30CrMnSiNi2A钢原始疲劳质量的评估

采用断口定量分析方法在，在断口宏、微观特征研究的基础上用断口微观细节特征实测出了疲劳裂纹扩展曲线，并用符合裂纹扩展特性的力学模型对实测曲线进行了拟合计算，反推出飞机用结构材料３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮｉ２Ａ的原始疲劳质量（ＩＦＱ）。     

S135钻杆钢的拉扭复合加载疲劳行为

采用疲劳实验和回归分析相结合的方法,研究了S135钻杆钢在拉扭复合加载条件下的疲劳行为,并对疲劳断口进行了微观分析。结果表明:当τa/σeq=0.7时,由拉扭应力幅对应的当量应力表示的疲劳寿命公式可很好地描述S135钻杆钢的拉扭疲劳寿命规律;疲劳断口由疲劳源区、疲劳裂纹稳定扩展区和快速瞬断区组成,疲劳裂纹从试样表面萌生,并向试样内部扩展,且常为多疲劳源,不同疲劳源断口的连接和复合加载形成所谓的"屋脊"状特征;拉扭疲劳断裂试样裂纹源区的微观断口特征为明显的河流花样,裂纹扩展区的微观断口特征为疲劳条带与涟波状花样。     

谱载下密封角盒螺栓及长桁端头疲劳寿命估算的逐次累计求和算法

对在谱载疲劳试验中发生断裂失效的中机身密封角盒连接螺栓和中央翼上壁板长桁端头进行了断口扫描电镜（SEM）分析,研究了谱载下两类连接件的破坏模式和机理,并利用断口定量反推技术,判读了中机身密封角盒连接螺栓和中央翼上壁板长桁端头的裂纹扩展寿命;然后,根据名义应力法,建立了复杂连接结构的疲劳性能S-N-K_TE（疲劳应力-疲劳寿命-应力集中系数）曲面模型;利用该曲面模型及断裂力学理论,发展了用来估算谱载条件下复杂连接结构疲劳寿命与裂纹扩展寿命的逐次累计求和算法;最后,运用该文提出的寿命估算方法,估算了谱载下中机身密封角盒连接螺栓及中央翼上壁板长桁端头的疲劳寿命与裂纹扩展寿命,估算结果与断口判读结果吻合良好。     

基于小裂纹理论的铸造钛合金ZTC4疲劳寿命预测

铸造钛合金ZTC4在飞机和航空发动机上应用日益广泛.深入研究ZTC4疲劳全寿命预测方法,旨在为航空构件的损伤容限设计和寿命预测探索新的途径.本文以宏观和微观结合的手段,采用板材试样的高周疲劳试验、中心裂纹试样的长裂纹扩展试验和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的断口分析等三种试验,研究了ZTC4在室温恒幅载荷条件下的疲劳断口特征和裂纹扩展行为;对引起疲劳失效的主要原因-材料初始缺陷(夹杂或气孔)进行了定量表征;基于Newman裂纹闭合模型建立了ZTC4长裂纹的(da/dN)-△Keff基线数据;通过对平板内埋椭圆裂纹的断裂力学分析,从基于微观结构和断口分析统计确定的初始缺陷尺寸出发,对ZTC4在恒幅载荷条件下两种应力比的疲劳全寿命进行了预测和实验验证,得到了具有较好学术意义和工程应用价值的研究结果.     

金属疲劳裂纹的扩展机制及其在航空工程的应用研究(摘要)

本文对近年来航空材料研究所在一些飞机结构材料的疲劳裂纹扩展的力学行为、微观机制及其影响因素并结合其在材料研制和产品设计的应用研究成果作一简单的评述。一、疲劳裂纹扩展特征及其微观机制一般工程结构材料的疲劳裂纹扩展大致可分为三个阶段,各阶段扩展机制及主要影响因素不同,由于实际构件和试样受组织结构和外部因素(应力状态、温度、介质等)的影响,疲劳裂纹过程及其断口形态往往是多种多样的。在简单拉伸与双轴向拉伸循环载荷下疲劳裂纹出现的宏观取向和相应的主应力状态不同。最近通过多种材料匹配断口细致观察表明,裂     

