H1299旁效应细胞对X-射线辐射的适应性与TGF-β1通路相关

本研究探索辐射诱导人非小细胞肺癌H1299旁效应细胞的适应性反应及TGF-β1通路在其中的作用。采用培养液转移法得到辐射诱导的旁效应细胞,用克隆形成实验检测旁效应细胞受照射后的适应性反应,用Western Blotting检测旁效应细胞中SOD2的表达变化。结果发现:用条件培养液培养H1299旁效应细胞,并不影响细胞的克隆存活率;但是细胞经1 h和18 h未照射条件培养液培养后再接受2Gy的X-射线照射,其细胞存活率较培养于新鲜培养液的细胞受照后的存活率分别增加了12%和38%,经1 h和18 h照射条件培养液培养后的细胞再接受2Gy的X-射线照射,其细胞存活力在此基础上又分别增加了10%;当在照前用TGF-βR1抑制剂SB431542处理信号细胞后,旁效应细胞的适应性反应不再发生;而将SB431542直接加入条件培养液中,并未影响1 h条件培养液诱导的适应性,但是用含有SB431542的18 h未照射和照射条件培养液培养过的旁效应细胞经2 Gy照射后,其克隆存活率较未加SB431542组分别降低了28%和18%,18 h未照射和照射条件培养液组间差异却增大至24%;旁效应细胞经照射条件培养液培养3 h或5 h后其SOD2表达下降。以上结果表明经条件培养液培养后旁效应细胞对X-射线照射产生了适应性反应,照射条件培养液与未照射条件培养液相比,进一步增加了这种适应性,并且TGF-β1信号通路对该适应性有重要调控作用,而SOD2可能未参与这个过程。     

α粒子照射诱发细胞存活的旁效应及机理研究

以人－中国仓鼠卵巢杂交细胞（AL细胞）为靶，通过在照射源与受照射细胞间插入网络对细胞进行定比照射，以及用受照射细胞培养液培养未受照射细胞两种方式，检测未受照射细胞存活率变化，研究α粒子照射细胞时对未受照射细胞存活的影响。通过观察自由基清除剂二甲基亚砜（DMSO）和细胞间通讯阻断剂Lindane对α粒子照射诱发的细胞存活旁效应的抑制作用探讨其可能的机理。研究结果表明，α粒子照射细胞时的未受照射细胞，以及受α粒子照射细胞的培养液培养的未受照射细胞，其存活率均明显低于预期值或正常细胞水平；而DMSO和Lindane均能明显提高细胞存活率。这提示α粒子照射细胞存在旁效应，活性氧和细胞间通讯在α粒子诱发细胞存活旁效应中可能起着重要作用。     

Bystander effects induced by medium from carbon-ion irradiated human cancer cells

The bystander effects induced by medium from human hepatoma SMMC-7721 and adenocarcinoma F56 cells irradiated with carbon ions were investigated. It was found that the survival fraction （SF） of the irradiated cells decreased exponentially along with the increased dose. SMMC-7721 cells were more radiosensitive than F56 cells. The plating efficiency （PE） of the non-irradiated cells treated with irradiated conditioned medium （ICM） was obviously lower than the PE of control cells for SMMC-7721 cells but not for F56 cells. Moreover, the reduced PE and SF by ICM treatment were more significant for IGy irradiation than for 6Gy irradiation on SMMC-7721 cells, These results suggest that the irradiated cells can secrete factor（s） into medium that is cytotoxic to bystander non-irradiated cells. The bystander effects are dependent on cell genotype presented at the time of irradiation and radiation dose, This makes impact on the precise estimation of the effects of radiation and tumor radiotherapy,     

Effect of SHI on dielectric and magnetic properties of metal oxide/PMMA nanocomposites

