柱前衍生-HPLC法测定食品中的伏马菌素

主要综述了柱前衍生-HPLC法测定食品中伏马菌素的研究进展,对样品中伏马菌素的提取、纯化、衍生方法以及流动相的选择和方法的精密度做了深入的探讨。      

食品中伏马菌素的污染及污染控制

伏马菌素（Fumonisin）是20世纪80年代末期发现的一类由串珠镰刀菌产生的真菌毒素.伏马菌素分布广泛且毒性较大,因此它在食品安全中的意义越来越受到人们的重视.本文叙述了产伏马菌素的真菌,综述了中国不同地区、不同食品中伏马菌素污染的情况,以及各种降低伏马菌素污染的方法,综述了关于伏马菌素的立法.     

玉米及其制品中伏马菌素的去除方法

伏马茵素分布广泛且毒性较大,丢弃受伏马菌素污染的玉米将造成巨大的经济损失,因此降解和去除玉米及其制品中伏马菌素的技术和方法日益受到人们的重视.介绍了伏马菌素的性质以及伏马菌素污染食品的情况,对去除伏马菌素的方法,如物理法、化学法、生物法进行总结和阐述,并对去除和降解伏马菌素的前景进行展望.     

毛细管电泳-化学发光联用法检测粮食中的伏马菌素B1

目的建立一种基于毛细管电泳-化学发光联用法检测粮食中伏马菌素B1的快速检测方法。方法基于伏马菌素B1对鲁米诺-三价银[Ag(Ⅲ)]化学发光体系有抑制作用,结合毛细管电泳分离技术,对检测方法进行优化,选择5×10-3mol/L硼砂为电泳缓冲溶液,鲁米诺浓度为2×10-3mol/L,Ag(Ⅲ)浓度为3×10-5mol/L溶解于0.01 mol/L Na OH。结果经过条件优化后进行试验,伏马菌素B1的线性范围为1~200μg/ml,检出限(S/N=3)为1μg/ml。对200μg/ml的伏马菌素B1进行8次平行测定,其出峰时间和峰高的相对标准偏差分别为2.64%和7.86%。结论该方法操作简便、快速、准确可靠,可用于伏马菌素B1的检测,适用于玉米中伏马菌素B1的测定,结果比较理想。     

伏马菌素产生菌的分离及其产毒检测

伏马菌素(fumonisin)是二十世纪八十年代末期发现的一类由串珠镰刀菌产生的真菌毒素。本文从市售玉米中分离出两株产毒镰刀菌,研究其发酵液中伏马菌素B1的提取、纯化方法,利用薄层层析对伏马菌素B1做半定量检测,利用HPLC法对伏马菌素B1做定量检测。同时,对大连市售玉米花生样品进行了伏马菌素B1的检测。     

伏马菌素对食品的污染及毒性

本文主要介绍了伏马菌素对人和动物的危害，以及国内外食品中伏马菌素的污染状况，并介绍了几个国家对伏马菌素毒性的风险评价。     

酒中伏马菌素的研究进展

伏马菌素是近年来发现的一种重要的霉菌毒素,其通过污染多种粮食、水果,继而进入包括酒类产品在内的多种食品中,在动物和人类表现出神经毒害、免疫毒害以及致癌性等,危害很大.该文针对伏马菌素对人畜的危害性、在酒精饮料中伏马菌素的来源、检测方法以及降低其危害的措施等方面,综述了近年来的研究进展,以期引起对伏马菌素的重视,并为深入研究伏马菌素奠定基础.     

