层状板中Lamb波的频散特性研究

利用矩阵递推方法，建立了层状板中Ｌａｍｂ波的特征方程以及相应的位移和应力分布计算公式，由此分析了双层板、软夹层板和硬夹层板中Ｌａｍｂ波的频散特性，特别指出软夹层的存在对Ｌａｍｂ波的频散特性有显著影响。该结论对工程测试分析有一定指导意义。     

Influences of Elastic and Viscous Moduli on Laser-Generated Lamb Waves in Viscoelastic Plates

The study of the propagation of laser-generated Lamb waves in viscoelastic plates, after taking into account the viscoelastic and thermophysical properties, is reported. Based on the thermoviscoelastic theory, a finite-element model for the laser-generated Lamb waves is developed in the frequency domain, and the temporal temperature and displacement waveforms are obtained by using inverse fast Fourier transforms. The influences of each elastic and viscous modulus $(C_{11}^{\prime },\; C_{22}^{\prime },\; C_{12}^{\prime },\; C_{66}^{\prime },\; C_{11}^{{\prime }{\prime }},\; C_{22}^{{\prime }{\prime }},\; C_{12}^{{\prime }{\prime }},$ and $C_{66}^{{\prime }{\prime }})$ on the propagation of the laser-generated Lamb waves (mainly for the $S_{0}$ and $A_{0}$ modes) are investigated in detail. The numerical results show that the attenuation of the $S_{0}$ mode is mainly determined by $C_{22}^{\prime },\; C_{12}^{\prime },\; C_{11}^{{\prime }{\prime }}$ , and $C_{12}^{{\prime }{\prime }}$ , and is independent of $C_{66}^{\prime }$ and $C_{66}^{{\prime }{\prime }}$ . In addition, the attenuation of the $A_{0}$ mode is more influenced by $C_{11}^{\prime },\; C_{22}^{\prime },\; C_{11}^{{\prime }{\prime }},$ and $C_{12}^{{\prime }{\prime }}$ . The finite-element method in the frequency domain provides a useful tool to investigate the mechanical properties of the viscoelastic plates.     

Laser-Generated Lamb Waves Propagation in Multilayered Plates Composed of Viscoelastic Fiber-reinforced Composite Materials

The propagation characteristics of laser-generated Lamb waves in multilayered fiber-reinforced composite plates with different fiber orientations and number of layers have been investigated quantitatively. Considering the viscoelasticity of the composite materials, we have set up finite element models for simulating the laser-generated Lamb waves in two types of the multilayered composite plates. In the first type, different fiber orientations are adopted. In the second one, different number of layers are considered. The results illustrate the occurrence of attenuation and dispersion, which is induced by the viscoelasticity and multilayer structure, respectively.     

基于COMSOL局域共振声子晶体薄板振动带隙研究

针对低频振动控制问题,研究一种局域共振声子晶体薄板的振动带隙。首先,基于弹性波方程及Bloch定理,探讨应用COMSOL有限元模拟方法开展声子晶体振动带隙计算的可靠性;然后,模拟计算所设计的局域共振声子晶体薄板的振动带隙,分析其带隙结构和元胞结构参数对振动带隙的影响,并以200 Hz～400 Hz的中低频为目标频段,通过选择带隙宽度在目标频段内占比最大的参数组合作为声子晶体薄板的最优设计方案;最后,在频域上考察声子晶体薄板内波的传输特性。研究表明,利用COMSOL有限元模拟方法开展声子晶体振动带隙计算是可靠的,与数值计算方法相比,其计算的带隙参数误差都很小;对于所设计的局域共振声子晶体薄板,元胞的结构参数对振动带隙具有显著影响,通过优选元胞结构参数,可使声子晶体薄板的振动带隙向低频区域移动;薄板内波的传输特性和薄板的振动位移图进一步证实了在振动带隙内薄板对波传播的阻碍作用。     

Propagation of Ultrasonic Lamb Waves in Aluminium Adhesively Bonded LAP Joints and in Single Plates

The analysis of the propagation of Lamb waves in multi- and single-layer systems is presented in this work. The study of this propagation problem is developed from matrix formulations, which describe elastic waves in layered media. The behavior of the different modes that propagate in the overlapped region is characterized. It is found that their relative amplitudes can be estimated based on the properties of the incident wave mode. It was verified that the excitation of these modes is ruled by the degree in which the shapes of both modes match each other.

Other result of this method refers to the evaluation of the attenuation of both longitudinal and transversal waves in plates, which is usually difficult, especially in thin plates by using the conventional pulse-echo technique. By using the immersion pitch and catch setup, the total attenuation, the sum of the losses due to the leaking in the fluid and to the material damping can easily be obtained through two measurements at different distances. The leaking losses are calculated by the bulk properties of both the fluid and the plate, and, consequently, the attenuation of the longitudinal and the transversal waves (material damping).     

