中国散裂中子源快循环同步加速器束团长度研究

束团长度是中国散裂中子源（CSNS）快循环同步加速器（RCS）束流动力学的关键参数,通过对束团长度的研究,可了解RCS的机器性能并进一步指导机器优化研究。本文对RCS 100 kW时的束团长度进行精确测量,100 kW引出时的束团长度为105 ns。RCS 500 kW时束团长度可能超过无损引出允许值,需压缩束团长度。理论上提高腔压可压缩束团长度,本文模拟研究500 kW时束团长度随腔压曲线的变化规律,模拟结果表明提高加速后半阶段的腔压可压缩束团长度,给出了500 kW时无束流损失引出的腔压曲线。基于100 kW束流条件实验验证了通过提高加速后半阶段腔压来压缩束团长度的有效性和可行性,实验测量结果与模拟结果一致。因此,提高加速后半阶段腔压是500 kW时无损引出束流的有效方法。     

基于腔式探头的束团到达时间测量算法优化

腔式探头具有高信噪比和高灵敏度的特性,TM010模式下在近轴附近的腔体输出信号与束流横向位置无关,信号幅度与电荷量呈正比,信号相位由束团到达时间决定,因此非常适用于高分辨率的束团到达时间测量。上海硬X射线自由电子激光装置（SHINE）对束团到达时间的测量精度要求非常高,期望运用基于谐振腔的束团到达时间监测系统,可实现在100 pC电荷量下分辨率好于25 fs的技术指标。对于高Q的谐振腔信号,单点采样的信噪比随信号的衰减而降低,因此肯定存在一最佳的信号处理窗口。为分析最佳处理窗口与相关参数的定量关系,采用数值仿真和束流实验相结合的办法来研究这个问题。分析发现,存在最佳数据处理时间窗口,该参数只与信号衰减时间常数有关,而与系统采样率、系统信噪比、系统模拟带宽无关。在最佳数据处理时间窗口条件下,束流到达时间测量不确定性可获得最佳值。     

合肥光源的新高频腔阻抗谱计算

用电磁场计算软件MAFIA，在时域和频域两种情况下，对高频腔的耦合阻抗及电子束在此结构中产生的尾场进行了计算。结果表明，新高频腔里存在较强的高次模，需要采取措施加以抑制。     

Magnetic alloy cores for the HIRFL-CSRm compressor cavity

Four types of magnetic alloy cores,labeled as V1,V2,A1 and A2,were produced by Liyuan Corp.Ltd.,for the radio frequency compression cavity of HIRFL-CSRm.In this work,their permeability,quality factor (Q value) and shunt impedance were measured before installing them into the cavity.The results show that the V1,V2 and A2 have higher permeability and shunt impedance,and lower Q value,and are suitable to the radio frequency compression cavity.     

Improvements in time resolution and signal-to-noise ratio in a compact pico-second pulse radiolysis system

A compact pico-second pulse radiolysis system has been developing at Waseda University for studying primary processes in radiation chemistry. The system is composed of a photo-injector system and a pico-second all-solid-state laser system. An infrared (IR) and an ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses are obtained from mode-locked Nd:YLF laser system and used for generation of the white light continuum as a probe light and the irradiation to the Cu cathode of a photo-cathode RF-gun, respectively. To improve signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and time resolution of this pulse radiolysis system, we optimized both probe light and pump electron beam. As a result, our pico-second pulse radiolysis system has been enough to study the primary processes of radiation chemistry. The experimental results and the improvements of our system are described in this paper.     

腔式束流位置探测器的设计与实验研究

束流位置探测器对自由电子激光装置的研制和运行具有重要的意义。其中,腔式束流位置探测器(腔式BPM)又以其高精度、高分辨率的特点而得到广泛的应用。本文对应用于上海深紫外自由电子激光装置上的腔式BPM进行了理论分析、模拟计算和BPM腔的测量等方面的研究。     

兰州高能电子成像实验平台电子束团长度测量研究

为提高高能电子成像的时间和空间分辨率,实验需低能散、低发射度、短脉冲的高品质束流。本文利用相干渡越辐射能谱分析法测量基于热阴极微波电子枪的高能电子成像用直线加速器的电子束团长度。通过用迈克尔逊干涉仪测量太赫兹辐射能谱,利用自相关曲线拟合法得到电子束团长度。实验结果表明,当束流宏脉冲峰值强度约为24 mA,即电荷量约为15 pC时,电子束团均方根长度约为0723 5 ps。另外,用Kramers Kronig(K K)相位分析法可重建一种可能的电子束团纵向分布。电子束团长度测量的研究可优化束流品质,对后续高能电子成像实验有重要的参考意义。     

