Dynamic changes in the bacterial community in Moutai liquor fermentation process characterized by deep sequencing

Microbes are the major producers of alcohol and aromatic compounds in alcohol beverages. It is believed that, in addition to production techniques and grains, different micro‐ingredient compositions yield variations in aromas and tastes. The bacterial communities of the three key phases from Moutai liquor production were profiled with the Illumina sequencing platform. A total of 54 bacterial families were detected and the microbial structure showed clear differences among samples. In the starter‐making phase, Leuconostocaceae and Enterococcaceae dominated the shaping stage, and Bacillaceae dominated the mature starter and ripening stages. In the latter two phases, Bacillaceae and Lactobacillales dominated in the early stage of stack fermentation and the anaerobic stage of pit fermentation, respectively. Most of the important microbes (approximately 26 families) might have originated from the starter and greatly affected the bacterial structure of the samples during the early stages of stack fermentation. Production techniques and environmental factors, such as temperature and oxygen, also shaped the unique bacterial composition during different phases. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

浓香型白酒酒醅细菌群落结构及其变化规律

该试验利用PCR-DGGE技术研究了浓香型白酒酒醅细菌群落结构及其发酵过程中的变化规律,结果发现:所有酒醅样品均出现13~23条较清晰的条带,其中第1、2、3、5、6、12、13号条带在所有样品中均有检出,且优势度较高;所有样品生物多样性指数都在2.12~2.80之间,发酵前期,多样性指数总体呈先增加后降低的趋势,发酵第49d时到达最低值,之后多样性指数有所增加,后期保持平稳;相邻发酵时间酒醅细菌DGGE图谱相似性指数较高,为0.58~0.78。     

Effects of lipopolysaccharide dosing on bacterial community composition and fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture system

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dosing on bacterial fermentation and bacterial community composition (BCC), to set up a subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) nutritional model in vitro, and to determine the best sampling time for LPS dosing in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Diets were randomly assigned to 6 fermentors in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with three 11-d experimental periods that consisted of 7 d for diet adaptation and 4 d for sample collection. Treatments were control diet (CON), wheat and barley diet (WBD) to induce SARA, and control diet + LPS (LPSD). Fermenters were fed 72 g of dry matter/d. The forage:concentrate ratio of CON was 65:35. The WBD diet was achieved by replacing 40% of dry matter of the CON diet with 50% ground wheat and 50% ground barley. The LPS concentration in LPSD was 200,000 endotoxin units, which was similar to that observed in cows with SARA. The SARA inducing and LPS dosing started at d 8. The BCC was determined by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). The LPSD and CON maintained pH above 6 for the entire experimental period, and the WBD kept pH between 5.2 and 5.6 for 4 h/d, successfully inducing SARA. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein in LPSD were not different from WBD but tended to be lower than CON. Lipopolysaccharide dosing had no effect on pool of VFA concentrations and profiles but decreased bacterial N; the pattern changes of VFA and LPS in LPSD started to increase and be similar to WBD 6 h after LPS dosing. Pool of LPS concentration was around 11-fold higher in WBD and 4-fold higher in LPSD than CON. In the solid fraction, the BCC of LPSD was different from WBD and tended to be different from CON. In the liquid fraction, the BCC was different among treatments. The LPS dosing increased the relative abundance of Succinimonas, Anaeroplasma, Succinivibrio, Succiniclasticum, and Ruminobacter, which are main gram-negative bacteria related to starch digestion. Our results suggest that LPS dosing does not affect pH alone. However, LPS could drive the development of SARA by affecting bacteria and bacterial fermentation. For future studies, samples are suggested to be taken 6 h after LPS dosing in a dual-flow continuous culture system.     