Magnetic nanoparticles embedded in polymer matrices have excellent potential for electromagnetic device applications like electromagnetic interference suppression, etc. The NiO nanoparticles were synthesized by simple method. These nanoparticles were dispersed in PMMA matrix and films were prepared by casting method with varying concentrations of nickel oxide nanoparticles. These films were irradiated with 50 MeV Li⁺³ ions at a fluence of 5 × 10¹² ions/cm². AC electrical properties of pristine and irradiated samples were studied in wide frequency range. Dependence of dielectric properties on frequency, ion beam fluence and filler concentration was studied. The results reveal the enhancement in dielectric properties after doping nanoparticles and also upon irradiation, which is also corroborated with field-cooled-zero-field-cooled (FC-ZFC) susceptibility measurement in which magnetization is increased upon irradiation. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis revealed the change in the intensity of functional groups after irradiation. Average surface roughness observed to change with filler concentration and also with the irradiation fluence as obtained from AFM analysis.     

Study on the behavior of oxygen atoms in swift heavy ion irradiated CeO2 by means of synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

To study the effects of swift heavy ion irradiation on cerium dioxide (CeO₂), CeO₂ sintered pellets were irradiated with 200 MeV Xe ions at room temperature. For irradiated and unirradiated samples, the spectra of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were measured. XPS spectra for the irradiated samples show that the valence state of Ce atoms partly changes from +4 to +3. The amount of Ce³⁺ state was quantitatively obtained as a function of ion-fluence. The relative amount of oxygen atom displacements, which are accompanied by the decrease in Ce valence state, is 3-5%. This value is too large to be explained in terms of elastic interactions between CeO₂ and 200 MeV ions. The experimental result suggests the contribution of 200 MeV Xe induced electronic excitation to the displacements of oxygen atoms.     

A SU-8 dish for cell irradiation

The objective of the CELLION project is radiation research at low doses. The main cell responses to low dose irradiation are bystander effects, genomic instability and adaptive responses. In order to study these effects it is convenient to make the cells addressable in space and time through locking the cell position. A new alternative dish has been developed for irradiation procedures at the Lund Nuclear Probe. The versatile dish can be used both to cultivate and to hold the cells during the irradiation procedure.The irradiation dish is made of an epoxy-based photopolymer named SU-8 chosen by its flexibility, non-toxicity and biological compatibility to cell attachment. It has been fabricated using a UV lithographic technique. The irradiation dish forms a 2 × 2 mm² grid which contains 400 squares. Each square has 80 μm side and is separated from neighbouring ones by 20 μm wide walls. The location of each square is marked by a row letter and column number patterned outside the grid.The Cell Irradiation Facility at the Lund Nuclear Probe utilizes protons to irradiate living cells. A post-cell detection set up is used to control the applied dose, detecting the number of protons after passing through the targeted cell. The transmission requirement is fulfilled by our new irradiation dish. So far, the dish has been used to perform non-targeted irradiation of Hepatoma cells. The cells attach and grow easily on the SU-8 surface. In addition, the irradiation procedure can be performed routinely and faster since the cells are incubated and irradiated in the same surface.     

Irradiation of Polystyrene and Polypropylene to study NIH 3T3 fibroblasts adhesion

When polymers are irradiated with heavy ions new chemical groups are created in a few microns of the material. The irradiation changed the polarity and wettability on the surface so that could enhance the biocompatibility of the modified polymer. The study of chemistry and nanoscale topography of the biomaterial is important in determining its potential applications in medicine and biotechnology, because their strong influence on cell function, adhesion and proliferation. In this study, thin films of Polystyrene and Polypropylene samples were modified by irradiation with low energy ion beams (30-150 keV) and swift heavy ions both with various fluences and energies. The changes were evaluated with different methods. Adhesion of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts onto unirradiated and irradiated surfaces has been studied by in vitro techniques. The correlations between physicochemical properties as a function of different irradiations parameters were compared with cell adhesion on the modified polymer surface.     

Effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on nanocrystalline CaS:Bi phosphors: Structural, optical and luminescence studies

Luminescence studies of CaS:Bi nanocrystalline phosphors synthesized by wet chemical co-precipitation method and irradiated with swift heavy ions (i.e. O⁷⁺-ion with 100 MeV and Ag¹⁵⁺-ion with 200 MeV) have been carried out. The samples have been irradiated at different ion fluences in the range 1 × 10¹²-1 × 10¹³ ions/cm². The average grain size of the samples before irradiation was estimated as 35 nm using line broadening of XRD (X-ray diffraction) peaks and TEM (transmission electron microscope) studies. Our results suggest a good structural stability of CaS:Bi against swift heavy ion irradiation. The blue emission band of CaS:Bi³⁺ nanophosphor at 401 nm is from the transition ³P₁ → ¹S₀ of the Bi³⁺. We have observed a decrease in lattice constant (a) and increase of optical energy band gap after ion irradiation. We presume this change due to grain fragmentation by dense electronic excitation induced by swift heavy ion. We have studied the optical and luminescent behavior of the samples by changing the ion energy and also by changing dopant concentration from 0.01 mol% to 0.10 mol%. It has been examined that ion irradiation enhanced the luminescence of the samples.     

Effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on hydrothermally synthesized hydroxyapatite ceramics

The effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramic - a bone mineral was investigated. The irradiation experiment was conducted using oxygen ions at energy of 100 MeV with three different fluences of 10¹², 10¹³, 10¹⁴ ions/cm². The irradiated samples were characterized by glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GXRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). GXRD confirmed incomplete amorphisation of HAp with increase in fluence. There was considerable reduction in particle size on irradiation leading to nanosized HAp (upto 53 nm). PL studies showed emission in the visible wavelength region. The irradiated samples exhibited better bioactivity than the pristine HAp.     

一氧化氮在亚细胞结构精确照射诱导旁效应中的作用

研究了肿瘤细胞的亚结构在荷能离子照射下所诱导的旁效应及其信号分子.以氦离子微束装置所产生的精确数量离子定位照射神经胶质瘤细胞T98G细胞核或细胞质,检测细胞染色体损伤和胞内一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)自由基的产额,探索NO清除剂对它们的影响,并以(Diethylamine nitric oxide,DEANO)研究NO的细胞效应.结果表明,无论是细胞核照射还是细胞质照射,只要1个细胞受到1个离子的照射,就可通过损伤的级联放大形成辐射旁效应,引起周围数十个细胞的损伤.对比核、质照射的生物效应,细胞核照射比细胞质照射具有更加显著的直接作用,但这两种照射所诱导的旁效应程度却相当.而NO自由基清除剂c-PTIO(2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide)可抑制旁效应的产生.NO分子探针DAF-FM(4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate)原位检测表明,即使只有1%的细胞核或细胞质受到单离子照射,具有NO阴性表达的细胞百分数增加了30%,使NO引起的细胞荧光密度增加15%.DEANO实验表明,NO可引起细胞微核的产生.因此,NO是亚细胞结构照射引起旁效应的一个重要信号因子.     

外泌体—电离辐射诱导旁效应的另一种机制

采用条件培养液转移的方法,以微核形成和克隆形成为终点,检测X-射线在H460非小细胞肺癌细胞中诱导经培养液介导的旁效应;采用差速离心法从未受照射和受照H460细胞培养液中提取、纯化外泌体,用透射电镜观察其形态,激光粒度仪分析其粒径分布,并用Western blot检测其标志蛋白hsp90β的表达。通过荧光探针共定位实验观察外泌体进入接收细胞的情况,采用结晶紫实验检测外泌体对接收细胞增殖的影响。结果表明:X-射线可在H460细胞中诱导经培养液介导的旁效应,表现为旁效应细胞的微核增加和克隆存活率下降;未受照射和受照细胞均分泌外泌体,但不同条件下细胞分泌外泌体的尺寸分布不同;当将外泌体加入到接收细胞时,外泌体可能通过膜融合的方式很快进入接收细胞,进而促进接收细胞的增殖;受照射H460细胞分泌的外泌体不影响接收细胞的克隆存活率,但增加接收细胞的微核形成率,并且这种现象在用RNA酶处理外泌体后消失。以上结果表明,受照射H460细胞分泌的外泌体可能是介导电离辐射旁效应的机制之一,并且其中RNA可能是介导电离辐射诱导旁效应的一种重要信号分子。     

