A novel titanosilicate with MWW structure: Highly effective liquid-phase ammoximation of cyclohexanone

The liquid-phase ammoximation of cyclohexanone with ammonia and hydrogen peroxide was conducted over Ti-MWW. Ti-MWW is capable of giving both cyclohexanone conversion and oxime selectivity >99% under optimum reaction conditions. It is a highly active, selective, and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of cyclohexanone oxime in the presence of water. In comparison to other titanosilicates, Ti-MWW shows much higher catalytic activity, even superior to that of TS-1. The catalytic performance of Ti-MWW depends greatly on the operating conditions of the reaction, especially the method of adding substrates. The reason why the method of adding substrates plays such an important role in the ammoximation of ketones or aldehydes over Ti-MWW was investigated after a detailed evaluation of the reaction mechanism.     

环己酮肟钛硅分子筛催化剂的研究进展

钛硅分子筛(TS-1)催化环己酮氨肟化合成环己酮肟的新工艺具有工艺流程简单、副产物少及无污染等特点,为己内酰胺的生产开辟了新的工艺路线;经典法合成的TS-1合成成本昂贵,合成条件苛刻,严重制约着其工业化应用;详述了TS-1的合成、改性及其在环己酮氨肟化反应中的应用研究进展,以及TS-1催化环己酮氨肟化的反应机理;在环己酮氨肟化反应中,开发廉价且高效的TS-1合成体系、工业上TS-1的分离和回收技术,以及明确其催化环己酮氨肟化的反应机理等是未来该领域的研究方向。     

A heterostructured titanium silicalite-1 catalytic composite for cyclohexanone ammoximation

Submicron-sized titanium silicalite-1 is difficult to recover in industrial process because of their fineness and rapid decrease in catalytic activity due to particle agglomeration. To solve these problems, we present a heterostructured titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) catalytic composite using bentonite clay as the catalyst support. The catalytic composite is synthesized by hydrothermal treatment which directly crystallizes TS-1 on the bentonite clay surface. The synthesized composite has been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The TS-1 crystals have been found on and between the layers of the bentonite with strong attachment. Characterizations suggest that crystallization temperature of 175 °C is the optimum hydrothermal temperature to produce TS-1 on the bentonite support with characteristics necessary to promote selective catalytic reactions. It is found that prolonged crystallization duration does not necessarily increase the crystallinity of TS-1 on the bentonite surface. The heterostructured composite is able to maintain high conversion of cyclohexanone (97%) and oxime selectivity (83%) after three reaction cycles which is contrary to the unsupported TS-1 that shows apparent decrease in activity (>10%), especially in the selectivity to oxime. The synthesized composite also has significant improvement in separation efficiency with respect to the unsupported catalytic system. Therefore, we conclude that the heterostructured TS-1 composite is a promising catalytic material for cyclohexanone ammoximation and potentially for other TS-1 related processes where catalyst recovery and reuse are required.     

磁性钛硅催化剂催化环己酮氨肟化传递-反应研究

磁性钛硅分子筛是具有原子经济特征和磁回收功能新型绿色催化剂。通过研究磁性钛硅分子筛催化环己酮氨肟化制备环己酮肟过程,考察了环己酮、H2O2和NH3·H2O的初始浓度和搅拌雷诺数对氨肟化过程的影响。在消除内扩散和外扩散的条件下,确定了环己酮氨肟化的动力学方程,反应指前因子为5.89×1012(mol-0.87·L0.87)·min-1,反应活化能为101.3kJ·mol-1,环己酮、H2O2和NH3·H2O的反应级数分别为0.65、0.16和1.06,对反应速率计算值和实验值进行了比较,平均相对误差为6.86%。     

应用于环己酮氨肟化反应的TS-1研究进展

环己酮氨肟化工艺是己内酰胺新技术发展的必然趋势之一,而钛硅分子筛TS-1的制备是环己酮氨肟化工艺的核心技术。但由于TS-1合成成本昂贵,合成条件苛刻,制备重复性差,制约了工业化的发展,仍需要不断的技术进步。本文针对这一主题,对环己酮氨肟化反应所需的TS-1催化剂的制备包括TS-1的改性、大颗粒TS-1的制备、复合TS-1的制备、TS-1的成型及其他的TS-1制备工艺等技术进行了系统综述。在环己酮氨肟化反应中,提高TS-1的催化活性、解决工业上TS-1的分离和回收难题、提高TS-1制备的稳定性和产量、降低成本等是未来TS-1研究的发展趋势。     

Effect of sodium ions in synthesis of titanium silicalite-1 on its catalytic performance for cyclohexanone ammoximation

Titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) has been hydrothermally synthesized with tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) as the template in the presence of various amounts of Na⁺, characterized by inductively coupled plasma, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultro-violet-visible spectroscopy and studied in cyclohexanone ammoximation. The characterization results show that with the increase of Na⁺ concentration in the synthesis, both the crystal sizes of TS-1and extra framework Ti increase but framework Ti decreases. The addition of Na⁺ below 3 mol-% of TPAOH in the synthesis does not influence the catalytic properties with above 98% conversion of cyclohexanone and 99.5% selectivity to cyclohexanone oxime. However, at the concentrations of Na⁺≥3 mol-% of TPAOH in the synthesis, the catalysts are deactivated faster with the increase of Na⁺ addition, which can be attributed to more high molecular weight byproducts deposited in the large TS-1 particles and the loss of the frame-work titanium. The results of this work are of great importance for the industry.     