清香型大曲细菌群落结构的比较分析

通过构建细菌16SrRNA基因文库、RFLP指纹图谱分析、测序和系统发育学分析,分别对汾酒清茬曲、后火曲和红心曲的细菌群落结构进行比较。结果表明,清香型3种大曲细菌均分属于芽孢杆菌纲、放线菌纲及变形菌纲,但具体种属组成存在一定差异,其中清茬曲的优势细菌菌群为乳杆菌属和葡萄球菌属(占全部克隆子的比例分别为37.78%,22.22%);后火曲的优势细菌菌群为乳杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、魏斯氏菌属(占全部克隆子的比例分别为35%,16.67%%,16.67%,13.33%);红心曲的优势细菌菌群为乳杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、高温放线菌属(占全部克隆子的比例分别为26.67%,28.89%,17.78%)。     

Comparison of archaeal and bacterial community structures in heavily oil-contaminated and pristine soils

Archaeal and bacterial community structures in heavily oil-contaminated and pristine soils were compared using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rRNA gene libraries. The results showed that archaeal diversity was more complex in the contaminated soil than in the uncontaminated control soil. Archaeal populations in the contaminated soil consisted mainly of Euryarchaeota, with abundant methanogen-like operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and OTUs related to the phylogenetically diverse group, candidate division I, corresponding to rice cluster V. In contrast, only halophilic archaea were found in the pristine soil. Bacterial community structures also differed significantly between the contaminated and pristine soils. More clones from the contaminated soil were related to known hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, implying that microorganisms with the potential to degrade petroleum were well-established. These results provide further insights into the composition of microbial communities in oil-contaminated soils.     

酸菜发酵期间细菌群落结构动态变化分析

以自制酸菜为研究对象,利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术检测酸菜发酵期间细菌群落的组成及演替规律。结果表明,发酵第1天的酸菜样本中微生物丰富度和多样性最高,随着发酵的不断进行,微生物丰富度和多样性呈先降后缓慢增加的趋势。细菌群落结构与发酵进程显著相关,因此不同发酵时期优势菌属不同。酸菜发酵期间的主要优势细菌属为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）（0.01%～82.32%）、肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）（0～20.60%）、明串珠菌属（Leuconostoc）（1.66%～9.48%）、盐单胞菌属（Halomonas）（0.03%～1.84%）和魏斯氏菌属（Weissella）（0.01%～8.26%）等,其中乳酸菌占据绝对的优势地位。     

生鲜罗非鱼片在冷藏过程中细菌群落演替的PCR-DGGE分析

分析了生鲜罗非鱼片在腐败过程中细菌群落的演替规律。以4℃有氧冷藏条件下的生鲜罗非鱼片为研究对象,定期提取鱼片上的细菌总DNA,采用16S rDNA PCR-DGGE技术连续分析细菌群落演替,对DGGE电泳胶片上的主要DNA条带进行序列分析并构建系统发生树。结果表明:9个主要的DNA条带所代表的细菌来源于以下几个属:希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、迪茨氏菌属(Dietzia)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)。在冷藏初期即第0～6d鱼片上的细菌包括8个属,即无色杆菌属、希瓦氏菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、短杆菌属、迪茨氏菌属、紫色杆菌属;冷藏9d后鱼片发生腐败,此时无色杆菌属、希瓦氏菌属、嗜冷杆菌属和假单胞菌属的细菌成为优势种;冷藏12d时出现黄杆菌属细菌。     

泸型酒酿造期间酒醅中可培养细菌的分离鉴定及其种群演替规律研究

目的:为了系统的探究泸型酒酿造期间酒醅中细菌的多样性及演替变化规律,尽可能多的得到各时期可培养的占主体地位的细菌。方法:选用三种不同的培养基对各时期的酒醅样品进行分离计数,并通过16S rRNA基因序列分析法对分离得到的纯菌进行鉴定和系统发育分析。结果:分离得到258株细菌,其中250株分别属于29个种,其余8株鉴定到属(芽孢杆菌属)。在发酵过程中占优势的主体细菌主要为芽孢杆菌属,乳酸菌属细菌在发酵中期也较多。结论:泸型酒发酵过程中细菌的多样性很丰富,发酵前期细菌种类比较多,中期主要以乳酸菌属和芽孢杆菌属为主,后期芽孢杆菌属为主体。可以推测出乳酸菌属和芽孢杆菌属细菌对泸型酒的酿造形成具有特殊意义。      

