高温短时蒸汽漂烫对鲜玛咖过氧化物酶活性的影响

为探索高温蒸汽漂烫对鲜玛咖过氧化物酶(POD)钝化的最佳工艺参数,解决鲜玛咖加工中的褐变问题,采用响应面分析法建立处理时间、蒸汽温度和载物量对POD相对酶活影响的二次多元回归数学模型。结果表明:鲜玛咖的最佳漂烫条件处理时间54s、蒸汽温度130℃、载物量170g时,POD相对酶活为4.90%;未处理鲜玛咖破碎放置7d后,褐变变化率为52.66%,芥子油苷、水溶性生物碱、VC和总酚的损失率分别为45.68%、13.71%、20.27%和15.13%,而经高温蒸汽漂烫的鲜玛咖褐变变化率仅为8.56%,与未处理的样品相比,芥子油苷、水溶性生物碱、VC和总酚的损失率分别为23.46%、11.29%、6.76%和10.26%。表明在响应曲面法(RSM)优化条件下,鲜玛咖经高温蒸汽漂烫处理后,其褐变可得到有效控制,营养成分得到很好的保留。     

高温短时蒸汽漂烫处理对冷冻蔬菜质量的影响

<正>蔬菜加工前,漂烫处理不仅除去了杂物,改善了风味．方便了包装,而且蔬菜的组织结构的加工适宜性得到提高(Cain,1950;Crafts,1944)。热烫处理损失掉了许多营养物质和不可复得的固形物,且负载加大。Carroad et al(1980)报道:用热水漂烫处理硬花甘兰幼苗,可溶性固形物损失8~9%;高温短时蒸汽漂烫处理     

高温蒸汽瞬时漂烫对黑牛肝菌酶活和品质影响的研究

研究了高温瞬时蒸汽对黑牛肝菌的过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的影响,并研究了对黑牛肝菌几种重要营养成分的影响,包括总酚、可溶性总糖、VC以及可溶性蛋白。通过时间(s)、物料量(g)、蒸汽压力(MPa)的单因素试验,设计正交试验,对POD、PPO、总酚、总糖、VC、可溶性蛋白进行综合评价分析,得出最佳的试验条件:高温蒸汽瞬时漂烫时间为30 s、物料量300 g、蒸汽压力0.3 MPa,综合评分值最高。高温蒸汽漂烫最优结果与最佳的热水漂烫处理进行比较,体现了高温蒸汽漂烫的优势。     

不同漂烫温度对苦菜品质指标的影响

本文主要研究了苦菜在不同漂烫温度下的品质指标变化。实验表明，苦菜漂烫时，随漂烫温度的升高，叶绿素、糖、POD和维生素C的含量都有较大幅度的降低，而蛋白质和钙的含量则基本保持恒定。     

烫漂及冻藏时间对速冻香椿品质的影响

采用不同的处理方法及冻藏时间对速冻香椿进行试验,结果表明:烫漂和速冻可引起香椿Vc、蛋白质、干物质含量的减少;随着冻藏时间的延长水分、Vc的含量会逐渐减少,蛋白质、干物质的含量会呈现先降后升的趋势。     

烫漂方式对香菇挥发性成分的影响

比较微波、蒸汽和沸水烫漂对香菇挥发性成分的影响。采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术进行挥发性成分定性分析,并对苯甲醛与1-辛烯-3-醇进行外标法定量分析。结果表明:新鲜香菇的主要挥发性化合物分为五类25种,包括醇类6种、醛类4种、酮类2种、烃类5种和含硫化合物8种,苯甲醛与1-辛烯-3-醇分别为0.28 ng/g和308.44 ng/g。微波烫漂的香菇中1-辛烯-3-醇含量为515.65 ng/g;蒸汽烫漂与沸水烫漂对醇类与含硫化合物的相对含量影响较大,其中蒸汽烫漂使香菇中醇类相对含量由22.49%降至3.93%,含硫化合物相对含量由64.57%增至87.64%,苯甲醛与1-辛烯-3-醇含量分别为0.45 ng/g和245.64 ng/g;香菇经沸水烫漂,醇类相对含量达87.89%,含硫化合物(2.85%)显著降低,1-辛烯-3-醇含量为1482.46 ng/g。以上表明,从挥发性成分组成来看,蒸汽烫漂与沸水烫漂处理对其差异影响较大,特别是醇类与含硫化合物的相对含量有明显区别。     