基于三维弹性理论的碳纤维板中Lamb波建模

基于主动Lamb波的结构健康监测是目前复合材料结构损伤监测技术研究的热点之一,了解Lamb波的传播特性对进行可靠的损伤监测非常重要.本文结合经典三维弹性理论与Lamb波的运动位移方程,对碳纤维复合材料板中传播的Lamb波传播特性进行了建模研究,在此基础上推导了碳纤维板的相速度频散曲线,并讨论了Lamb波传播方向与坐标轴之间的夹角及碳纤维铺层方向对频散曲线的影响,建模结果证明了这种建模方法的正确性.     

Lamb Waves for Damage Localisation in Panels

Abstract: In this study, Lamb wave propagation phenomena have been used to localise discontinuities in aluminium and composite panels. For that purpose, piezoelectric transducers have been used to excite and register Lamb waves in the panels. Excited waves that propagate and reflect from the panel edges and discontinuities were registered by piezoelectric sensors as voltage changes in time. Three different experiments have been conducted to investigate the wave propagation phenomena. In the first experiment, the attenuation and dispersion of Lamb waves in the aluminium panel has been studied. The second experiment has been oriented to localise an additional mass attached to the same panel. A dedicated signal‐processing algorithm has been developed to aid the localisation procedure that allowed to extract relevant features of the discontinuity. The algorithm has been tested on signals from the panel with and without the additional mass. The results obtained have been compared to find the position of the discontinuity. The third experiment concerned a more realistic damage scenario when piezoelectric transducers have been arranged as a clock‐like array to find a crack in a composite panel.     

Long Range Detection of Defects in Composite Plates Using Lamb Waves Generated and Detected by Ultrasonic Phased Array Probes

This article presents a technique for the generation and detection of Lamb waves guided along large plate-like structures made from various types of materials (metal, polymer, fibre-reinforced composite, etc.). A multi-element matrix ultrasonic probe is driven using the well-known phased array principle, for launching and detecting pure Lamb modes in/from specific directions along the plate, which are arbitrary for isotropic materials and limited to specific directions for anisotropic materials, e.g. principal directions or directions for which both phase and group velocities are collinear. The probe is gel-coupled to the tested specimen and allows quick inspection of large area from its fixed position, even of zones with limited access. The technique, which takes into account the frequency dispersive effects, is different than SHM-like (Structural Health Monitoring) inspection, since all transmitting or receiving elements are grouped together in a localized area defined by the active surface of the probe, and not permanently attached to the tested structure. The use of a multi-element probe, for long range Lamb waves-based inspection, is also distinctive from that usually performed, which consists of very local inspection of a material by steering the ultrasonic beam below and nearby the probe. A prototype is presented, as well as measurements of its performances in terms of modal selectivity and directivity. Finally the detection and localisation of a through-thickness hole in a large aluminium plate, of a delamination-like defect in a carbon epoxy composite plate and of an impact damage on a stiffened composite curved plate are shown.     

Frequency Dependence of Second-Harmonic Generation in Lamb Waves

The frequency dependence of the second-harmonic generation in Lamb waves is studied theoretically and numerically in order to examine the role of phase matching for sensitive evaluation of material nonlinearity. Nonlinear Lamb wave propagation in an isotropic plate is analyzed using the perturbation technique and the modal decomposition in the neighborhood of a typical frequency satisfying the phase matching. The results show that the ratio of the amplitude of second-harmonic Lamb mode to the squared amplitude of fundamental Lamb mode grows cumulatively in a certain range of fundamental frequency for a finite propagation distance. It is also shown that the frequency for which this ratio reaches maximum is close but not equal to the phase-matching frequency when the propagation distance is finite. This feature is confirmed numerically using the finite-difference time-domain method incorporating material and geometrical nonlinearities. The fact that the amplitude of second-harmonic mode becomes high in a finite range of fundamental frequency proves robustness of the material evaluation method using second harmonics in Lamb waves.     

多模式Lamb波在层合板检测中的应用研究

以层合板复合材料为实验对象,采用超声Lamb波为手段,通过检测信号的时频分析,有效确定缺陷类型对Lamb波在复合材料中传播的影响.     