超高压液相色谱法同时检测玉米中的伏马毒素B1、B2、B3

目的 综合比较伏马毒素4种柱前衍生[邻苯二甲醛(OPA)、萘-2,3-二甲醛(NDA)、丹磺酰氯、6-氨基喹啉-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺氨基甲酸酯(AQC)]效果的优劣, 并选择一种衍生剂用于玉米样品中伏马毒素B1(FB1)、B2(FB2)、B3(FB3)的检测, 建立柱前衍生-超高压液相色谱法同时测定玉米中伏马毒素B1、B2和B3的方法。方法 采用乙腈-水(50∶50, v/v)溶液提取玉米中的伏马毒素B1、B2和B3, 涡旋震荡及离子交换柱净化对玉米样品中的伏马毒素B1、B2和B3进行提取与净化, 经衍生后进行超高压液相色谱-荧光检测器检测。 结果 最终选择OPA衍生作为本研究的衍生方法。3种伏马毒素的线性范围分别为50~1000 ng/mL、25~500 ng/mL、25~500 ng/mL, 相关系数R2均大于0.999; 最低定量限LOQ分别为25.0、14.0、17.0 μg/kg; 3个浓度的加标回收率分别为(75.6?1.6)%~(83.4?2.3)%, (78.9?5.4)%~(90.0?0.7)%, (83.7?8.2)%~(88.6?1.0)%; FB1、FB2和FB3的日间精密度分别为3.62%、3.41%、4.77%。结论 该方法具有预处理简单、检测速度快、灵敏度高的优点, 可满足对玉米中>800 μg/kg伏马毒素含量的检测要求。流动相的改进及梯度洗脱的使用, 提高了检测的灵敏度, 并可被在具有液相色谱仪的实验室应用。     

挤压膨化和碱化湿磨法降低玉米中的伏马菌素

伏马菌素是一种重要的真菌毒素,主要存在于受镰孢菌污染的玉米及其制品中。伏马菌素能够引起人畜多种疾病,严重危害人畜的健康。为了减少伏马菌素对人畜健康的危害,采用挤压膨化法、氢氧化钙浸泡湿磨法降低玉米及其制品中的伏马菌素。结果表明,在不添加葡萄糖的情况下,挤压膨化能够降低玉米中40.42%～44.52%的伏马菌素,而添加葡萄糖(2.5%、5.0%和7.5%)的情况下,降解率则能达到71.82%～90.16%。氢氧化钙浸泡湿磨能明显降低玉米中伏马菌素的含量,并且随浸泡时间(8～24h)的延长,去除率逐渐升高,在0.03mol/L的氢氧化钙浸泡24h的条件下,湿磨玉米能够去除80.71%的伏马菌素。     

挤压膨化和碱化湿磨法降低玉米中的伏马菌素

伏马菌素是一种重要的真菌毒素,主要存在于受镰孢菌污染的玉米及其制品中。伏马菌素能够引起人畜多种疾病,严重危害人畜的健康。为了减少伏马菌素对人畜健康的危害,采用挤压膨化法、氢氧化钙浸泡湿磨法降低玉米及其制品中的伏马菌素。结果表明,在不添加葡萄糖的情况下,挤压膨化能够降低玉米中40.42%～44.52%的伏马菌素,而添加葡萄糖(2.5%、5.0%和7.5%)的情况下,降解率则能达到71.82%～90.16%。氢氧化钙浸泡湿磨能明显降低玉米中伏马菌素的含量,并且随浸泡时间(8～24h)的延长,去除率逐渐升高,在0.03mol/L的氢氧化钙浸泡24h的条件下,湿磨玉米能够去除80.71%的伏马菌素。      

Fumonisins in plant-origin food and fodder – a review

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the Fusarium group of fungi commonly found on crops, mainly on maize. Some data suggest that as much as 25% of world crops may be lost because of mycotoxin contamination. Therefore, researchers in many countries (particularly in those in which relatively large amounts of maize are directly consumed by humans) are concerned with fumonisin levels in plant-origin foodstuffs and feeds available in their local markets. There is no doubt the levels are strongly correlated with the climate conditions prevailing in the region in which the maize was cultivated: the hotter the climate, the more serious the problem. Negative consequences of consumption of fumonisin-contaminated food by humans include an increased risk of oesophagus cancer and decreased body mass growth. In recent years some trials have been undertaken to reduce fumonisin levels in food and feed by the application of isothiocyanates naturally occurring in plants or peptidoglycans isolated from lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The results of these studies suggested that some reduction in contamination levels might be achieved. Additionally, some recent studies indicate that Sphingopyxis sp. bacteria produce enzymes that are able to break down the fumonisin molecule. Some fumonisins present in food may be bound/coupled with other compounds, and therefore difficult to detect. Such complexes in which the toxins are masked or hidden may even be at higher levels than the not-bound (free) molecules. The problem of how to evaluate effectively and efficiently the concentration of fumonisins in various foodstuffs is therefore a real-life challenge for scientists.     

