一种新型滑模变结构导引律的研究

针对导弹拦截问题,在非线性系统滑模变结构控制理论的基础上,提计出一种新型滑模变结构导引律;该导引律将目标机动视为干扰,而且仅利用了目标加速度界限的信息,在拦截过程中不需要精确的测量目标加速度,因此该导引律对目标机动具有较强的鲁棒性;在执行上,只用到了视线角速率,因而实现简单;仿真结果表明,所提出的导引律在脱靶量、拦截时间等方面优于比例导引律。     

基于威胁环境的空战导引律设计

提出一种在威胁环境下对敌空战时,战机导引律设计方法。根据空战中存在的威胁因素,战机在空战过程中首先利用遗传算法进行远距导引设计,规避敌方防空威胁;然后根据滑模变结构理论设计近距空战导引律,并将两种作战机动导引进行融合。基于进化理论来构造规避路径,并利用卡尔曼滤波对机动目标进行状态估计,实现威胁回避和空中交战机动的组合导引。仿真结果表明,该组合导引律能够在复杂环境下有效地完成空战任务。     

无人机空中加油过程中分数阶滑模会合导引控制

针对带末端角度和末端速度约束的无人机空中加油自主会合问题,设计了一种3维分数阶滑模导引律,使无人机在无加油机主动配合的情况下具备自主会合能力.首先,根据无人机与加油机之间的相对运动关系,设计了3维比例导引规律,使无人机能够到达期望的加油位置.其次,利用滑模控制的强鲁棒性特点以及分数阶微积分的精细控制特性,基于变结构理论和李雅普诺夫稳定性理论设计了一种带有末端角度约束的3维分数阶滑模变结构控制律,并用所设计的分数阶滑模控制律对3维比例导引指令进行重构,使无人机能以期望的末端追踪角度到达加油位置.然后,构造了速度指令生成器,对无人机的末端速度进行约束.最后,对所设计的导引律进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明所设计出来的导引律能满足追踪角度和速度约束的要求.     

空空导弹变结构末制导律研究

在空空导弹末制导段中,为了提高对目标未知逃逸机动的鲁棒性,提出了变结构末制导律。以零化视线角速度为切换面设计了末制导段针对目标逃逸的变结构制导律,研究了将目标机动作为干扰情况下变结构制导律满足稳定性的条件。针对变结构制导律中滑动模态的颤振问题,提出用一次函数取代传统变结构制导律中的符号函数,从而对变结构制导律加以改进而改善由于符号函数而产生的滑动模态的振颤现象。仿真结果表明,提出的经过改进的变结构制导律结构简单,易于实现,且具有良好的导引精度。     

一种新型自适应RBF神经网络滑模制导律

针对导弹拦截问题,提出一种自适应RBF神经网络滑模制导律．首先根据准平行接近原理和变结构控制理论设计滑模面,然后将滑模面作为RBF神经网络的输入变量,输出量即为导弹的加速度．为了使得导弹系统能够到达滑模面,采用自适应算法实时在线调整RBF神经网络的连接权值．该导引律将目标机动视为干扰量,在拦截过程中不需要测量目标加速度,因此该导引律对目标机动具有较强的鲁棒性．在执行上,只用到了视线角速率,因而实现简单．仿真结果表明,所提出的导引律和比例导引相比在脱靶量、拦截时间等方面有了很大的提高．     

弹道坐标中三维鲁棒非线性导引律

本文针对机动目标拦截问题,考虑导弹控制系统动态特性及其不确定性,利用分块反步设计思想,结合输入-状态稳定性理论,在弹道坐标系中设计了一种三维非线性鲁棒导引律.与大多数已有的导引律相比,本文直接地在弹道坐标系中设计导引律,并且所设计的导引律可有效克服控制系统动态特性和不确定性对制导效果的影响,理论分析和数值仿真表明,本文设计的导引律对目标机动和控制系统所受的外来有界扰动均具有较强的鲁棒性.     

基于比例导引律的无人机避障研究

随着无人机作战环境日益复杂,无人机避开动态障碍物的研究成为热点问题.为提高导引避障性能,借助比例导引律的思想,通过使无人机与动态障碍物的相对速度方向导引到避障向量方向,完成避障.为满足避障完成时间和无人机机动性能约束要求,给出了避障时间估计和法向加速度表达式,通过解算得到了比例导引系数取值范围.避障完成后无人机在避障点可用比例导引律进行路径规划,最后到达目标点.仿真结果验证了算法的有效性.     

红外制导导弹最优导引律工程实现方法研究

为了研究提高导引精度,用最优控制理论推导出的最优比例导引律,给出了一种只需目标视线角速率信息的最优比例导引律工程实现方法,方法不需要最优比例导引律中的相对速度、目标加速度和剩余时间等信息,与基于小离轴角的假设推导得出的经典的比例导引律相比,可满足近距格斗导弹大离轴发射和攻击高机动目标的要求。经仿真结果证明,最优比例导引律的工程实现方法尤其适合不带测距功能的红外制导导弹,与需要剩余时间估计算法的方法相比具有更强的工程可实现性。     

一种针对机动目标的三维鲁棒导引律

针对球坐标系下的三维导弹与目标相对运动模型,基于零化导弹与目标视线角速度的思想,在不依赖于碰撞线附近线性化的假设的情况下,设计了满足输入-状态稳定性(ISS)理论的非线性鲁棒导引律.该导引律的设计不需对目标机动加速度做自适应估计,在目标运动信息完全未知的情况下可实现对机动目标的扰动抑制、跟踪和拦截.仿真结果表明,所设计...     

基于变速趋近律的离散滑模末制导律设计

针对离散化的末制导模型,基于一种新型离散变速趋近律设计了离散滑模制导律。利用该新型离散变速趋近律的特性消除了视线角速率的稳态振荡,使其渐进地趋于原点,并显著降低了系统抖振。将目标机动视为未知不确定性,采用干扰观测器方法对其进行在线估计和补偿,无需知道不确定性的界,只需知道其变化率有界,且无需满足匹配条件。仿真结果表明,所设计的基于新型离散变速趋近律的滑模制导律对目标机动具有鲁棒性,且无稳态振荡和系统抖振。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).