带钢窄边裂纹缺陷的形成原因及预防措施

通过对带钢窄边裂纹缺陷的金相显微组织观察和扫描电镜与能谱分析，确定了带钢窄边裂纹缺陷的形成原因，并针对原因提出了相应的预防措施，有效地控制了带钢窄边裂纹缺陷的重复发生。     

带钢窄边裂纹缺陷的形成原因及预防措施

通过对带钢窄边裂纹缺陷的金相显微组织观察和扫描电镜与能谱分析，确定了带钢窄边裂纹缺陷的形成原因．并针对原因提出了相应的预防措施．有效地控制了带钢窄边裂纹缺陷的重复发生。     

Q235B带钢边裂分析

通过对带钢Q235B边裂缺陷进行检验和分析,认为造成此次带钢边裂的主要原因是铸坯边部细小裂纹、深振痕、皮下气泡、针孔以及轧钢划伤引起的,通过采取措施减少铸坯边部缺陷和划伤,可以减少边裂缺陷。     

热轧带钢Q235B边裂缺陷成因及控制

通过对热轧带钢Q235B边裂缺陷进行检验和分析,认为造成带钢边裂的主要原因是快换中包期间连铸拉速陡然变化时,各工艺参数不匹配,铸坯角部过冷,在振痕波谷处产生角部横裂纹,这些横裂纹在后续工序中进一步恶化,最终演变为边裂缺陷.采取优化后的连铸工艺可有效改善板坯角部横裂纹,消除热轧带钢边裂缺陷;同时板坯角部缺陷经修磨后再轧制可避免边裂缺陷产生.     

SPHC热轧带钢边部“黑线”研究

为了消除酸洗后显现在SPHC热轧带钢边部处的黑线缺陷,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪等相关试验手段,研究分析了带钢边部黑线产生的原因.结果表明:带钢边部黑线缺陷处成分主要为Fe元素,组织为铁素体和少量珠光体,存在粗晶、混晶现象.黑线产生的主要原因是带钢边部存在裂纹,轧制过程中由于拉应力使边角部金属翻平到带钢表面形成黑线.通过改善带钢边角部质量和优化立辊辊型及轧制工艺,可有效消除黑线缺陷,保证良好产品质量,提高成材率,从而满足市场的需求.     

热轧带钢表面翘皮及边损缺陷成因分析

为改进热轧带钢质量,采用OM、SEM和EDS研究了热轧带钢翘皮及边损缺陷的微观形貌、化学成分,分析了其产生的原因。结果表明,翘皮缺陷处含有铁氧化物、二次氧化物和结晶器保护渣成分,产生的原因有结晶器保护渣卷渣、铸坯表面裂纹、热轧板表面划伤、轧钢翻边等。边损缺陷处含有铁氧化物、二次氧化物、钙铝酸盐和Mn S,产生的原因有铸坯表面裂纹、炼钢过程中的内生夹杂物等。提高连铸坯质量,控制热轧过程中缺陷的产生,是获取高品质热轧带钢的关键。     

带钢边部表面缺陷原因分析

对影响带钢表面质量的几种常见边部缺陷及形成机理进行了研究,采用关键过程数据分析和电镜观察相结合的方法明确了形态相似、诱因各异的形成特点。结果发现,外生夹杂导致的热轧带钢边部层状、线状缺陷区分布富含F、Na、Mg、Si等元素的块体,局部存在夹杂物与氧化铁的异质混合层。薄规格冷轧带钢叠轧类层状缺陷与轧制工艺参数设置有关,其层间组织光滑;边部线状缺陷异物刮痕特征明显,缺陷处无异物质点。研究结果为带钢表面缺陷的成因及判定提供了新的分析思路。     

Q195带钢边裂缺陷的分析与控制

针对通化钢铁股份有限公司生产热轧Q195带钢过程中存在边部裂纹缺陷的难点问题,通过对边裂的统计分析、原料坯的成分检验,对其形成原因及机理进行了研究.结果表明:原料坯中C、Mn、Si等元素的含量对热轧带钢边裂缺陷的影响明显,采用了钢水成分调整工艺措施后,有效地控制了带钢边裂质量问题.     

热轧低碳带钢实物质量分析与提升

针对低碳Q195窄带钢在冷轧中出现起皮、麻点等质量问题，基于生产实践设计了专门的铸坯表面、低倍及带钢表面酸洗跟踪试验，通过成分、金相、裂纹、夹杂以及扫描电镜分析，认为造成带钢表面质量缺陷的因素一是铸坯内部的裂纹、夹渣、皮下气泡、结疤等缺陷，二是铸坯加热和除鳞效果不力，造成表面氧化铁皮的压入。此外，S含量高也是造成铸坯缺陷进而影响带钢质量的因素之一。为此，结合生产实际，从冶炼和轧制两个工序采取了相应的改进措施，改进后带钢表面缺陷率由15.75％降到了2.22％。     

FTSC工艺生产热轧板卷的质量控制

针对FTSC薄板坯工艺生产热轧板卷存在的纵裂纹和烂边缺陷,对其形成原因进行了系统研究,并提出相应的改善措施.研究结果表明,板坯存在的宽面纵裂纹和窄面或角部横裂纹缺陷,将分别导致热轧板卷纵裂纹和烂边缺陷的形成.通过控制钢水温度,控制结晶器铜板厚度,降低二次冷却强度等措施,质量缺陷明显减少.     