伏马菌素研究进展

伏马菌素是串珠镰刀菌产生一类酶菌毒素,它能污染玉米及其制品,也可污染小麦、稻米等粮食及其制品;由于伏马菌素分布广泛且毒性较大,因此它在食品安全中意义越来越受到人们关注。该文介绍伏马菌素对食品污染状况、伏马菌素毒性及伏马菌素测定方法。     

柱前在线衍生-高效液相色谱法测定保健食品纳豆胶囊中的牛磺酸

建立了检测保健食品中牛磺酸的柱前在线衍生-高效液相色谱方法。样品经过去离子水提取,与邻苯二甲醛在线衍生,以A相：0.02 mmol/L的乙酸钠（pH 7.2,0.018%三乙胺,0.3%的四氢呋喃）;B相：100 mmol/L的乙酸钠（pH 7.2）20%,乙腈40%,甲醇40%为流动相,梯度洗脱,采用Thermo HypersilODSC18色谱柱（4.6mm×150mm,5μm）分离,紫外线检测。方法检出限为0.51 mg/L;标准曲线的线性范围为0-1000.0mg/L,相关系数R2=0.9992,具有良好的线性关系,加标回收率为103.9%-105.0%,相对标准偏差为0.9%-2.9%。该方法的灵敏度高、准确性好、前处理操作简单,适用于保健食品纳豆胶囊中牛磺酸含量的检测。     

液相色谱法与氨基酸分析仪法测定人乳中 水解氨基酸的比较研究

目的：研究氨基酸自动分析仪法和液相色谱法测定母乳中水解氨基酸含量的比较。方法：采用液相色谱柱前衍生和氨基酸分析仪测定母乳中水解氨基酸,液相色谱法选用C18 柱和AQC进行衍生,氨基酸分析仪采用阳离子交换柱和柱后茚三酮衍生。结果：两种方法的方法学参数无明显差异,所测结果差异均在4.65 %以下。结论：两种方法均可采用,可作为互相验证的方法。     

Effects of thermal food processing on the chemical structure and toxicity of fumonisin mycotoxins

Fumonisins are Fusarium mycotoxins that occur in corn and corn-based foods. They are toxic to animals and at least one analogue, fumonisin B1, is carcinogenic to rodents. Their effect on human health is unclear, however, fumonisins are considered to be risk factors for cancer and possibly neural tube defects in some heavily exposed populations. It is therefore important to minimize exposures in these populations. Cleaning corn to remove damaged or moldy kernels reduces fumonisins in foods while milling increases their concentration in some and reduces their concentration in other products. Fumonisins are water-soluble and nixtamalization (cooking in alkaline water) lowers the fumonisin content of food products if the cooking liquid is discarded. Baking, frying, and extrusion cooking of corn at high temperatures ( > or = 190 degrees C) also reduces fumonisin concentrations in foods, with the amount of reduction achieved depending on cooking time, temperature, recipe, and other factors. However, the chemical fate of fumonisins in baked, fried, and extruded foods is not well understood and it is not known if the reduced concentrations result from thermal decomposition of fumonisins or from their binding to proteins, sugars or other compounds in food matrices. These possibilities might or might not be beneficial depending upon the bioavailability and inherent toxicity of decomposition products or the degree to which bound fumonisins are released in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review the affects of cooking and processing on the concentration and chemical structure of fumonisins as well as the toxicological consequences of known and likely fumonisin reaction products are discussed.     