Present knowledge of the bacterial microflora in the extreme environment of sugar thick juice

The diversity of the bacterial population in sugar thick juice, an intermediate product in the production of beet sugar, which exhibits an extreme, osmophilic environment with a water activity value (a_w) less than 0.86, was assessed with both culture-dependent and -independent 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-based analyses. In comparison with previous studies, the number of different thick juice bacterial species increased from 29 to 72. Remarkably, a limited, gram-positive, culturable flora, encompassing species of Bacillus, Staphylococcus and mainly Tetragenococcus dominated thick juice during storage, while a more heterogeneous and unculturable fraction of Acinetobacter, Sporolactobacillus and Thermus species could be detected in freshly produced thick juice. Notably, almost all bacteria detected in the thick juice were also detected in the air, emphasising the importance of further investigation and assessment of strategies to reduce (air) contamination during processing and storage. The discovery of the contamination source may be used for the development of management strategies for thick juice degradation resulting from microbial activity.     

应用16S rDNA全序列测序技术鉴定生鲜乳中的细菌种类

采用玻璃珠法提取生鲜乳中分离的34株细菌基因组DNA,用细菌通用引物(27f/1492r)PCR扩增16S r DNA片段并测序,与Gen Bank数据库同源序列比对,系统发育树聚类分析,并结合形态学和生理学特征确定了34株菌的种属地位。结果表明,共鉴定出16个种属。3个生鲜乳样中细菌种类及其分布特点不同。其中1号样有7种细菌,以Acinetobacter sp.(不动杆菌属)为主,2号样有6种细菌,以Klebsiella sp.(克雷贝氏杆菌属)为主,3号样有6种细菌,分布较为分散。从致病性来看,分离菌株主要为条件致病菌或腐败菌,无烈性致病菌。      

苋菜梗腌制过程细菌群落变化及风味的研究

采用16S rDNA基因克隆文库结合GC-MS分析等方法,对腌制苋菜梗体系的细菌多样性、品质变化和腌制成熟时的挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明,腌制苋菜梗开始时（即腌制第0d）其优势菌群为乳杆菌属、片球菌属和魏斯氏菌属,第10d优势菌群为乳杆菌属和产碱杆菌属,到腌制中后期细菌群落组成基本稳定,其中产碱杆菌属、拟杆菌属和梭菌属为优势菌群。苋菜梗腌制过程中,pH、亚硝酸盐含量和细菌总数均先上升后下降,至腌制结束时分别为5.28、4.0mg/kg和数量级107cfu/mL。利用GC-MS分析方法测定了腌制苋菜梗卤汁中的挥发性风味成分,发现其主体风味成分为醇类、酸类和烷烃类,其中醇类物质占19.5%、酸类占15.9%和烷烃类占14.6%,相对含量较高的挥发性组分有2-丁醇、乙醇、己烷和乙醛。      

Diversity of lactic acid bacteria associated with traditional fermented dairy products in Mongolia