基于弯折频率变换的Lamb波高分辨率损伤成像

Lamb波在结构健康监测中受到广泛关注,但其在传播过程中存在着多模和频散特性,不利于损伤定位和高分辨率成像。弯折频率变换（Warped Frequency Transform, WFT）通过构建合理的弯折映射可实现对频率轴的弯折。基于Lamb波群速度频散曲线设计弯折频率变换,则可用于Lamb波信号的处理。本文从直接补偿角度出发,利用WFT对传感信号进行频散抑制。提出了基于WFT的高分辨率损伤成像方法,利用有限元软件ABAQUS进行了带损伤铝板中Lamb波传播的仿真。仿真结果表明WFT能有效压缩频散的波包,通过本文所提成像方法可实现高分辨率损伤成像。     

杂质吸收对一维掺杂声子晶体缺陷模的影响

为了研究杂质吸收对一维掺杂声子晶体缺陷模的影响,引入复波数,推导出一维掺杂声子晶体的转移矩阵,计算了一维掺杂声子晶体的透射系数和反射系数随衰减系数的变化特征.得出杂质的衰减系数对一维掺杂声子晶体透射波中和反射波中的缺陷模都有显著的影响.在透射波中,随着衰减系数的增加缺陷模峰高迅速降低,κ在0～0.002k范围内缺陷模比较明显.当衰减系数增加到0.005k时,缺陷模几乎消失.反射波中的缺陷模随着衰减系数的变化也有相同的特征.     

二维椭圆柱体正方列阵固态声子晶体的带隙结构研究

用平面波法计算了椭圆钢柱与环氧树脂组成的二维正方晶格声子晶体的带隙结构。结果表明：当椭圆柱体未旋转时,柱体的横截面形状对称性越高,带隙宽度越大;固定填充率而改变柱体截面半径时,填充率大,带隙宽度极值越大;若椭圆柱体绕其中心轴线旋转,带隙宽度将随之增大,其极值出现在椭圆柱体旋转44o或45o时,而且可以获得比圆柱体更宽的带隙;带隙中心频率随材料参数的变化也有明显的变化规律。     

基于遗传算法的声子晶体梁振动传输特性优化设计

以工程中常用的梁类结构为背景,研究了利用声子晶体带隙来抑制梁中振动传播的设计方法,在考虑附加质量、振幅等约束条件下,用遗传算法来优化设计声子晶体梁的力学参数,从而实现"按需设计".基于传递矩阵法建立了局域共振声子晶体梁振动传输特性的计算方法,以某频段内的插入损失最大为优化目标,通过建立有效的惩罚函数并选择合适的遗传运算策略,建立了考虑质量、振幅约束条件下局域振子参数的优化设计方法,实现了局域共振声子晶体梁振子参数的优化设计,并分析了优化结果的正确性.所提出的优化设计方法对于将声子晶体应用于抑制结构振动传播的工程实践具有重要的实用价值.     

兰姆波探伤中一些问题的探讨

对金属薄板兰姆波探伤中的一些问题进行了探讨，提出了能量沿板厚分布的计算公式。指出不能将质点位移振幅沿板厚的分布当作能量分布，不能将能量分布是否均匀作为选择最佳探伤参数的主要依据。还对薄板中兰姆波的产生、兰姆波与分层作用的机理及如何选择最佳探伤参数等问题提出了初步的看法。     

Simulation and Experiments of Airborne Zero-Group-Velocity Lamb Waves in Concrete Plate

The impact-echo (IE) test method has been widely used to determine the thickness of a plate and to locate delaminations in reinforced-concrete structures. It was later realized that the IE mode is related to the Zero-Group-Velocity S1 Lamb mode (S₁ZGV). An efficient inspection of a structure using rapid, noncontact, air-coupled sensing technology is of great interest. The objective of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of air-coupled sensing to detect the ZGV Lamb mode signals. Numerical simulation and experimental verification were performed to study the in-air ZGV vibration responses induced by a point impact applied on a concrete plate. Two concrete plates, one without delamination and one with delamination, were tested and simulated. For each plate, the simulation results agreed well with the experimental results, and both methods estimated the plate thickness precisely. The numerical simulations also visualized the pressure field in the air and are helpful for interpretation of the experimental results. The numerical and experimental results suggest that the air-coupled sensing technology can serve as an effective and rapid inspection tool for large concrete structures.     

Some Experimental Observations on the Detection of Composite Damage using Lamb Waves

Abstract: This paper deals with the detection of damage in composite plates using Lamb wave scattering from faults and novelty detection. Although previous studies have established the feasibility of the approach, this paper addresses the problem of quantifying the detectable level of damage. In order to accomplish this, two test programmes were conducted. The first tests dealt with the detection of through holes in a composite laminate, while the second series was concerned with detecting internal damage generated by low‐velocity impacts. In both cases, the damages were detected successfully; however, the tests raise some issues concerning the stability of the environment of the test and the associated instrumentation, and these issues were investigated further.     

Superconducting Point Defect in a Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal

This paper presents the tunability of the high temperature superconducting (SC) point defect modes in a two-dimensional photonic crystal composed of circular cylinders on a square lattice. By some modifications on the plane wave expansion method, we have shown that the properties of the SC point defect modes strongly depend on the temperature and external magnetic fields. The superconductor type and the nearest-neighbor of the defect effects are further investigated. Comparison between SC and conventional defects show that the SC one has only a monopole profile for different values of the defect size, and has very low sensitivity on the disorders, which is an important feature from a manufacturing point of view.