硅砖中裂纹的成因及其分析

制品受到热冲击后内部会出现热应力，当热应力过大时制品中会产生裂纹。硅砖中裂纹包括表面裂纹和层裂。表面裂纹又分为横向裂纹、竖向裂纹和网状裂纹。通常层裂和竖向裂纹是机压所致，横向裂纹和网状裂纹是烧成造成的。影响裂纹生成的主要因素是烧成和机压，但与生产过程有关的其它因素的作用也不容忽视。     

Effects of crack aspect ratio on the behavior of small surface cracks in fatigue: Part I. Simulation

A simple simulation of alternate growth of a small surface crack in the surface and depth directions was performed to illustrate the changes in crack aspect ratio, induced by grain boundaries, as a function of crack size. It is shown that at small crack sizes, large variations in aspect ratio, a/c (a is the crack depth and c is the half-surface length), occur, due to local crack front perturbations induced by grains that are oriented for crack growth. At these crack sizes, the assumption of a semicircular crack shape (a/c=1.0) was found to cause errors in stress intensity range (ΔK) calculations. This, in turn, led to significant scatter or “anomaly” in small crack growth rates relative to large cracks. At large crack sizes, the effects of local crack front perturbations on crack aspect ratio and ΔK were found to be insignificant. As a result, the scatter in crack growth data was found to decrease to a negligible level at large crack sizes. It is suggested that the limiting crack size above which the small crack behaves as a large crack, l ₂=10d (d = grain size), proposed by Taylor and Knott, is related to the crack size above which the effects due to aspect ratio variations are small.     

Effect of crack surface geometry on fatigue crack closure

The geometry of crack faces often plays a critical role in reducing crack extension forces when crack closure occurs during fatigue crack growth. Most previous studies of fatigue crack closure are concerned with mechanical measures of closure as related to the crack growth rate; very little attention has been given to the geometry of the crack surfaces. Our objective is to identify those aspects of crack surface geometry that are important in the closure process, to develop quantitative fractographic techniques to estimate such attributes in a statistically significant and robust manner, and to correlate them to the physical process of crack closure. For this purpose, fatigue crack propagation experiments were performed on a Ni-base superalloy and crack growth rates and crack closure loads were measured. Digital image profilometry and software-based analysis techniques were used for statistically reliable and detailed quantitative characterization of fatigue crack profiles. It is shown that the dimensionless, scale-independent attributes, such as height-to-width ratio of asperities, fractal dimensions, dimensionless roughness parameters,etc., do not represent the aspects of crack geometry that are of primary importance in the crack closure phenomena. Furthermore, it is shown that the scaledependent characteristics, such as average asperity height, do represent the aspects of crack geometry that play an interactive role in the closure process. These observations have implications concerning the validity of geometry-dependent, closure-based models for fatigue crack growth.     

Simulation of crack propagating in discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composite

A fracture mechanics-based numerical simulation of a crack propagating under mode I loading through discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) is presented. Microcrack initiation due to debonding and breakage of reinforcements, shielding and antishielding effects caused by both microcracks and the reinforcements, the effect of crack deflection, and growing crack singularity are considered in the calculation of local crack tip driving forces. Statistical variations of spatial distribution and strength of the reinforcements are also considered. The essential feature of the model is to predict crack initiation toughness and crack path morphologies using a mixed-mode crack propagation criterion. Application of the program to predict crack growth behavior in an SiC whisker/Al alloy composite is presented. Microcracking far ahead of the tip of a main crack, crack deflection toward the microcracks, and subsequent incorporation of the microcracks which most affect the main crack are well simulated. The predicted microcrack distribution and variation of mixed-mode crack tip driving forces with crack growth are also evaluated.     

基于有限元方法的疲劳裂纹闭合行为

裂纹闭合行为将很大程度改变疲劳裂纹扩展行为。针对316L不锈钢,结合常幅加载和单个拉伸过载试验和动态数值模拟方法,对疲劳裂纹扩展行为中的裂纹闭合现象开展了一系列研究工作。详细对比了不同扩展阶段的裂纹闭合行为随裂纹长度、应力比和过载影响因素的变化,以及对裂纹扩展速率的影响。同时,研究了单个拉伸过载和裂纹闭合行为之间的内在联系和机理。结合裂纹闭合理论和有限元计算结果,等效应力强度因子被用来描述316L不锈钢的裂纹扩展过程,并提出316L不锈钢的裂纹扩展速率的预测模型。     