SHINE腔式BPM系统射频信号调理前端研制

基于低温超导直线加速器的上海硬X射线自由电子激光装置（SHINE）需1个分辨率可达200 nm的束流位置测量系统,以实现电子束与光子束在波荡器中的紧密相互作用和能量交换。现已研制的束流位置测量系统不能完全满足上述要求,为此,基于对关键技术指标的分配,设计研制了一个由C波段腔式探头、低噪声系数的单路下变频至低中频的射频信号调理前端以及专用数字信号束流位置处理器构成的CBPM系统样机。而作为连接腔式探头和数字信号采集电子学之间的桥梁,射频信号调理前端（radio frequency front end, RF前端）的结构和性能也直接决定了CBPM系统的性能。本文从SHINE对CBPM系统的整体需求为出发点,分析了系统对射频信号调理前端的指标分配,提出了一种放大器开关切换型RF前端的方案设计,并成功搭建了1套可模拟束流条件的离线全锁相采样测试平台。此外,在上海软X射线自由电子激光装置（SXFEL）中搭建了测试平台并完成了射频信号调理前端的带束性能评估,束流实验结果表明,在束团电荷量为100 pC、系统动态范围在±100 μm的条件下,采用腔式探头射频信号一分二的评估方法,位置分辨率可达71 nm,优于设计指标需求。     

Cavity Beam Position Monitor System for Shanghai Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser

Shanghai Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser (SXFEL) requires a beam position monitor system with resolution of sub-micron, so the beam based alignment (BBA) method to achieve close coincidence of the electron beam and the photon beam in the undulator section can be used. A cavity beam position monitor (CBPM) system consisting of a C-band cavity probe, a RF front-end and a dedicated digital beam position monitor processor (DBPM) was developed. The system design, hardware and software structure, and system construction were introduced in this paper. Based on the three adjacent CBPM systems in the drift section, the online system performance evaluation was completed. And the experiment results show that the position resolution of 880 nm is obtained under the condition of the bunch charge of 500 pC and the dynamic range of the system of ±800 μm. This is also the first CBPM system with submicron position resolution that can be run online in China. In addition, the phase cavity of CBPM was used to measure the relative charge and the arrival time of the bunch. The evaluation results show that the performance is better than the design requirements of SXFEL.     

上海软X射线自由电子激光腔式束流位置测量系统

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置（Shanghai Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser, SXFEL）需1个分辨率达到亚μm量级的束流位置测量系统,并采用基于束流准直的方法实现波荡器段电子束与光子束的紧密重合。为此设计研制了1个由C波段腔式探头、单路混频至低中频的射频前端以及自主研发的专用数字信号束流位置处理器（digital beam position monitor processor, DBPM）构成的腔式束流位置测量（cavity beam position monitor, CBPM）系统。本文对系统的设计、软硬件结构、系统搭建进行了介绍,并基于漂移段搭建的3个紧邻的CBPM阵列完成了在线系统性能评估。束流实验结果表明,在束团电荷量为500 pC、系统动态范围在±800 μm的条件下,位置分辨率可达880 nm,这也是国内首次研制成功可在线运行的具有亚μm位置分辨率的CBPM系统。此外,采用CBPM的相位腔进行相对束团电荷量、束团到达时间的测量,其性能评估结果也均优于SXFEL设计要求。     

Simulation studies on two-frequency RF gun

Photocathode RF gun is widely used for particle accelerators as an electron source.When driving an RF electron gun at the fundamental frequency and a higher harmonic frequency simultaneously with proper field ratio and relative phase,it generates electron beams of ultralow emittance and a linear longitudinal phase space distribution.Such a gun provides high quality electron beam with low energy spread,small traverse emittance and high brightness.In this paper,the RF design of a 1.5 cell cavity is presented.Simulation results of beam dynamics for the two-frequency gun and a standard single-frequency RF gun are also shown in this paper.In addition,bunch compression with a two-frequency gun is explored.     

Nonlinear energy chirp compensation with corrugated structures

Herein, a feasible method is proposed to compensate the high-order effect during bunch length compression, thereby enhancing the peak current of a highrepetition-rate X-ray free-electron laser source. In the proposed method, the corrugated structure is inserted downstream of the high-order harmonic cavities to function as a passive linearizer and enhance the longitudinal profile of the electron beam. Three-dimensional simulations are performed to analyze the evolution of the longitudinal phase space, and the results demonstrate that the profile of the electron beam is improved and the peak current can be easily optimized to over 2 kA with a bunch charge of 100 pC.     

