热处理对低碳钢渗碳后组织与扭转强度的影响

对低碳钢渗碳处理后进行不同的热处理和深冷处理,检测了试件的扭转强度.结果表明:影响扭转强度因素主次顺序依次为深冷处理时间、淬火温度、回火温度和回火保温时间;最优水平为淬火温度870℃、回火温度180℃、回火保温时间2h和深冷处理时间20h;深冷处理提高了低碳钢渗碳后的扭转强度.     

18Cr2Ni4WA钢渗碳层中等温形成的角状马氏体

１８Ｃｒ２Ｎｉ４ＷＡ钢经１０００℃×５ｈ固体渗碳，空冷淬火后，６０℃×１２ｈ等温处理，发现渗层过渡区中的残余奥氏体区域内有新的等温马氏体，呈规则的角状，不同于这种钢渗碳后常规淬火所得到的片状。     

高速钢分级回火工艺

高速钢淬火后要进行560℃×60min的3次高温回火，而等温淬火后要进行4次高温回火。我们根据对高速钢回火机理的分析研究和工艺实践经验的总结，设计了高速钢分级回火工艺。1分级回火工艺高速钢回火的目的，是通过合金碳化物的弥散析出和共格畸变，残留奥氏体的充分转变，淬火应力的消除和组织的稳定，以获得较高的二次硬化硬度、红硬性和一定的强韧性。据此，回火工艺设计为两次回火，第一次为350℃×1h和580℃×1h的分级回火，第二次为560℃×1h的补充回火。第一次回火温度最高为580C，略高于高速钢二次硬化的峰值温度，可以在不明显降低…     

基于正交试验的G105钻杆强韧化工艺优化研究

采用正交试验法研究了淬火加热温度、淬火保温时间、回火加热温度和回火保温时间对26CrMoNbTiB钻杆用钢强韧性的影响.结果表明,回火加热温度对实验钢的强度和伸长率影响最大,淬火加热温度次之.当淬火温度为910℃、保温时间为35 min,回火温度和时间分别为590℃和65 min时,26CrMoNbTiB钢的屈服强度为898 MPa,抗拉强度为973 MPa,伸长率为17.4％,具有良好的综合力学性能.     

提高20Cr2Ni4A钢齿轮渗碳淬火硬度的试验研究

针对20Cr2Ni4A钢制造的中大型齿轮在不允许冷处理的条件下渗碳淬火硬度偏低的问题,通过对渗碳淬火碳势、中间高温回火工艺、淬火温度的优化,在不冷处理的情况下使齿轮硬度提高了2 HRC以上至58~61 HRC,显微组织良好,达到了预期目的。试验发现,该材料渗碳后经过高温回火再重新加热淬火时,为了提高表面及次表面硬度,渗碳扩散碳势、渗碳降温保温阶段碳势和淬火碳势在碳化物不超标的前提下要尽量提高;反复试验与检测证明,中间高温回火也会导致渗碳层一定深度内碳含量的降低,从而影响渗碳淬火硬度,故高温回火时不仅要注意回火不足更要防止过回火,高温回火次数过多时间过长,淬火后硬度不升反降。     

27SiMnMoV渗碳钢针阀体失效分析

某油泵油嘴厂生产的 2 7SiMnMoV钢针阀体渗碳淬火后 ,出现批量断裂 ,严重影响了生产的正常进行。针阀体的热处理工艺为 :90 0℃× 4h固体渗碳→ 880℃× 5 0min保温后淬油 (油温 30～ 4 0℃ ,冷却 8min)→- 70℃× 0 5h冷处理→ 2 80℃× 4h回火保温。对部分断裂针阀体进行失效分析。1　失效针阀体的断口形貌图 1为断裂针阀体的宏观形貌。针阀体断裂均发生在头部 ,并且多数断裂于油孔位置。送检的 3个断口样品中 ,断裂似均起源于内孔并向外扩展 ,断口外缘周边有剪切唇像最后断裂区。其中两个样品断口呈蓝色 ,系针阀体在回火前已开裂 ,断…     

V-Cr-Mo-Nb-W高速钢回火抗力的研究

对新型V-Cr-Mo-Nb-W复合轧辊用高速钢空冷淬火、回火后的力学性能和金相组织进行了研究。结果表明,当加热温度低于800℃空冷淬火时,随着温度的升高,V-Cr-Mo-Nb-W复合轧辊用高速钢的硬度值不断降低;当温度为800℃时,硬度值最低;处理温度为800~1050℃时,随温度的提高硬度不断提高,在1000~1050℃内硬度达到最高值。该钢具有良好的回火抗力,经1050℃×1 h空冷淬火、600℃回火后硬度>58HRC。不同的铸造条件对材料硬度的影响不大。高速钢材料在800℃空冷淬火处理后软化性能最好,便于加工。     

18Cr2Ni4WA钢渗碳淬火后回火温度对力学性能的影响

为了研究18Cr2Ni4WA钢渗碳淬火后不同回火温度对渗碳表面和未渗碳部分(心部)力学性能的影响,采用显微硬度计、拉伸试验机和冲击试验机对渗碳淬火后不同回火温度下试样的力学性能进行了研究,并且运用ABAQUS仿真软件对不同回火温度下的齿轮试样性能进行了模拟分析。结果发现:随着回火温度的升高,试样硬度和强度降低的同时,心部的冲击吸收能量也下降明显,在300 ℃时其冲击吸收能量值接近于技术要求规定的最小值,考虑到炉温和材料成分存在不均匀性,因此此类钢在某些特定条件下,渗碳淬火后回火温度不宜高于260 ℃。     

淬火介质温度对渗碳钢表面残余应力和冲击性能的影响

本文研究冷却介质温度从50℃至270℃间淬火对渗碳钢 SAE4130(30CrMo)、SAE1526表面残余应力和冲击断裂性能的影响。介质温度大幅度提高至200℃以上,两种材料的表面残余压应力增加。165℃回火对两种钢的残余压应力数量的降低与所用淬火介质温度无关。SAE4130钢渗碳后不管回火与否,其冲断抗力相对不受介质温度的影响。但介质温度从50℃增至235℃时,SAE1526钢渗碳后淬火试样的冲断抗力随之增加,而回火试样冲断抗力随之减少。介质温度达到270℃时,SAE1516钢渗碳后,不论回火与否都具有最大冲断抗力。介质温度对 SAE1526钢渗碳层冲断抗力的影响与渗层表面形成上贝氏体和下贝氏体有关。     

提高渗碳淬火齿轮硬度的后处理工艺

研究了20Cr2Ni4A钢渗碳淬火齿轮在低温回火后硬度较低时进行后冷处理和后低温回火处理对表面硬度、有效硬化层深度及心部硬度的影响。结果表明,20Cr2Ni4A钢在渗碳淬火低温回火后的残留奥氏体稳定化现象并不明显,此时进行冷处理仍能提高工件硬度,而当残留奥氏体较多时具有低温回火二次硬化现象,提高低温回火温度也能提高表面硬度。据此可采用后冷处理和后低温回火工艺提高硬度,代替常规的重新高温回火+渗碳淬火+低温回火的返工工艺。后冷处理温度可根据Mf点确定,对于渗碳后高温回火并重新加热淬火和低温回火工艺,Ms和Mf点不能按常规方法计算,可根据残留奥氏体含量进行估算。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.