后自主研发成功了基于剥离引出技术的能量为10 MeV、14 MeV、100 MeV、硼中子俘获治疗用14 MeV/1 mA等系列能量的紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器。建成的100 MeV紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器(CYCIAE-100),是目前国际上能量较高的一台紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器,最高流强达到520 μA,束流功率达到52 kW。建成的硼中子俘获治疗用的质子回旋加速器,也是我国首次自主研发成功的引出质子束流强达到mA量级的强流质子回旋加速器。在系列能量的紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器研发过程中,CIAE对剥离引出后的束流色散效应、剥离膜与束流夹角对引出后的束流品质的影响、单圈剥离引出技术等紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器剥离引出技术等方面展开了研究,且自主开发出了剥离引出计算程序,为紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器的应用作出了贡献。     

Physics design of a 70 MeV high intensity cyclotron, CYCIAE-70

This paper introduces the physics design of a 70 MeV high intensity cyclotron at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), which is aimed for multiple uses including radioactive ion-beam (RIB) production. The machine adopts a compact structure of four straight sectors, capable of accelerating two kinds of beams, i.e. H⁻ and D⁻ . The proton and deuteron beam will be extracted in dual opposite directions by charge exchange stripping devices. The energy of the extracted proton beam is in the range 35-70 MeV with an intensity up to 700 μA. The corresponding values for the deuteron beam are 18-33 MeV and 40 μA. This paper will present the main characteristics and parameters in the design of the 70 MeV cyclotron, the results of the basic beam dynamics study, as well as the physics in the design of the different systems, including the main magnet, RF, injection and extraction systems, etc.     

The cyclotron development activities at CIAE

The cyclotron has an obvious advantage in offering high average current and beam power. Cyclotron development for various applications, e.g. radioactive ion-beam (RIB) generation, clean nuclear energy systems, medical diagnostics and isotope production, were performed at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) for over 50 years. At the moment two cyclotrons are being built at CIAE, the 100 MeV, CYCIAE-100, and a 14 MeV, the CYCIAE-14. Meanwhile, we are designing and proposing to build a number of cyclotrons with different energies, among them are the CYCIAE-70, the CYCIAE-800, and the upgrading of CYCIAE-CRM, which is going to increase its beam current to mA level. The contribution will present an overall introduction to the cyclotron development activities conducted at CIAE, with different emphasis to each project in order to demonstrate the design and construction highlights.     

10MeV强流回旋加速器的束流调试

10MeV强流回旋加速器在中国原子能科学研究院研制成功,并取得了先进的束流指标。它是国内自主研发的首台紧凑型强流回旋加速器,具有多项技术特点。在其建造、调试过程中解决了诸多技术问题,作为一个回旋加速器综合实验装置,它不但为在建的100MeV回旋加速器提供了设计验证手段,而且也是强流回旋加速器关键部件的综合实验平台。它的建造成功,为小型回旋加速器的国产化提供了技术保证,为推广加速器在我国核医学领域的应用创造了条件。本文将重点介绍它的调试过程、解决的关键问题及调试结果。     

基于100 MeV紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器的束流切割器研制

通过理论分析和仿真模拟对中国原子能科学研究院一台100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器的束流切割器进行了优化设计,并同时研制出两套束流切割器进行实测对比,选定最佳方案。该切割器波形选择为回旋加速器高频频率的16分频28 MHz正弦波,具有结构紧凑体积小、螺旋谐振器Q相对较高、加载切割电压较高且功率损耗低、无需水冷等特点,同时配套研制了一套开口形状为正方形的选束狭缝装置。最后在实验终端成功获得了能量为100 MeV、重复频率为56 MHz的脉冲质子束。该切束器的成功研制不仅满足了核数据测量的应用需求,还极大地推动了回旋加速器束流脉冲化技术的发展。     

100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器的调试

〗中国原子能科学研究院研制的100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器是国际上最大的紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器,取得了多项先进束流指标。截至2018年底,该加速器完成了分系统、整机调试,开展了多项物理实验,已稳定运行2 000 h以上。本文将重点介绍100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器的调试过程以及调试中所解决的关键技术问题和调试结果。     

Overall design of CYCIAE-14, a 14 MeV PET cyclotron

Based on a 10 MeV CRM cyclotron developed at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) with an achieved beam intensity of up to 430 μA, a 14 MeV high intensity compact cyclotron, CYCIAE-14, was designed and being built at CIAE. It is planned that the first machine would be in place with a span of 2 years. CYCIAE-14 is delicately designed to realize strong vertical focusing by adopting a 4-sector, variable hill-gap structure with an external ion source to achieve high intensity. A special design applied to the stripping extraction gives access to dual extraction with four beams. The adoption of sophisticated industrial technology will give the cyclotron advantages, e.g. low power consumption and high reliability. This paper is aimed to present the overall design of the machine, including the basic technical specifications, main magnet and coils, RF, ion source and axial injection, and stripping extraction, etc. It will also give an introduction to its construction schedule as well as the up-to-date progress.     