Spontaneous milk fermentation has a long history in Mongolia, and beneficial microorganisms have been handed down from one generation to the next for use in fermented dairy products. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) communities in fermented yak, mare, goat, and cow milk products by analyzing 189 samples collected from 13 different regions in Mongolia. The LAB counts in these samples varied from 3.41 to 9.03 log cfu/mL. Fermented yak and mare milks had almost identical mean numbers of LAB, which were significantly higher than those in fermented goat milk but slightly lower than those in fermented cow milk. In total, 668 isolates were obtained from these samples using de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar and M17 agar. Each isolate was considered to be presumptive LAB based on gram-positive and catalase-negative properties, and was identified at the species level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, multiplex PCR assay, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. All isolates from Mongolian dairy products were accurately identified as Enterococcus faecalis (1 strain), Enterococcus durans (3 strains), Lactobacillus brevis (3 strains), Lactobacillus buchneri (2 strains), Lactobacillus casei (16 strains), Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (142 strains), Lactobacillus diolivorans (17 strains), Lactobacillus fermentum (42 strains), Lactobacillus helveticus (183 strains), Lactobacillus kefiri (6 strains), Lactobacillus plantarum ssp. plantarum (7 strains), Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (7 strains), Leuconostoc lactis (22 strains), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (21 strains), Streptococcus thermophilus (195 strains), and Weissella cibaria (1 strain). The predominant LAB were Strep. thermophilus and Lb. helveticus, which were isolated from all sampling sites. The results demonstrate that traditional fermented dairy products from different regions of Mongolia have complex compositions of LAB species. Such diversity of LAB provides useful information for further studies of probiotic strain selection and starter culture design, with regard to the industrial production of traditional fermented milk.     

Betaine addition as a potent ruminal fermentation modulator under hyperthermal and hyperosmotic conditions in vitro

The cover image is based on the Research Article Betaine addition as a potent ruminal fermentation modulator under hyperthermal and hyperosmotic conditions in vitro by Mubarik Mahmood et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10255 .

     

Effect of dilution rate on structure of a mesophilic acetate-degrading methanogenic community during continuous cultivation

The community structures of two mesophilic acetate-degrading methanogenic consortia enriched at dilution rates of 0.025 and 0.6 d(-1) were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rDNA clonal sequences and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). FISH experiments with archaeal and bacterial domain-specific probes showed that archaeal cells were predominant and only a small number of bacterial cells were detected at both dilution rates. In the domain Archaea, the number of cells closely related to Methanosarcina barkeri was shown to be greater at the high dilution rate using FISH with species-specific probes. Taxonomic analyses based on rDNA clonal sequences obtained at the low and high dilution rates showed that 43% of 100 clones and 72% of 92 clones, respectively, were affiliated with the domain Archaea and the remainders at each dilution rate were affiliated with the domain Bacteria. Within the domain Archaea, all rDNA clones at both dilution rates were affiliated with the genera Methanosaeta or Methanosarcina of the aceticlastic methanogens. Within the domain Bacteria, the rDNA clones obtained at the low dilution rate were affiliated with four phyla, Firmicutes (36%), Bacteroidetes (9%), Chloroflexi (6%) and candidate division OP12 (5%). The rDNA clones obtained at the high dilution rate were affiliated with four phyla, Firmicutes (16%), Bacteroidetes (8%), Proteobacteria (1%) and candidate division OP12 (3%). Real-time quantitative PCR experiments showed that the number of rDNA sequences affiliated with the genus Methanosarcina was greater at the high dilution rate. In addition, a significant number of rDNA sequences affiliated with the genus Methanoculleus were detected only at the low dilution rate. Detection of a hydrogenotrophic methanogen at the low dilution rate suggests that the syntrophic acetate oxidation by hydrogenotrophic methanogens and acetate-oxidizing bacteria could occur at the low dilution rate.     

内蒙古酸马奶中乳酸菌多样性的研究

采用16S rRNA基因全序列测定和聚类分析技术,对酸马奶中的乳酸菌进行了准确鉴定并构建了乳酸菌的系统发育树.然后对乳酸菌菌群进行了多样性分析,结果显示,酸马奶中的优势乳酸菌分别为:Lactobacillus plantarum(10%),Lactobacillus brevis(8%),Lactobacillus casei(7.8%),Enterococcus faecium(17%),Enterococcus faecalis(14%),Lactococcuslactis(19%),Lactobacillus acidlophilus(5%),Lactobacillus paracasei(2%),Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus(4%),Lactobacillus helveticus(4%),Enterococcus durans(4%),Leuconostoc mesenteroides (4%),Leuconostoc garlicum(1%),Streptococcus thermophilus(1%).     

