1-甲基-3-正丙基-4-氨基-5-吡唑羧酰胺的制备

1 甲基 3 正丙基 5 吡唑羧酸经硝酸 -浓硫酸硝化制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 硝基 5 吡唑羧酸 ,收率 85 %;用氯化亚砜将其酰氯化制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 硝基 5 吡唑羧酰氯 ,该吡唑羧酰氯与浓氨水反应制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 硝基 5 吡唑羧酰胺 ,收率 90 %;硝基吡唑羧酰胺在乙醇中用氯化亚锡还原制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 氨基 5 吡唑羧酰胺 ,收率 84%。研究了反应的较佳合成工艺条件 ,产品经TLC、IR及MS谱进行了结构表征。     

4-氨基-1-甲基-3-正丙基吡唑-5-酰胺的合成

从1-甲基-3-正丙基吡唑-5-羧酸(A)出发,用改进的工艺,经过硝化、酰胺化及还原合成了4-氨基-1-甲基-3-正丙基吡唑-5-酰胺(D)。     

1-甲基-3-正丙基吡唑-5-甲酸合成中环合工艺研究

以2-戊酮和草酸二乙酯为原料,经缩合、环合、甲基化、水解等四步反应合成了西地那非的关键中间体-1-甲基-3-正丙基吡唑-5-甲酸。分别讨论了环化反应中反应时间,反应温度及物质配比对产物收率的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。     

1-甲基-3-正丙基吡唑-5-甲酸的合成

以2-戊酮和草酸二乙酯为原料,经缩合、环合、甲基化、水解等四步反应合成了西地那非的关键中间体-1-甲基-3-正丙基吡唑-5-甲酸。考察了环合反应的影响因素,探讨并找到了较佳的反应条件：反应时间2h;反应温度60-65℃;2,4-二氧代庚酸乙酯与水合肼摩尔比1：1．2,总收率达72％。     

4-氨基-1-甲基-3-正丙基吡唑-5-甲酰胺合成工艺研究

以 3 正丙基吡唑 5 羧酸乙酯为起始原料 ,经多步反应合成了 4 氨基 1 甲基 3 正丙基吡唑 5 甲酰胺 ,并对工艺进行了如下改进 :(1)将甲基化、水解两步反应合并为“一勺烩”工艺 ,中间产物不需硅胶柱分离、提纯 ,直接进行水解 ;(2 )硝化后处理增加了溶媒提取工序 ;(3)还原反应采用催化还原法 ,以价廉的甲酸铵代替氯化亚硒作还原剂。总收率达到 39 3% ,较原工艺提高了8 5 % ,具有操作简单 ,反应条件温和 ,宜于工业化生产 ,为合成 4 氨基 1 甲基 3 正丙基吡唑 5 甲酰胺提供了一个较好的方法。     

3-正丙基-5-羧基-1-甲基吡唑的合成研究

以 2 -戊酮和草酸二乙酯为起始原料 ,经 Claisen缩合、环化、甲基化和皂化等反应制得目标化合物 3-正丙基 - 5 -羧基 - 1 -甲基吡唑 3。文献报道的合成方法为四步法 ,在此基础上加以改进 ,形成了两种新的合成路线 ,即三步法和两步法 ,其收率均高于四步法 ,高出 2 7.0 %     

新型吡唑衍生物1-甲基-4-乙氧羰基-5-羟基吡唑的合成

1-甲基-4-乙氧羰基-5-羟基吡唑是合成吡唑类HPPD酶抑制剂的-种很重要的有机合成中间体。笔者以丙二酸二乙酯与原甲酸三乙酯反应得到乙氧亚甲基丙二酸二乙酯,再与水合甲基肼反应、关环后得到1-甲基-4-乙氧羰基-5-羟基吡唑。探讨了反应温度及溶剂对反应的影响,以水为溶剂,反应温度为回流温度．收率较有机溶剂法有较大幅度提高。     

水合肼还原法合成4-氨基-1-甲基-3-正丙基吡唑-5-甲酰胺

以1－甲基－4－硝基－3－正丙基吡唑－5－甲酰胺为原料，采用水合肼－三氯化铁－活性炭体系，合成了4－氨基－1－甲基－3－正丙基吡唑－5－甲酰，研究结果表明，水合肼还原具有操作简单，反应条件温和，成本低，收率高的特点，宜于工业化生产。     

1-(5-(4-氯苯基)-1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-4-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基)-3-(吡啶-3-基甲基)脲的合成

以5-(4-氯苯基)-1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-4-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-甲酸与二氯亚砜为起始原料,经酰氯化反应、酰胺反应、霍夫曼重排以及水解反应生成中间体5-(4-氯苯基)-1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-3-氨基-4-甲基-1H-吡唑,再经过与氯甲酸苯酯反应、胺酯交换反应得到标题化合物,其结构经1HNMR、MS谱确证,总收率26.9%。     

1-甲基-吡唑-3-羧酸的合成研究

以3-甲基吡唑为原料,通过氧化和甲基化反应两步反应得到1-甲基-吡唑-3-羧酸,总收率32.2%。考察了反应时间、反应温度、物料配比等条件对产率的影响,优化了反应条件,并用红外光谱和液相色谱对目标化合物进行了表征。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。