烫漂工艺对白对虾品质的影响

研究了白对虾烫漂预处理中的品质变化。采用NaCl溶液对白对虾进行烫漂,探讨在100℃条件下,烫漂溶液浓度和烫漂时间对白对虾失重率、色泽、质构和烫漂残液的影响。试验表明:2%NaCl、烫漂1 min为合理参数,在此条件下,白对虾失重率达10.34%,烫漂液浊度94NTU,每克白对虾流失蛋白质<0.1g,硬度和弹性分别为1 813g、0.842g,彩度为28.07,模糊综合评价等级为优,失重率高,营养损失少,色泽、组织状态均较理想。     

微波烫漂对速冻怀山药品质的影响

采用不同的微波烫漂水平处理怀山药,通过测定过氧化物酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、失重率、可溶性固形物含量和游离氨基酸总量5项指标,研究微波烫漂对速冻怀山药品质的影响。同时对护色剂处理、热水烫漂、微波烫漂3种不同处理条件下怀山药解冻后的硬度、质地以及感官特性进行比较。结果表明：微波烫漂怀山药短时间内即可达到灭酶效果,而且营养成分损失少,解冻后品质较好。最佳的微波功率及相应的处理时间为407.6W和60s。     

烫漂处理对脱水油豆角品质的影响

油豆角经1%NaCl和0.1%L-半胱氨酸溶液烫漂后,可保持稳定的绿色,且褐变程度低,复水比和平均干燥速率较高。不同烫漂时间和温度对脱水油豆角的品质影响表明,油豆角的脱水干制过程中,烫漂是一种有效的预处理方法,油豆角适宜的烫漂条件为95℃,2min。     

真空—蒸汽脉动烫漂预处理对百合

将真空—蒸汽脉动烫漂预处理技术应用于百合的烫漂预处理,研究蒸汽烫漂时间、烫漂循环次数和真空度对百合烫漂后干燥特性、水分有效扩散系数、色泽和复水比的影响。结果表明：蒸汽烫漂时间、烫漂循环次数和真空度均对烫漂后百合的干燥特性有显著性影响,当蒸汽烫漂时间30 s,烫漂循环3次,真空度90 kPa时,百合烫漂充分,提高了细胞间的通透性并抑制PPO、POD酶的活性,烫漂后在60 ℃热风下干燥,最短为11.7 h;干燥后的百合片色泽L^*值为83.65、ΔE值为5.18,接近于新鲜百合色泽;复水比最高为1.49 g/g,水分有效扩散系数最大为6.85×10^-10 m²/s;综合评分最高为0.98。     

Response surface optimisation of osmotic dehydration of Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) slices

Response surface methodology (RSM) of Box–Behnken design with 27 experimental runs and the desirability function method were used in the osmotic dehydration process of Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) slices in ternary solution of water, sucrose and sodium chloride for maximising water loss (WL), rehydration ratio (RR) and total phenolic content (TPC) and minimising solute gain (SG) and hunter colour change (HCC) of dehydrated product. The results indicated that the optimum operating conditions were found to be process duration of 102 min, solution temperature of 30 °C, solution concentration of 50 Brix sucrose + 7.31% sodium chloride and solution to food ratio of 8:1 (w/w). Under this condition, the WL, SG and TPC were 58.8% (wb), 12.56% (wb) and 1.46% (db), while its RR and HCC were 1.59 and 6.55, respectively. The immersion time was the most significant variable for WL, HCC, SG and RR, and for TPC it was temperature (P < 0.05).     

Optimizing extraction conditions for functional compounds from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) using response surface methodology

Food Science and Biotechnology - Extraction process was optimized for maximizing the contents of functional compounds from ginger using response surface methodology which applied Box–Behnken...     