中国原子能科学研究院回旋加速器束流动力学与多物理场模拟技术发展与应用

经过60年的发展,中国原子能科学研究院（CIAE）独立自主地开展了基于PIC技术的强流回旋加速器束流动力学的大规模并行计算的核心算法研究,开发了CYCPIC2D、CYCPIC3D和OPAL-CYCL等强流回旋加速器束流动力学模拟程序,搭建了专用的高性能并行化计算机群PANDA。本文以CIAE已建成及在研的不同类型的回旋加速器为例,总结了回旋加速器基本束流动力学的分析方法和主要计算结果,并介绍了CIAE在回旋加速器束流动力学与多物理场模拟技术方面的发展与应用。     

中国原子能科学研究院回旋加速器创新与发展60年

中国原子能科学研究院（CIAE）自1958年首台回旋加速器成功出束以来,已经历了60余年的回旋加速器创新与发展,并由此带动了我国核科学技术基础研究和应用技术的发展。本文在简要回顾回旋加速器前30年发展历程的基础上,重点阐述后30年围绕紧凑型回旋加速器的科技创新和应用,主要包括100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器、医用小型回旋加速器、质子治疗超导回旋加速器及高功率等时性圆型加速器等多种先进的质子加速器研发。     

100MeV回旋加速器中心区结构设计

中国原子能科学研究院建成了100 MeV紧凑型强流质子回旋加速器,其引出能量为75~100 MeV,流强为200μA。安装在回旋加速器狭小磁极气隙的中心区与螺旋静电偏转板是关键部件,其结构设计涉及磁场、高频电场、高压静电场、真空、传热等方面。本文介绍了中心区与螺旋静电偏转板的结构设计及使用情况。在设计过程中,采取加大绝缘距离、优化高频连接结构、增加杂散束流阻拦装置等措施,解决了中心区与螺旋静电偏转板在强流注入时可靠工作的问题。本文对螺旋偏转板进行了传热分析,得出了该螺旋偏转板在强流束注入时的温度分布。设计的中心区和螺旋偏转板已安装在加速器上,20μA/100 MeV的引出束流通过了12h稳定性测试,在加速器测试过程中,中心区工作稳定可靠。     

Beam dynamics study for a small, high current 14 MeV PET cyclotron

A 14 MeV high intensity cyclotron CYCIAE-14 dedicated to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is under construction at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). Based on a set of basic technical requirements for the accelerator and its extracted beam, the cyclotron beam dynamics were studied and the results are presented. Static beam dynamics, beam motion inside the machine under imperfection conditions and beam behavior in the extraction process were also investigated. This work gives an in-depth view of the beam dynamics study, numerical simulation as well as the corresponding results and necessary analyses.     

100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器超高真空系统研制

中国原子能科学研究院建成了一台强流质子回旋加速器,其引出能量为100 MeV,流强为200 μA。为减小粒子加速时束流损失的目的,其粒子加速腔内工作真空度要求为6.7×10^-6 Pa。由于是紧凑型加速器结构,该加速器能提供给真空系统利用的通路有限,为此主真空系统设计为内置式低温冷板结合商业低温泵的排气方案以增加系统整体的抽气能力。设计、加工完成的真空系统已成功应用于100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器上,为加速器的束流调试和正常供束提供了有利的保障。     

串列加速器升级工程的计算机控制系统方案设计

描述了中国原子能科学研究院计划建设的串列加速器升级工程的特点,各主要设备的平面布置,以及对控制系统的基本要求,在此基础上完成了控制系统的方案设计,并建立软、硬件的实验平台,对部分设备开展了预先研究工作。     

用于加速器驱动洁净核能系统的微波离子源(英文)

介绍了正在研制的用于加速器驱动洁净核能系统的微波离子源,通过离子源7.3 mm的引出孔可以引出100mA的氢离子束,质子比好于85％,离子源成功地通过了100小时可靠性试验。     

Investigation for the vertical focusing enhancement of compact cyclotron by asymmetrical shimming bar

CYCIAE-100, a 100 MeV H⁻ cyclotron under construction at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), is an AVF compact cyclotron. With energy above 70 MeV, the straight-edge sector magnet, instead of the spiral one normally used for AVF cyclotrons in this case, is still used to simplify the engineering procedures. The vertical focusing is likely not strong enough at the outer region and the Walkinshaw resonance may occur, if either the permeability decreasing tolerance in large scale pure iron castings and forgings, or the fabrication tolerance during the magnet construction, are seriously excessive. Theoretical investigation and numerical simulation results presented in this paper show that this kind of risk could be avoided by using a set of specially designed asymmetrical shimming bars between the pole edge and dummy Dee of the RF cavity at the outer region. In this way, the vertical focusing at outer radius region will increase substantially. This investigation provides a protective measure for the main magnet construction of CYCIAE-100.     