TC21钛合金电子束焊接件疲劳断口定量反推研究

对TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头的疲劳断口进行了基于宏观扩展区面积和微观疲劳条带的定量分析。结果表明:在断裂韧性大小相同的情况下,可由扩展区面积反推构件承受的应力,反推计算所得应力与实际加载疲劳应力的相对误差在10%以内;疲劳裂纹稳定扩展第二阶段的显微特征是疲劳条带,利用Paris公式反推焊接结构的原始疲劳质量,原始疲劳质量呈正态分布,实验结果对钛合金电子束焊接结构的工艺评定具有重要的工程意义。     

2A12铝合金疲劳裂纹的成核与扩展机理EI北大核心CSCD

进行了不同应力水平下和不同应力比下2A12铝合金试验件的疲劳试验,并对试验件疲劳断口显微结构进行分析和对比,以揭示疲劳裂纹成核与扩展的微观特征。结果表明:2A12铝合金的疲劳裂纹在靠近试验件表面较为粗大的第二相粒子或试验件棱角缺陷处成核;成核位置距试验件表面的距离与应力水平和应力比有关,疲劳裂纹扩展区域也与应力水平和应力比有关。应力水平较小或应力较大时,疲劳裂纹沿晶扩展和穿晶扩展尤为明显。疲劳断口的裂纹成核粒子越小(大),试验件疲劳寿命越短(长),微裂纹成核寿命是疲劳全寿命计算中不可忽视的部分。     

保持时间对定向合金DZ125热/机械疲劳断裂行为的影响

对DZ125定向凝固铸造镍基高温合金进行了应变比为-1.0的同相位三角波和同相位梯形波,550℃()1000℃热/机械疲劳实验研究.实验结果表明:在相同应变幅下,同相位三角波载荷情况下的热/机械疲劳寿命比同相位梯形波载荷情况下的热/机械疲劳寿命长.研究了在两种载荷情况下材料的热/机械疲劳循环应力响应行为.试样断口的微观分析表明:在热/机械疲劳过程中,同时存在疲劳、蠕变和氧化损伤;在同相位三角波载荷下,穿晶 沿晶断裂为疲劳断裂的主要特征;在同相位梯形波载荷下,裂纹主要为沿晶萌生与扩展.这是导致在同相位梯形波载荷下疲劳寿命缩短的主要原因.     

断口反推疲劳应力及其在叶片断裂分析中的应用

介绍了断口反推疲劳应力的分类与方法，给出了疲劳条带间距反推疲劳应力的基本原理和方法，并着重研究了其在叶片断裂失效分析中的应用，结果表明，可采用疲劳条带间距对工程实际应用中叶片疲劳断裂时的应力进行断口反推，且该方法简单易行，误差较小。     

汽车转向直拉杆断裂原因分析

采用化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验及断口的宏、微观形貌观察的方法,对汽车转向直拉杆的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:在正常的交变载荷作用下,在直拉杆弧形部位内侧的腐蚀坑处发生应力集中而形成断裂源,疲劳裂纹不断扩展,导致直拉杆发生疲劳断裂。     

分动箱齿轮断裂原因

某分动箱的20CrMnTi钢齿轮在工作过程中发生断裂.采用宏观分析、微观分析、化学成分分析、硬度测试、硬化层深度测量、非金属夹杂物分析、金相检验等方法对齿轮的断裂原因进行了分析.结果表明:齿面上残留的加工刀痕导致应力集中,在周期载荷的作用下,疲劳裂纹源首先在残留的加工刀痕较深处形成,随后裂纹逐渐扩展,最终齿轮发生疲劳断...     