Assessment of rumen bacteria in dairy cows with varied milk protein yield

The present study was conducted to assess rumen bacteria in lactating cows with different milk protein yield, aiming to understand the role of rumen bacteria in this trait. Cows with high milk protein yield (high milk yield and high milk protein content, HH; n = 20) and low milk protein yield (low milk yield and low milk protein content, LL; n = 20) were selected from 374 mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows fed a high-grain diet. Measurement of the rumen fermentation products showed that the concentrations of ruminal total volatile fatty acids, propionate, butyrate, and valerate and the proportion of isobutyrate were higher in the HH cows than in the LL cows. Amplicon sequencing analysis of the rumen bacterial community revealed that the richness (Chao 1 index) of rumen microbiota was higher in the LL cows than in the HH cows. Among the 10 predominant bacterial phyla (relative abundance being >0.10%, present in >60% of animals within each group), the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was 1.36-fold higher in the HH cows than in the LL cows. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Succinivibrio was significantly higher and that of Clostridium tended to be higher in the LL cows than in the HH cows. Sharpea was 2.28-fold enriched in the HH cows compared with the LL cows. Different relationships between the relative abundances of rumen microbial taxa and volatile fatty acid concentrations were observed in the HH and the LL animals, respectively. Succinivibrio and Prevotella were positively correlated with acetate, propionate, and valerate in the LL cows, whereas Sharpea was positively correlated with propionate and valerate concentrations in the HH cows. Collectively, our results revealed that rumen bacterial richness and the relative abundances of several bacterial taxa significantly differed between dairy cows with high and low milk protein yields, suggesting the potential roles of rumen microbiota contributing to milk protein yield in dairy cows.     

不同地区小曲中可培养细菌的筛选及鉴定

以湖北、安徽和四川地区小曲为研究对象,利用传统培养方法和分子生物学方法研究不同地区小曲中可培养细菌的种类。结果表明,湖北小曲pH值为5.35,含水量为9.93%,密度为0.87 g/mL,共分离出8株可培养细菌,其中枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）6株,泛菌属（Pantoea spp.）及丰年芽孢杆菌（Bacillus toyonensis）各1株;安徽小曲pH值为5.60,含水量为12.33%,密度为0.84 g/mL,共分离出5株可培养细菌,其中植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）3株,埃希氏菌属（Escherichia spp.）及枯草芽孢杆菌（B. subtilis）各1株;四川小曲pH值为5.59,含水量为9.41%,密度为0.92 g/mL,共分离出7株可培养细菌,其中枯草芽孢杆菌（B. subtilis）2株,B. toyonensis、普城沙雷氏杆菌（Serratia plymuthica）、炭疽芽孢杆菌（Bacillus anthracis）、蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）及Burkholderia fungorum各1株。不同地区小曲中可培养细菌种类差异较大,但3种小曲均有芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）细菌。     

Analysis of bacterial diversity during the fermentation of inyu, a high-temperature fermented soy sauce,using nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and the plate count method

The diversity of bacteria associated with the fermentation of inyu, also known as black soy sauce, was studied through the nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of samples collected from the fermentation stages of the inyu production process. The DGGE profiles targeted the bacterial 16S rDNA and revealed the presence of Citrobacter farmeri, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pantoea agglomerans, Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus sciuri and Weissella confusa. The bacterial compositions of 4 fermented samples were further elucidated using the plate count method. The bacteria isolated from the koji-making stage exhibited the highest diversity; Brachybacterium rhamnosum, E. hormaechei, K. pneumoniae, Kurthia gibsonii, Pantoea dispersa, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus kloosii and S. sciuri were identified. Koji collected during the preincubation stage presented the largest cell counts, and E. hormaechei, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae and Enterobacter pulveris were identified. In brine samples aged for 7 and 31 days, the majority of the bacteria isolated belonged to 4 Bacillus species, but 4 Staphylococcus species and Delftia tsuruhatensis were also detected. This study demonstrates the benefits of using a combined approach to obtain a more complete picture of microbial populations and provides useful information for the control or development of bacterial flora during inyu fermentation.