Simple intervention method to reduce fumonisin exposure in a subsistence maize-farming community in South Africa

In the Centane magisterial area of South Africa, high rates of oesophageal cancer have been associated with home-grown maize contaminated with fumonisins. The aim of this study was to implement a simple intervention method to reduce fumonisin exposure in a subsistence-farming community. The hand-sorting and washing procedures, based on traditional maize-based food preparation practices, were previously customised under laboratory-controlled conditions. Home-grown maize and maize-based porridge collected at baseline were analysed for fumonisin B₁, B₂ and B₃. The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) of fumonisin contamination in the home-grown maize at baseline was 1.67 (1.21–2.32) mg kg^?1 and 1.24 (0.75–2.04) mg kg ^?1 (dry weight) in the porridge. Fumonisin exposure was based on individual stiff porridge consumption and the specific fumonisin levels in the porridge (dry weight) consumed. Porridge (dry weight) consumption at baseline was 0.34 kg day^?1 and fumonisin exposure was 6.73 (3.90–11.6) µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1. Female participants (n = 22) were trained to recognise and remove visibly infected/damaged kernels and to wash the remaining maize kernels. The discarded kernels represented 3.9% by weight and the fumonisins varied from 17.1 to 76.9 mg kg^?1. The customised hand-sorting and washing procedures reduced fumonisin contamination in the maize and porridge by 84 and 65%, respectively. The intervention reduced fumonisin exposure by 62% to 2.55 (1.94–3.35) µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1. This simple intervention method has the potential to improve food safety and health in subsistence-farming communities consuming fumonisin-contaminated maize as their staple diet.     

镰刀菌属真菌毒素的毒性研究进展

镰刀属真菌毒素是非常重要的一类真菌毒素,其种类繁多,污染率高,性质差异大,毒性也较强。本综述总结了较为常见的28种镰刀属真菌毒素(T-2毒素、HT-2毒素、蛇形毒素、新茄病镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、镰刀菌烯酮、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素B_1、B_2、B_3、串珠镰刀菌素、白僵菌素以及恩镰孢菌素等)近40年来体内、体外毒性研究资料,主要涵盖急性毒性、慢性毒性的致癌性、生长生殖毒性、致突变和基因毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、细胞毒性及血液毒性。同时对伏马毒素B_1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其他几种常见毒素间的协同毒性作用进行概述。体内毒性实验研究中主要采用口服和腹腔注射的给药方式;而最常用的实验动物为鸡、小鼠、大鼠和猪。体外毒性实验研究用细胞为:鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株、人类巨核红细胞祖细胞以及动物肾脏上皮细胞等。对此类真菌毒素毒性的总结,可进一步加深对毒素的认识,并为食品、饲料及中药安全性方面相关的法律法规制订提供重要依据。     

Stability of mycotoxins during food processing

The mycotoxins that commonly occur in cereal grains and other products are not completely destroyed during food processing operations and can contaminate finished processed foods. The mycotoxins most commonly associated with cereal grains are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. The various food processes that may have effects on mycotoxins include sorting, trimming, cleaning, milling, brewing, cooking, baking, frying, roasting, canning, flaking, alkaline cooking, nixtamalization, and extrusion. Most of the food processes have variable effects on mycotoxins, with those that utilize the highest temperatures having greatest effects. In general the processes reduce mycotoxin concentrations significantly, but do not eliminate them completely. However, roasting and extrusion processing show promise for lowering mycotoxin concentrations, though very high temperatures are needed to bring about much of a reduction in mycotoxin concentrations. Extrusion processing at temperatures greater than 150 degrees C are needed to give good reduction of zearalenone, moderate reduction of alfatoxins, variable to low reduction of deoxynivalenol and good reduction of fumonisins. The greatest reductions of fumonisins occur at extrusion temperatures of 160 degrees C or higher and in the presence of glucose. Extrusion of fumonisin contaminated corn grits with 10% added glucose resulted in 75-85% reduction in Fumonisin B(1) levels. Some fumonisin degredation products are formed during extrusion, including small amounts of hydrolyzed Fumonisin B(1) and N-(Carboxymethyl) - Fumonisin B(1) and somewhat higher amounts of N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl) Fumonisin B(1) in extruded grits containing added glucose. Feeding trial toxicity tests in rats with extruded fumonisin contaminated corn grits show some reduction in toxicity of grits extruded with glucose.