连铸板坯内裂预测模型研究初探

在利用硫印图像自动判级系统得到的内裂定量化数据的基础上,结合连铸板坯内裂产生机理,对内裂进行了统计分析。结果表明,内裂的发生是有一定规律的,从预测板坯内裂的级别来说,开发预测模型是可行的。并以统计分析得到的一内裂预测模型作为实例进行了说明。     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of 4340 steels

Fatigue crack growth behavior of 4340 steels was investigated in four gaseous environments; laboratory air, wet hydrogen, dry hydrogen and dry helium. Specimen orientation does not affect crack propagation rate results. The effects of R-ratio (load ratio) and environment on crack growth rate properties are interrelated. Increasing R -ratio increases the rates of near-threshold crack propagation. Nevertheless, the effect of R-ratio on crack growth rates in air is much more significant than that in the two dry environments. Interestingly, the R-ratio effect in wet hydrogen is comparable to that in dry environments. At an R-ratio of 0.1, the rates of crack propagation in air are slower than those in dry environments while crack growth rates are essentially identical in wet hydrogen and dry environments. Increasing R -ratio was found to decrease the environmental effect. Furthermore, increasing yield strength from 700 to 1040 MPa does not affect crack propagation behavior. While surface roughness-induced crack closure is thought to be minimal in affecting gaseous-environment near-threshold crack growth behavior of 4340 steels, oxide-induced crack closure governs crack propagation kinetics. It is suggested that in moisture-containing environments, thick oxide deposits measured on fracture surfaces may not result in high crack closure levels. Nevertheless, oxide-induced crack closure rationalized the effects of R-ratio and environment on near-threshold crack growth rate properties. Furthermore, hydrogen embrittlement is believed not to play an important role in influencing wet-hydrogen environment near-threshold crack propagation behavior. At higher ΔK levels (⩾ 12 MPa √m), an “intrinsic” dry hydrogen effect seems to be present, and crack closure, however, cannot account for the environmental effect.     

The Role of Hydrogen on the Local Fracture Toughness Properties of 7XXX Aluminum Alloys

High-resolution synchrotron X-ray microtomography has been successfully used to evaluate the local crack driving force at arbitrary crack tip locations as a form of CTOD. This is to our knowledge the first experimental evidence in supporting a correlation between the local fracture toughness associated with the corresponding hydrogen-assisted fracture mode including quasi-cleavage, intergranular, and dimple. Our results have revealed that very small CTOD, of about 1.26 μm, is observed when the crack tip is located in the quasi-cleavage fracture. Compared to quasi-cleavage fracture, the CTOD values increase by a factor of 5 when the crack tip is located in intergranular fracture mode and even greater increase in CTOD (of about 18 times) is observed when the crack tip is located in dimple fracture mode. We also observed that the crack propagation process under the influence of hydrogen deviates greatly from that of standard behavior, where stable crack growth is accompanied by a change in crack tip singularity from the HRR to the RDS. It was concluded that the presence of high concentration of hydrogen ahead of the crack tip increases the slip localization, and thereby reduces crack tip blunting. Hence crack continues to grow before the crack tip becomes fully blunt.     

The Significance of Crack Initiation Stage in Very High Cycle Fatigue of Steels

Different stages of the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) crack evolution in tool steels have been explored using a 20 kHz ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment. Extensive experimental data is presented describing VHCF behaviour, strength and crack initiating defects in an AISI H11 tool steel. Striation measurements are used to estimate fatigue crack growth rate, between 10^?8 and 10^?6 m/cycle, and the number of load cycles required for a crack to grow to critical dimensions. The growth of small fatigue cracks within the “fish‐eye” is shown to be distinctively different from the crack propagation behaviour of larger cracks. More importantly, the crack initiation stage is shown to determine the total fatigue life, which emphasizes the inherent difficulty to detect VHCF cracks prior to failure. Several mechanisms for initiation and early crack growth are possible. Some of them are discussed here: crack development by local accumulation of fatigue damage at the inclusion – matrix interface, hydrogen assisted crack growth and crack initiation by decohesion of carbides from the matrix.     

Analysis of Microstructure Effects on Edge Crack of Thin Strip During Cold Rolling

Edge cracks in cold rolling of the thin strip affect the strip quality and productivity significantly. In this study, an experimental and mechanical investigation on microstructures has been carried out to study the edge crack formation during cold rolling of the thin strip. The effects of the feed material microstructures on the edge crack evolution were studied employing optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental observation indicates that fine grain occurs in hot-rolled microstructure and coarse grain is produced in ferritic rolled microstructure. Different grain sizes affect significantly the formation mechanics of the microcrack, crack initiation, and orientation of crack extension. The grain size and grain boundaries effects on crack retardation are discussed also during edge crack initiation. During the crack growth in coarse grain, most edge crack tips will blunt, which improves the crack toughness by causing less stress concentration. Overall, the fine microstructure shows a good crack initiation resistance, whereas the coarse microstructure has a better resistance to crack propagation. This research provides additional understanding of the mechanism of microstructure influence on edge crack evolution of cold strip rolling, which could be helpful for developing defect-free thin strip.