按非均匀流设计渠道断面

1问题的提出渠道较长、底被均一、沿程糙率变化不大的棱往渠道，在渠中可形成均匀流，在这种情况下渠道的纵、横断面可按明渠均匀流设计．最近某工程单位向我们咨询水电站引水渠的设计问题，为了减少能量损失，引水渠的水面降落定的较小，引水渠进口水深由于布置上的要求及地质条件的限制，可变动的幅度不大，用所选定的水面落差和进口水深，按均匀流设计渠道断面，计算得到的底宽较宽，占地较多，根据该工程的地质条件和电站布置，引水渠末端水深较进口水深可有较大幅度的增大，在设计流量下渠中水深沿程变化，渠中形成的为非均匀流．我们…     

水面线计算中值得商榷的几个问题

水面线推求在水利计算中经常出现,从计算种类上分有天然河道水面线、水库回水淹没水面线、水工建筑物过流水面线等。本文介绍了用水力学伯努里方程推求水面线中的糙率、流量模数、局部水头损失和水库回水淹没等问题。     

京南水电站回水计算中的糙率分析

河段糙率是计算水库、水电站回水和确定淹没搬迁线的重要参数。本文以京南水库为例 ,通过分析河段糙率特性 ,建立各河段的水位～糙率关系应用于回水计算 ,为类似的水利计算和河道水面线分析提供参考     

过坝水流的近似计算

本文在势流计算基础上,沿溢流面用曼宁公式确定水头损失,在反弧段采用加大糙度方法进行过坝水流的近似计算,给出沿程自由水面位置、压力、流速及能量损失等水力参数。验证计算表明,该近似计算具有一定精度,供溢流坝水力计算参考。     

孔雀河上复杂河段的洪峰流量推求

在水文分析计算中,要用到的一些河流或河段无水文资料,必须进行洪水调查和采集数据,进行水文测验工作。首先选好测验断面,再确定糙率值。无资料河段的糙率,可以选用上、下游河段的实测值或选用相似河段的实测值。糙率是反映河床、岸壁形状的不规则性和表面粗糙程度的一个系数,它直接影响河流沿程能量损失的大小。天然河道不规则,断面形状不断发生变化,只有在洪峰值出现时,短暂的时间里为恒定流。但只要选取较好的控制断面,也可以把部分河段看做是恒定非均匀流。从能量的角度分析,不仅要考虑沿程能量的损失,还要考虑局部的能量损失。因此,可以实测资料,通过伯努里方程式,反推糙率值,计算出洪水调查断面的河段糙率0.068,最后推求洪峰流量。阐述了孔雀河上复杂河段洪峰流量的推求方法。     

明渠水力设计的几个问题

本文论述了三方面的内容:一是非均质明渠糙率问题;二是提出了两个均匀流水深和临界水深的计算式;三是关于非棱柱体明渠水面线和棱柱体明渠水面曲线的计算.作者用电子计算机把上述三个问题串联起来,可以一次完成多方案的水力设计任务。     

水库回水计算的几点体会

水库回水计算成果是确定水库淹没处理范围的依据，关系到水利水电工程正常蓄水位和汛期限制水位的合理选定。因此，提高水库回水计算精度是一个重要的课题。影响水库回水计算成果和精度的主要因素是：河道断面特性值Ｆ，沿程糙率ｎ，河段计算流量Ｑ以及上下断面间河段距离△Ｌ；要使这些因素正确合理就要合理布设断面，提高测量精度，应用计算机划分主边槽，深入细致地分析研究沿程糙率ｎ。     

工程设计中河道复式断面天然水面线计算

文章通过典型实例,对工程设计中常见却容易忽视的复式断面水力计算问题,应用明渠恒定非均匀流能量公式,采用断面垂线分割法,进行了河道水面线推求。     

灌区明渠无喉道量水槽水力特性的影响因素研究

为探究无喉道量水槽在不同坡度渠道的适用性,解析影响无喉道量水槽水力特性的因素,本文在模型试验的基础上,通过数值模拟软件对过槽水流进行了三维数值模拟,分析了水面线、壅水高度、佛汝德数的沿程变化及测流公式.研究结果表明,数值计算结果能够较好地表征出模型试验相关水力特性,模拟水面线结果与实测结果基本一致;基于能量守恒原理和量...     

山区河道水面线和管涵漫水桥壅水计算探讨

对山区河道水面线和管涵漫水桥壅水的精确计算一直是防洪规划和咨询类项目中的一个重点难点。本文简要阐述和分析了以往解决此两方面问题的方法及其局限性。利用HEC—RAS（美国陆军工程兵团水文工程中心-河流分析系统）进行建模分析,对山区河道水面线计算中横断面数据设置的合理性和管涵漫水桥壅水计算中堰流系数、入口损失系数和管壁糙率三个参数的敏感性分别进行了重点探讨,为今后在工程实践中更好的解决类似问题提供了经验。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。