A magnetically recyclable TS-1 for ammoximation of cyclohexanone

In this paper, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated with titanium silicalite-1 (designated Fe₃O₄@TS-1) were successfully prepared and used as catalysts for ammoximation of cyclohexanone. Characterizations demonstrated that the magnetic catalyst was coated with a thin TS-1 layer of ~ 30 nm in thickness. The catalyst still displayed excellent catalytic activity after introducing Fe₃O₄ core. Recovery experiments revealed that Fe₃O₄@TS-1 catalyst could be easily recovered by adding an external magnetic field. Moreover, no appreciable catalytic deactivation was observed after four times of recycling. This work provided a promising way to overcome the recycle problem during the application of TS-1.     

气相色谱法测定环己酮氨肟化反应尾气中的氨气

采用气相色谱法测定了环己酮氨肟化反应尾气中氨气含量,探讨了气相色谱操作条件,并与奥氏气体化学吸收法进行了比较。结果表明:采用Porapark Q,Porapark N混合色谱柱,柱温80℃,汽化温度120℃,检测温度150℃,检测器为热导检测器,桥流100 mA,载气为H2,流量为25 mL/min,以外标法定量,能够准确测定环己酮氨肟化反应尾气中的氨气;该方法的回收率为97.6%～100.5%,相对标准偏差为0.46%～0.92%;该方法较奥氏气体化学吸收法误差小、准确度高。     

环己酮氨肟化工艺最危险场景确定

环己酮氨肟化工艺是制取化工原料的重要工艺,但该反应具有放热失控风险。为了确定氨肟化反应的最危险场景,筛选了环己酮氨肟化工艺可能存在的6个危险场景,并对每一危险场景设定了实验方案。采用泄放设计装置Ⅱ(VSP2)绝热量热仪对每一场景对应的方案进行了量热实验,实验发现:环己酮氨肟化反应为快速强放热反应,能够使反应体系的温度瞬间提高至200℃左右。反应结束后,继续升高温度,无二次反应失控。双氧水质量分数过高是环己酮氨肟化工艺最危险场景。针对氨肟化反应的泄放设计,必须以此场景作为设计依据。建议对双氧水进料线进行重点监控,以防止反应失控发生。     

Oxidation with no-redox oxides: ammoximation of cyclohexanone on amorphous silicas

The ammoximation in gas phase of cyclohexanone is a reaction with an oxidation step performed on an insulator oxide such as amorphous silica. Conventional mechanisms for such a kind of reaction are not useful. This paper reviews the efforts carried out to understand the catalytic behavior of the silica and highlights the particular catalytic features of the tars, the carbonaceous products formed during the ammoximation, in the oxidation step of the reaction. The catalytic behavior and the role of the acid sites, of the tars and of the activated forms of molecular oxygen were investigated on several commercial amorphous silicas and on pure and doped silicas prepared by sol-gel method. The silica catalyst shows a bifunctional behavior: acid sites are necessary for the formation of imine, the intermediate of the reaction, and oxidizing sites for the formation of oxime. For the first step the presence of silanols of the right acidity results is essential. For the oxidative step the carbonaceous products formed during the reaction seem to play an essential role. It has been suggested that the tars are formed by a polymerization reaction which occurs at the silica surface and involves, in the initiation stage, activated oxygen species generated by the silica surface. The reaction progression with time involves increasing amounts of the carbonaceous products, with a corresponding decline in access to the active sites by pore blockage and, as a consequence, with a corresponding decline in the catalytic activity.     

陶瓷膜反应器中环己酮氨肟化的催化剂失活机制与再生

基于陶瓷膜反应器开发出无有机溶剂的环己酮氨肟化新工艺,探讨TS-1催化剂失活机制。采用XRD及Rietveld全谱拟合、FT-IR、N₂吸附-脱附、TGA/DSC、GC-MS等手段对TS-1分子筛的骨架结构、晶胞参数、比表面积和有机物种类进行了表征分析。结果表明,无有机溶剂的环己酮氨肟化反应过程中,存在硅流失的现象,但TS-1骨架完整,晶胞参数未明显变化;环己酮、环己酮肟及反应副产物等吸附在TS-1催化剂的表面及孔道内,使比表面积下降52.6%、孔体积减少了41.6%,是造成TS-1失活的主要原因,空气氛围中于600℃煅烧3 h,可以恢复催化剂的活性。     