某电传操纵系统弹簧拉杆可调叉形接头断裂原因

某飞机电传操纵系统弹簧拉杆可调叉形接头在运行过程中发生断裂,通过宏微观分析和金相检验等方法对拉杆接头的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:拉杆接头断裂为疲劳断裂,断裂的根本原因是其显微组织不均匀的同时出现了魏氏组织,使接头的抗疲劳性能严重降低,导致疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展;而拉杆的受力不均匀则加速了其疲劳裂纹的扩展。     

航空铝合金原位腐蚀疲劳性能及断裂机理EI北大核心CSCD

为了研究不同腐蚀条件下2024铝合金的疲劳性能,首先设计搭建原位腐蚀疲劳平台,然后分别进行无腐蚀疲劳、预腐蚀疲劳和原位腐蚀疲劳实验,分析不同腐蚀疲劳条件下2024铝合金的疲劳断裂行为,最后利用扫描电镜(SEM)表征宏、微观断口特征,探究失效机理。结果表明:相同腐蚀环境和时间下,预腐蚀和原位腐蚀疲劳寿命分别为无腐蚀疲劳寿命的92%和42%;在原位腐蚀疲劳条件下,滑移带挤入、挤出导致表面粗糙度增加,吸附较多腐蚀介质,加剧蚀坑演化,易于裂纹萌生并形成多个裂纹源。裂纹的连通形成更大尺寸的损伤,并在材料内部快速扩展。预腐蚀和原位腐蚀疲劳试件断口观察到大量脆性疲劳条带,并且原位腐蚀疲劳条带平均间距约为无腐蚀疲劳条带间距的2倍,说明原位腐蚀疲劳条件下裂纹扩展速率更快。     

The effects of load sequencing on the fatigue life of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy

Current fatigue life analysis of metallic rotorcraft dynamic components are based on a linear cumulative damage concept known as Miner's rule. This type of analysis assumes that there is no load sequence effect that occurs during the fatigue loading history. Past studies have shown that linear cumulative damage analysis of fatigue tests has produced life predictions that have been conservative as well as unconservative. Some of this uncertainty has been attributed to the fact that load sequence effects do exist in most fatigue load spectra. As a first phase the study reported herein was done to evaluate the load sequencing effects that could exist in commercial fixed-wing fatigue load spectra. To evaluate these effects a typical commercial wing spectra was reordered using a scheme that had previously been shown in fatigue block loading to produce the shortest fatigue lives. This scheme starts with the smallest load range in a load sequence and proceeds in ascending order until the largest load range is reached. Tests on open hole test specimens made of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy were conducted on the normal sequence of loads as well as the reordered scheme called lo–hi. Test results showed no significant differences between the fatigue lives of the normal load sequence and the reordered load sequence. A computer program called FASTRAN which calculates total fatigue life using only crack growth data was shown to predict the fatigue life of the spectrum tests with acceptable accuracy.     

Driving forces for localized corrosion‐to‐fatigue crack transition in Al–Zn–Mg–Cu

Research on fatigue crack formation from a corroded 7075‐T651 surface provides insight into the governing mechanical driving forces at microstructure‐scale lengths that are intermediate between safe life and damage tolerant feature sizes. Crack surface marker‐bands accurately quantify cycles (N_i) to form a 10–20 μm fatigue crack emanating from both an isolated pit perimeter and EXCO corroded surface. The N_i decreases with increasing‐applied stress. Fatigue crack formation involves a complex interaction of elastic stress concentration due to three‐dimensional pit macro‐topography coupled with local micro‐topographic plastic strain concentration, further enhanced by microstructure (particularly sub‐surface constituents). These driving force interactions lead to high variability in cycles to form a fatigue crack, but from an engineering perspective, a broadly corroded surface should contain an extreme group of features that are likely to drive the portion of life to form a crack to near 0. At low‐applied stresses, crack formation can constitute a significant portion of life, which is predicted by coupling macro‐pit and micro‐feature elastic–plastic stress/strain concentrations from finite element analysis with empirical low‐cycle fatigue life models. The presented experimental results provide a foundation to validate next‐generation crack formation models and prognosis methods.     

超高周疲劳的影响因素及疲劳机理的研究进展

超高周疲劳的研究可以满足某些特殊零部件极高循环周次的要求。综述了近年来超高周疲劳的研究进展,从S-N曲线的特征、断面上的鱼眼形貌以及裂纹的萌生与扩展特征等方面介绍了超高周疲劳的典型特征。分析了影响超高周疲劳的若干因素,如氢的作用、加载频率、应力比和晶粒尺寸等。进而提出了一些今后超高周疲劳的研究方向:超高周疲劳裂纹扩展的微观机理、扩展速率尤其是微观、宏观上的控制参量的研究以及确定鱼眼与ODA区边缘的应力强度因子范围对内部裂纹扩展门槛值的影响作用。     