The composition of the essential oil of dried Nigerian ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

 The essential oil composition of dried Nigerian ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) was determined by means of gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. The ginger was hydrodistilled; the oil yield was 2.4% and consisted of 64.4% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 6.6% carbonyl compounds, 5.6% alcohols, 2.4% monoterpene hydrocarbons and 1.6% esters. The main compounds were zingiberene (29.5%) and sesquiphellandrene (18.4%). A number of constituents not previously reported in ginger oil were identified. These include 2,6-dimethyl hepten-l-ol, α-gurjunene, linalool oxide, isovaler-aldehyde, 2-pentanone, cadinol, α- and γ-calacorene, eremophyllene, t-muurolol, α-himachallene, α-cubebene acetic acid, pinanol, α-santalene, geranyl propionate, geranoic acid, (E,E)-α-farnesene, n-methyl pyrrole and geranic acid. Received: 14 December 1998 / Revised version: 4 February 1999     

酶法辅助提取生姜姜辣素及其对山茶油抗氧化作用研究

油脂氧化是山茶油变质和品质降低的主要原因。姜辣素具有良好的抗氧化活性,提取的关键在于破坏生姜细胞结构。本研究采用单因素实验和正交实验研究了酶用量、酶解温度、酶解pH和酶解时间对姜辣素提取率的影响,并采用Schaal烘箱法研究了姜辣素提取物对山茶油的抗氧化作用。结果显示,淀粉酶和纤维素酶复合酶处理对姜辣素提取具有协同增效作用,最佳配比为3:2;单因素实验和正交实验优化后的最佳工艺条件为：酶用量15 mg/g干姜粉,酶解温度55 ℃,酶解pH为5.5,酶解时间1.25 h。在此条件下,姜辣素提取率为4.75±0.07%。姜辣素提取物对山茶油具有较好的抗氧化作用,其效果随提取物姜辣素浓度提高而增强,但与BHT仍有一定差距;8-姜酚、10-姜酚和6-姜烯酚与姜辣素提取物复配,均对山茶油抗氧化具有协同增效作用,其抗氧化效果接近BHT。研究结果对姜辣素的提取和山茶油抗氧化具有重要的理论指导意义和实际应用价值。     

An impression on current developments in the technology, chemistry, and biological activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is widely cultivated as a spice for its aromatic and pungent components. The essential oil and oleoresins from ginger are valuable products responsible for the characteristic flavor and pungency. Both are used in several food products such as soft beverages and also in many types of pharmaceutical formulations. More than 100 compounds have been reported from ginger, some of which are isolated and characterized, others are tentatively identified by GC-MS and / or LC-MS. [6]-Gingerol, the major gingerol in ginger rhizomes, has been found to possess many interesting pharmacological and physiological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and cardiotonic effects. Ginger is considered as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA. Due to all these properties, ginger has gained considerable attention in developed countries in recent years, especially for its use in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The present review is a persuasive presentation of the current information on processing, chemistry, biological activities, and medicinal uses of ginger. Further studies are required for the validation of the beneficial uses. Formulation for novel products and new usages may emerge in the years to come, based on the revealed results of various studies.     

Composition and distinctive volatile flavour characteristics of the essential oil from Australian-grown ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Gas chromatographic analysis revealed the qualitative composition of the essential oil from Australiangrown ginger to be similar to that of oils from other areas. The major constituents are a group of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons based on the bisabolene carbon skeleton. These compounds are accompanied by a number of monoterpene hydrocarbons and other substances. However, of particular interest, is the presence of a relatively high proportion of geranial and neral. These compounds are believed to invest Australian-grown ginger oil with a distinctive ‘citrus-like’ aroma.     

Effects of drying on flavour compounds in Australian‐grown ginger (Zingiber officinale)

The volatile compounds responsible for the flavour of Australian‐grown ginger have been extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide. Both fresh and dried ginger samples have been examined and the major effects of the drying process are a reduction in gingerol content, an increase in terpene hydrocarbons and the conversion of some monoterpene alcohols to their corresponding acetates. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

生姜多糖抗氧化性及其组分的研究

对生姜多糖的体外抗氧化性进行了研究,并采用薄层色谱法分析生姜多糖的单糖组成.实验考察了生姜多糖对·OH、DPPH·的清除能力;同时讨论了薄层色谱法中不同水解条件、不同展开系统、不同显色剂对薄层色谱的影响.结果表明:生姜多糖具有较强的自由基清除活性,其清除·OH、DPPH·的IC50分别为0.503、0.0272mg/mL;薄层色谱法中硫酸为最佳水解用酸,最佳展开系统为:正丁醇:乙酸乙酯:异丙醇:醋酸:水=7:20:12:7:6,最适的显色剂为苯胺-二苯胺磷酸显色剂,得到生姜多糖的单糖组成为:葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖和果糖.