Barrier modification of Au/n-GaAs Schottky diode by swift heavy ion irradiation

The effect of swift heavy ion (72.5 MeV ⁵⁸Ni⁶⁺) irradiation on Au/n-GaAs Schottky barrier characteristics is studied using in situ current-voltage measurements. Diode parameters are found to vary as a function of ion irradiation fluence. The Schottky barrier height (SBH) is found to be 0.55(±0.01) eV for the as deposited diode, which decreases with ion irradiation fluence. The SBH decreases to a value of 0.49(±0.01) eV at the highest ion irradiation fluence of 5 × 10¹³ ions cm⁻². The ideality factor is found to be 2.48 for unirradiated diode, and it increases with irradiation to a value of 4.63 at the highest fluence. The modification in Schottky barrier characteristics is discussed considering the energy loss mechanism of swift heavy ion at the metal-semiconductor interface.     

125I籽源持续低剂量率照射诱导人肺癌细胞的旁效应

观察125I籽源持续低剂量率照射诱导人肺癌细胞损伤的旁效应.选择对高剂量率外照射敏感性不同的A549人肺腺癌细胞和NCI-H446人小细胞肺癌细胞,采用125I籽源离体照射细胞模式,将直接受照细胞与未受照细胞共培养24h,应用CB微核法和γH2AX荧光免疫分析法,检测2Gy和4Gy125I籽源持续低剂量率照射诱导人肺癌细胞的微核形成和DNA双链断裂水平.结果表明,125I籽源照射能显著诱导A549和NCI-H446细胞的微核形成率和γH2AX位点形成率增加的旁效应,显示增强对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用.旁效应强弱与累积照射剂量、肿瘤细胞的辐射敏感性相关:对高剂量率外照射敏感的NCI-H446细胞对低剂量率照射及其旁效应的敏感性高于A549细胞,但与直接辐射效应相比,125I籽源照射诱导A549细胞旁效应高于NCI-H446细胞,这两种细胞的辐射旁效应均随累积照射剂量增加而降低,提示介导旁效应的信号因子水平可能随细胞损伤程度的增加而下降.     

Secondary electron yield of Au and Al2O3 surfaces from swift heavy ion impact in the 2.5-7.9 MeV/amu energy range

We report on the secondary electron yields of Au and oxidized aluminum (Al₂O₃) by impact of heavy ions with energies ranging from 7.92 MeV/amu (¹²C₆) to 2.54 MeV/amu (¹⁰⁷Ag₄₇). The obtained results, the first in this energy range using medium-heavy ions, extend the validity of proposed scaling laws obtained with lighter ions. Measurements have been performed using the SIRAD irradiation facility at the 15 MV Tandem of the INFN Laboratory of Legnaro (Italy), to evaluate the performance of ion electron emission microscopy at SIRAD.     

Mechanical properties of cubic zirconia irradiated with swift heavy ions

The modifications of the mechanical properties of cubic (yttria-stabilized) zirconia induced by swift heavy ion irradiation are investigated. Polycrystalline pellets were irradiated at room temperature with 940 MeV Pb ions at the GANIL accelerator in Caen at fluences ranging from 5 × 10¹¹ to 4 × 10¹³ cm⁻². The microhardness and the fracture toughness of irradiated YSZ were studied by Vickers micro-indentation. Although YSZ is damaged by irradiation, an increase of the microhardness and fracture toughness with increasing ion fluence is observed. A strengthening of YSZ, associated with residual compressive stresses induced in the surface layer by irradiation, explain these results.     