氨肟化装置膜分离系统的应用和优化

分析了环己酮肟生产中氨肟化装置膜分离系统运行不稳定的原因;提出了技术改造和工艺优化措施。结果表明:膜分离系统膜管表面污染导致其运行不稳定,原因是生产中弱碱性条件下破碎的催化剂颗粒附着在膜表面形成沉积层。通过提高错流速率,稳定反冲压力,改变反冲方式和反冲介质等优化措施,可实现膜分离系统的稳定运行。     

吡啶磷钨酸盐的制备及其催化环己酮氨肟化反应

分别以氯代辛基毗啶、氯代十四烷基吡啶、氯代十六烷基吡啶与磷钨酸为原料制备了3种不同阳离子大小的吡啶磷钨酸盐,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪、TGA/DSC同步热分析仪及元素分析等技术对催化剂进行了表征,3种催化剂都保持了磷钨酸的keggin结构,且为A_3B型组成.考察了不同催化剂在环己酮氨肟化反应中的催化性能,并进行了催化剂的回收和重复使用实验.结果表明,吡啶磷钨酸盐表现出了很好的催化活性,能够回收和重复使用.     

Ti-silicalite as catalyst for gas-phase ammoximation of cyclohexanone with molecular oxygen

The catalyst behaviour of titanium silicalite, which was found the most active and selective catalyst for liquid-phase ammoximation of cyclohexanone to the corresponding oxime with hydrogen peroxide, was investigated in the gas-phase ammoximation with molecular oxygen in and compared with those of pure silicalite and samples of vanadium and chromium silicalites. The results showed that Ti-silicalite is a selective catalyst not only in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide but also in the reaction with molecular oxygen. However, a big limitation was found in the poor activity of the silicalites which do not allow to reach high oxime yields.     

Process integration of H2O2 generation and the ammoximation of cyclohexanone

The possibility of the integration of the processes of H₂O₂ generation through isopropanol partial oxidation and ammoximation of cyclohexanone with H₂O₂ and NH₃ TS‐1 catalysed was investigated. The ammoximation of cyclohexanone over TS‐1 with isopropanol as solvent was first studied. The results show that isopropanol can be used as solvent, and the impurities in the H₂O₂ solution obtained through isopropanol oxidation with only acetone needing to be separated have no harmful effects on the ammoximation of cyclohexanone, suggesting that the process of H₂O₂ generation through isopropanol oxidation and the ammoximation of cyclohexanone could be directly integrated. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of TS-1 treatment by tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide on cyclohexanone ammoximation

TS-1 has been treated with different concentrations of tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide (TPAOH), characterized by a series of techniques, and studied in cyclohexanone ammoximation. The results show that the MFI structure of TS-1 is not destroyed, while mesopores are formed in TS-1 crystals and the pore diameters increase with the TPAOH concentrations; the amount of the framework Ti species decreases slightly at low concentrations of TPAOH, but decreases appreciably at the concentrations of TPAOH above 0.0125 mol/L; the activity and the selectivity of TS-1 are not affected by the treatment, but the catalyst stability is markedly increased after the TPAOH treatment. The increase of the stability is attributed to the mesopore formation. But when the pore diameters are larger than 6.51 nm, the catalyst stability begins decreasing due to the appreciable damage of the framework titanium by TPAOH.     

Selective oxidation of cyclohexane over TS-2, a titanium silicate molecular sieve

The selective oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone using hydrogen peroxide has been studied over TS-2, a titanium silicate molecular sieve with a MEL structure. The reaction is found to be catalyzed by the Ti present in the framework structure, the activity being proportional to the Ti content.     

通过技术改造和优化工艺提高氨肟化装置膜系统运行周期

本文分析了氨肟化膜系统运行周期短的原因,提出了通过技术改造,优化工艺控制参数的方法来提高氨肟化膜系统运行周期。并通过实践证明该方法确实有效,满足了装置长周期高负荷生产的需要。     

Structural characterization of Ti centres in Ti-silicalite and reaction mechanisms in cyclohexanone ammoximation

The main results obtained by means of many physical methods (IR, Raman, UV-Vis and XAFS spectroscopies) concerning the structure of the Ti centre in titanium silicalite and the reaction intermediates in the ammoximation of cyclohexanone are concisely reviewed.

The Ti is in tetrahedral coordination in vacuo and expands its coordination sphere upon interaction with adsorbates. In the presence of H₂O and H₂O/H₂O₂ solutions one of the SiOTi bridges is hydrolyzed with formation of (SiO)₃L₂TiOH (LH₂O) and (SiO)₃L₂TiOOH species, respectively. When NH₃ is dosed on (SiO)₃L₂TiOOH structures (SiO)₃L₂TiOO⁻NH₄⁺ species are formed. These species are thought to play an important role in the ammoximation reaction. The geometries of the peroxidic species (open or bridged) are discussed also on the basis of ab initio calculations.     

TS-1分子筛催化环己酮氨肟化反应的失活动力学

采用间歇反应器,对液相环己酮氨肟化过程中TS-1分子筛的催化活性变化规律进行了考察,在失活原因分析的基础上建立失活动力学模型:rde=1.01×1014exp(-1.17R×T105)C0A.76C0B.82C0C.38a1.64,并对模型参数进行估值。