Bunch-by-bunch longitudinal phase monitor at SSRF

Beam signals captured from a button-type pickup contain multidimensional information including the bunch charge,transverse position,bunch length,and longitudinal phase.A bunch phase monitor,which retrieves longitudinal phase information from a pickup signal at a bunch-by-bunch rate,has been developed at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.This paper introduces the basic principles,system setup,data processing method,and preliminary experimental results of this system.The systematic measurement error introduced by the limited system bandwidth,bunch length,and bunch charge variation was studied using simulation data.The random measurement uncertainty was evaluated using experimental beam data.The experimental result shows that the longitudinal phase resolution of this system is better than 1.0 ps.The first application,measuring the relationship between the longitudinal phase and bunch charge to determine the energy loss factor,was implemented,and the preliminary result is also discussed.     

条形电极束流能散探测器

介绍了北京正负电子对撞机改造工程(BEPCⅡ)新安装的条形电极束流能散度探测器(BESM);对BESM无损束流能散度测量进行了理论分析以及对BESM进行了位置标定和灵敏度计算,并给出了该BESM位置灵敏度计算的误差分析.     

Design of an RFQ for direct plasma injection scheme

A high current radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) is being studied at the Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP,CAS) for the direct plasma injection scheme (DPIS).Because of the strong space charge of beams from laser ion source,the beam dynamics design of the RFQ has been carried out with a new code,which can deal with space charge effectively.The design of the RFQ structure is performed with an electromagnetic simulation code and the determination of parameters of the structure has been done to maximize the shunt impedance when the frequency is kept fixed.The influences of dipole mode effect and flatness on beams were also discussed.     

Simulation of higher order modes and loss factor of a new type of 500-MHz single cell superconducting cavity at SSRF

In this paper,higher order modes(HOMs) and loss factor of a new type of 500-MHz superconducting cavity is studied,by simulating its broadband HOMs damping at different positions of the ferrite HOM-absorber and different lengths of the ferrite.The results show that the impedance and Q value of the HOMs in transverse and longitudinal modes could be greatly reduced.The HOM longitudinal impedance could be damped to meet the requirement of SSRF beam instability threshold.The calculated loss factor of the new SC cavity was compared with cavities at SSRF.It was estimated that the HOM absorber could absorb a total power of 3.16 kW at 4-mm beam bunch length.     

示波器嵌入式IOC研制及应用

宽带束流信号的量化和处理是加速器柬流诊断中的常见问题,上海光源束测组针对此应用开发出了示波器嵌入式IOC作为专用的束流信号处理器.该解决方案在EPICS构架的控制系统中具有即插即用的特点,目前已在上海光源注入器束团流强测量系统以及储存环填充模式测量系统中投入实用.本文介绍了部分宽带束流的测试结果.     

等梯度电子直线加速器的功率和场强

本文在沿等梯度盘荷波导的分路阻抗不为常数的情况下,对等梯度加速器的功率和场强的基本理论进行了讨论,推导了有束流负载时的功率和场强的计算公式,并分别以分路阻抗沿加速腔线性变化和二次变化为例,对功率和场强作了具体而系统的阐述,最后,给出了在分路阻抗线性变化下等梯度盘荷波导工程设计的数据图表。     

First observation of coherent Smith-Purcell radiation in the highly relativistic regime

Coherent Smith-Purcell (SP) radiation has already been applied as a technique to measure the longitudinal bunch profile of charged particle beams in the low to intermediate energy range. However, with the advent of the International Linear Collider and the need to develop a non-invasive method of measuring the bunch profile, it has become necessary to carry out experiments at the highest possible energies. The paper summarizes some recent work at intermediate (45 MeV) energy and presents the first observations of SP radiation from a 28.5 GeV beam at SLAC. The experimental challenges and future possibilities of coherent Smith-Purcell radiation as a longitudinal bunch profile diagnostic tool are also discussed.     

Monitoring the charge bunch-by-bunch for the SSRF storage ring:Development and application

Bunch charge uniformity controlling is very important for top-up operation of the storage ring. In order to monitor filling pattern and measure the bunch charge precisely, a PXI waveform digitizer-based data acquisition system has been developed to retrieve bunch charge information from BPM pickup signals. An effective sampling rate is extended to 400 GHz by waveform rebuilding technology, which overlays multi-turn data into single turn with real time sampling rate of 8 GHz. An on-line evaluation indicates that resolution and linearity of the charge measurement are better than 0.5% at input range of 0.5-12 nC.