Structural, thermal and optical behavior of 84 MeV oxygen and 120 MeV silicon ions irradiated PES

In order to study structural, thermal and optical behavior, thin flat samples of polyethersulfone were irradiated with oxygen and silicon ions. The changes in properties were analyzed using different techniques viz: X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared, UV-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy. A noticeable increase in the intensity of X-ray diffraction peaks was observed after irradiation with 84 MeV oxygen ions at low and medium fluences, which may be attributed to radiation-induced cross-linking in polymer. Fourier transform infrared and thermo-gravimetric analysis corroborated the results of X-ray diffraction analysis. No noticeable change in the Fourier transform infrared spectra of oxygen ion irradiated polyethersulfone were observed even at the highest fluence of 1 × 10¹³ ions cm⁻², but after irradiation with silicon ions, a reduction in intensity of almost all characteristic bands was revealed. An increase in the activation energy of decomposition of polyethersulfone was observed after irradiation with 84 MeV oxygen ions up to medium fluences but degradation was revealed at higher fluences. Similar trends were observed by photoluminescence analysis.     

Effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on structure, optical, and gas sensing properties of SnO2 thin films

Swift heavy ion irradiation has been successfully used to modify the structural, optical, and gas sensing properties of SnO₂ thin films. The SnO₂ thin films prepared by sol-gel process were irradiated with 75 MeV Ni⁺ beam at fluences ranging from 1 × 10¹¹ ion/cm² to 3 × 10¹³ ion/cm². Structural characterization with glancing angle X-ray diffraction shows an enhancement of crystallinity and systematic change of stress in the SnO₂ lattice up to a threshold value of 1 × 10¹³ ions/cm², but decrease in crystallinity at highest fluence of 3 × 10¹³ ions/cm². Microstructure investigation of the irradiated films by transmission electron microscopy supports the XRD observations. Optical properties studied by absorption and PL spectroscopies reveal a red shift of the band gap from 3.75 eV to 3.1 eV, and a broad yellow luminescence, respectively, with increase in ion fluence. Gas response of the irradiated SnO₂ films shows increase of resistance on exposure to ammonia (NH₃), indicating p-type conductivity resulting from ion irradiation.     

Atom probe characterization of nano-scaled features in irradiated ODS Eurofer steel

Our previous investigations of unirradiated ODS Eurofer by tomographic atom probe (TAP) revealed numerous nano-scaled features (nanoclusters) enriched in vanadium, yttrium and oxygen. In this work the effect of neutron irradiation on nanostructure behaviour of ODS Eurofer (9%-CrWVTa) was investigated. The irradiation was performed in the research reactor BOR-60 (Dimitrovgrad, Russia) where materials were irradiated at 330 °С to 32 dpa. TAP studies were performed on the needles prepared from parts of broken Charpy specimens. For all specimens except one, which was tested at 500 °C, the Charpy tests were performed at temperatures not exceeding the irradiation temperature. A high number density 2-4 × 10²⁴ m⁻³ of ultra fine 1-3 nm diameter nanoclusters enriched in yttrium, oxygen, manganese and chromium was observed in the irradiated state. The composition of detected clusters differs from that for unirradiated ODS Eurofer. It was observed in this work that after neutron irradiation vanadium atoms had left the clusters, moving from the core into solid solution. The concentrations of yttrium and oxygen in the matrix, as it was detected, increase several times under irradiation. In the samples tested at 500 °C both the number density of clusters and the yttrium concentration in the matrix decrease by a factor of two.     

Swift heavy ion induced modifications of fullerene C70 thin films

Modifications of the C₇₀ molecule (fullerene) under swift heavy ion irradiation are investigated. C₇₀ thin films were irradiated with 120 MeV Au ions at fluences from 1 × 10¹² to 3 × 10¹³ ions/cm². The energetic ion impacts lead to the destruction of the C₇₀ molecule. To investigate the stability of C₇₀ fullerene, the damage cross-section and radius of the damaged cylindrical zones are evaluated by fitting the evanescence of C₇₀ vibration modes recorded by Raman spectroscopy. Conductivity measurements together with Raman and optical absorption studies revealed that an irradiation fluence of 3 × 10¹³ ions/cm² results in complete amorphization of the carbon structure of the fullerene molecules.