The effect of overloading sequences on landing gear fatigue damage

In service, landing gear can be subject to unexpected hard landing load, which is beyond the design domain. The consequences due to overload can affect the design life of a landing gear to some extent. In this paper, the effect of overload and different loading sequences in random spectra on fatigue damage are investigated, using strain–life based fatigue analysis methods. The discussions are emphasised on the effect of loading sequences on residual stress and mean stress, especially the effect of overload on the fatigue damage of subsequent cycles. In addition, different fatigue analysis techniques in commercial fatigue analysis packages are reviewed and compared. The analysis indicates that the overload effect is stress state dependent and dominated by local residual and mean stress. A ‘Begin’ overload in a load spectrum would cause more damage in the local compressive yield area and an ‘End’ overload within a spectrum will worsen the tensile yielding area. It is suggested that the load sequence effect should be considered in common fatigue analysis if local yielding would exist before or after overloading.     

Fatigue and fracture of a Ni–P amorphous alloy thin film on the micrometer scale

Fracture and fatigue tests have been performed on micro‐sized specimens for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or micro system technology (MST) applications. Cantilever beam type specimens with dimensions of 10 × 12 × 50 μm³, approximately 1/1000th the size of ordinary‐sized specimens, were prepared from a Ni–P amorphous thin film by focused ion beam machining. Fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness tests were carried out in air at room temperature, using a mechanical testing machine developed for micro‐sized specimens. In fracture toughness tests, fatigue pre‐cracks were introduced ahead of the notches. Fatigue crack growth resistance curves were obtained from the measurement of striation spacing on the fatigue surface, with closure effects on the fatigue crack growth also being observed for micro‐sized specimens. Once fatigue crack growth occurs, the specimens fail within one thousand cycles. This indicates that the fatigue life of micro‐sized specimens is mainly dominated by a crack initiation process, also suggesting that even a micro‐sized surface flaw may be an initiation site for fatigue cracks which will shorten the fatigue life of micro‐sized specimens. As a result of fracture toughness tests, the values of plane strain fracture toughness, K_IC, were not obtained because the criteria of plane strain were not satisfied by this specimen size. As the plane strain requirements are determined by the stress intensity, K, and by the yield stress of the material, it is difficult for micro‐sized specimens to satisfy these requirements. Plane‐stress‐ and plane‐strain‐dominated regions were clearly observed on the fracture surfaces and their sizes were consistent with those estimated by fracture mechanics calculations. This indicates that fracture mechanics is still valid for such micro‐sized specimens. The results obtained in this investigation should be considered when designing actual MEMS/MST devices.     

风机齿轮箱齿轮失效分析

某发电厂的风力发电机在运行中齿轮箱出现故障,经现场检查发现在风机某一级传动齿轮中有一个齿轮出现断齿现象,断裂部位在轮齿的中间腰部位置.为了判断风机齿轮箱的断裂性质及原因,对风机齿轮箱断齿残片进行了宏微观观察,对断齿残片基体及断口源区进行了能谱分析,测定了断齿表面残余应力,还对齿轮进行了断口定量分析.结果表明,风机齿轮箱齿轮轮齿失效性质为弯曲疲劳断裂.可基本排除齿轮设计、材质、使用维护方面的异常,齿轮断裂原因在于断裂部位存在夹渣缺陷.     

An Application of the Cell Method to Multiaxial Fatigue Assessment of a Test Component under Different Criteria

Abstract: A recent numerical method, the cell method, was applied for the dynamic analysis of an L‐shaped steel plate subjected to a sinusoidal load. The calculated stress time histories were post‐processed in order to assess fatigue life under four different high‐cycle fatigue criteria: two formulations of the equivalent Von Mises approach and two critical plane methods. The latter require the definition of amplitude and mean value of the shear stress acting on a material plane: when considering periodic stress histories, this is commonly achieved by the construction of the minimum circumscribed circle (MCC), encompassing the shear stress load path on the assumed fracture plane. In this study, a novel algorithm to determine the MCC has also been proposed and applied. The fatigue life assessment results were discussed and compared to point out the relevant characteristics of each method.