Method on Adjustment of Isochronous Field Change Caused by Temperature Increase for CYCIAE-100 and Experimental Study on Coil Insulation

In the compact cyclotron with small magnetic pole gap, it places high requirement for the isochronous filed, as is the case with the 100 MeV high intensity cyclotron under construction at CIAE. As the gap between the sectors is small, magnetic field in the gap is sensitive to the magnetic pole deformation caused by factors such as temperature increase and electromagnetic force while the machine is in operation. In this case, the isochronous filed should be maintained by compensating the field divergence caused by pole deformation on line to guarantee the normal accelerating of the particles.     

用于硼中子俘获治疗的强流质子回旋加速器中心区结构优化设计

中国原子能科学研究院目前正在研制用于硼中子俘获治疗（BNCT）的强流质子回旋加速器,该加速器设计引出能量14 MeV、质子束流强大于1 mA。相比引出流强为400 μA的PET回旋加速器,BNCT强流质子回旋加速器对中心区相位接收度和轴向聚焦的要求更高。为实现mA量级的束流的加速和引出,BNCT强流质子回旋加速器采取了增加负氢束流注入能量、增大磁铁镶条孔径、使用用于增大Dee盒头部张角的阶梯状结构及调整加速间隙的入口和出口高度等一系列中心区结构优化设计,有效地提高了中心区的相位接收度,改善了轴向电聚焦。在新的离子源注入能量下通过数值计算得到实测场下的轴向电聚焦和间隙高度的关系,选取合适的间隙高度获得最佳的轴向聚焦,从而确定了mA量级束流的注入和加速的中心区结构。同时在设计中考虑空间电荷效应的影响,计算了不同流强下的束流尺寸变化。中心区结构在实测磁场下的优化设计计算结果表明,BNCT强流质子回旋加速器中心区的束流对中好于0.5 mm,相位接收度大于40°,中心区最高可接收流强3 mA。目前,新的中心区结构已进入机械加工阶段。     

300MeV/A H_2~+可变能量超导回旋加速器束流引出物理设计研究

针对单粒子效应测试对质子束能量的要求,中国原子能科学研究院设计了一台300 MeV/A H_2~+超导回旋加速器,该加速器使用超导线圈实现主磁铁小型化,剥离引出H_2~+离子获得可变能量的质子束。通过调节剥离点位置和分析剥离后质子的轨迹与束流包络,对该加速器引出过程的束流动力学进行了研究,完成了引出过程的物理设计。结果表明,此台加速器可在205~240 MeV、265~300 MeV内连续变能量引出质子,在更低能量范围内有单能量点引出质子的能力。     

100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器剥离靶驱动控制系统研制

100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器(CYCIAE-100)加速负氢离子,引出系统为电荷交换方式的双向剥离引出系统,剥离靶是引出系统的核心装置。剥离靶系统四维联动定位精度要求高。为满足剥离靶驱动控制系统要求,采用了PLC控制驱动电路,读取位置反馈信号,对运动控制形成负反馈闭环的控制方法,实现了引出系统的各项运动控制要求并达到了设计指标。经调试,该加速器于2014年7月首次成功引出75~100 MeV质子束流,引出效率达99%以上。剥离靶驱动控制系统经加工调试,满足引出系统的各项技术要求,目前已投入运行2 a,可靠性得到了验证。     

GeV/mA量级高功率圆形加速器中整数共振的抑制与利用

固定场交变梯度加速器（FFAG）是下一代GeV/mA量级高功率加速器的可能性方案,有潜力产生平均功率高达数个兆瓦的质子束。GeV量级等时性FFAG属于圆形加速器,目前主要面临整数共振穿越和高功率束流的高效率引出两个瓶颈问题。为了解决这两项瓶颈问题,本文提出了整数共振抑制器（IRS）的概念。IRS不仅对整数共振有显著的抑制作用,还可以利用整数共振激发可控的径向振荡,扩大引出圈间距,提高引出效率。以中国原子能科学研究院提出的等时性FFAG（CYCIAE-FFAG）方案为例,IRS不仅可有效抑制整数共振引起的束流包络增长（小于5%）,还可以用作引出圈间距优化（扩大至3 cm以上）。理论分析与数值模拟表明,基于IRS的设计方案有潜力成为下一代GeV/mA量级高功率圆形加速器的解决方案。