板材与管材成形性能的研究与进展

介绍了塑性加工领域近年来发现的一些提高金属材料塑性变形能力的方法和机理,包括板材增量成形中拉弯伴随成形、局部接触、反复弯曲、交变加载、高静水压力等方式下引起的板材局部增塑机理;波动液压加载状态下管材液压成形能力的提高机理（有轴向进给）、AISI304不锈钢管材的液压成形增塑机理（有、无轴向进给状态下）;AISI304管材多次拉伸／卸载状态下的增塑机理。这些增塑机理还存在于其它一些塑性加工工艺中,对其合理运用将有效提高产品成形质量和材料利用率,并减少加工道次,甚至可以产生一些新的塑性加工工艺。     

Warm and Hot Stamping of Ultra High Tensile Strength Steel Sheets Using Resistance Heating

A warm and hot stamping process of ultra high tensile strength steel sheets using resistance heating was developed to improve springback and formability. In this process, the decrease in temperature of the sheet before the forming is prevented by directly heating the sheets set into the dies by means of the electrical resistance, the so-called Joule heat. Since the heating time up to 800°C is only 2 seconds, the resistance heating is rapid enough to synchronise with a press. The effects of the heating temperature on the springback and formability of ultra high tensile strength steel sheets were examined. The springback in hat-shaped bending of the high tensile strength steel sheets was eliminated by heating the sheet. In addition, the ultra sheet having a tensile strength of 980MPa was successfully drawn by the heating. The heating temperature is optimum around 600°C due to the small springback and oxidation and the increase in hardness.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of multilayered steel sheets upon bending

In this study, the bending formability of multilayered steel sheets is evaluated by tensile tests, V-bending tests, and hemming tests. Enhanced formability was observed in these experiments, namely, the constituent high-strength materials were elongated beyond the original fracture strain limit. As a result of this effect, multilayered steel sheets were successfully formed in V-bending tests and even in hemming tests. Observations using a scanning electron microscope verified that no delamination occurred at interfaces. To represent the geometrical features of a multilayered steel sheet, a solid-element model under an isostrain condition was utilized in finite element modeling, where the rule of mixtures was adopted to obtain the flow curve of the constituent high-strength material, and a good agreement with experimental results was observed. Analyses using this finite element model were conducted to investigate the effect of the geometry on the springback of multilayered steel sheets undergoing V-bending.     

终轧温度对443铁素体不锈钢组织、织构及成形性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、EBSD等分析技术,研究了终轧温度对443超纯铁素体不锈钢显微组织、织构、成形性能及抗表面起皱性能的影响规律。结果表明,降低终轧温度有利于促进443钢热轧退火态及冷轧退火态的再结晶,并使冷轧退火态组织更为细小均匀;降低终轧温度可有效强化冷轧退火态的γ纤维织构,是提高r值和杯突值、改善冷轧退火板成形性能、抗表面起皱性能的有效方式。     

高润滑皮膜钢板的成形特性及在汽车覆盖件中的应用

高润滑皮膜钢板通过固化手段在合金化熔融镀锌钢板(GA钢板)表面的GA层形成固态润滑皮膜,紧密附着在钢板表面,从而降低钢板的表面摩擦系数,改善润滑性能,达到提高钢板成形性、削减原材料成本的目的。本研究采取适当方法对高润滑皮膜钢板和普通GA钢板的滑动性能、拉伸性能以及胀形性能进行了对比试验,并提出以成形余裕度作为成形性的评价参数,结合在实际汽车覆盖件生产中的成形余裕度测试。结果表明:高润滑皮膜钢板的各项性能对比普通GA钢板均有较大地提高;在成形稳定性方面,对比普通GA钢板提升了60%以上。目前,高润滑皮膜钢板已经在丰田、本田等汽车制造厂中被广泛使用。     

Pulse Current Auxiliary Thermal Deep Drawing of SiCp/2024Al Composite Sheet with Poor Formability

The pulse current auxiliary thermal deep drawing (PCATDD) of SiCp/2024Al composite sheets with poor formability was investigated and an integrated high-efficient heating and deep drawing process design was developed to improve the formability of SiCp/2024Al composites. The average pulse current density was achieved at 21.7?A/mm² with temperature of SiCp/2024Al composites reaching around 673?K in the 50?s. The temperature uniformity of the sheet electrified by the high-intensity pulse current and temperature gradients between the sliding core and top flat of female die were investigated to achieve precise temperature control of sheet and die. During electrification, the stainless steel inserts between the sheet and the copper electrodes successfully prevented heat dissipation and promoted temperature uniformity. Meanwhile, the temperature gradients can be efficiently controlled by blowing high-speed air. The workpiece showed good shape retention, surface quality, and high geometry accuracy. The present study has verified successfully the feasibility of process procedure for PCATDD of SiCp/2024Al composites sheet.     

厚度比对不锈钢覆铝板成形性能的影响

用４层对称轧制复合法制备了１．５ｍｍ厚,不同厚比ηｓ的ＳＵＳ３０４／ＡＡ３００３层压复合板。研究了厚度比ηｓ对ＳＵＳ３０４／ＡＡ３００３层压复合板成形性能的影响。结果认为,随着厚度比ηｓ的增加,ＳＵＳ３０４／ＡＡ３００９层压复合板的应变硬化指数ｎ有增大的趋势,而塑尖变比Ｒ值急剧增加,表明在成形过程中承受拉力或和时,抵抗变薄或变厚的能力增强。以ＳＵＳ３０４作内层材料所作极限拉深了Ｌ．Ｄ．Ｒ值为２．１     

汽车工业用钢和功能材料的现状与发展趋势

介绍现代汽车用钢的现状和发展趋势，重点评述了优质深冲薄板钢、无间隙原子钢、优良成形性的铁素体不锈钢薄板、非调质钢，以及汽车用金属功能材料，包括磁性材料和形状记忆合金等的开发状况。     

三元磷酸盐体系无机预润滑试剂的研发及其在改善热镀锌汽车板成形方面的应用

目的旨在合成一种用于改善热镀锌汽车板材料成形性能的无机预润滑试剂,以期降低热镀锌板表面摩擦系数,进而减少冲压过程中开裂等缺陷的发生。方法以磷酸、金属硝酸盐等为主要试剂合成机预润滑试剂,在热镀锌汽车板材料表面得到均匀、连续的无机预润滑薄膜。采用扫面电子显微镜、辉光光谱仪等手段对材料表面所形成的无机预润滑薄膜的基本形貌、厚度等进行表征。采用平板摩擦、深冲实验对材料涂覆预润滑膜后的表面摩擦系数及冲压性能进行分析。同时,根据汽车板材料认证特点,对无机预润滑处理后的热镀锌汽车板材料的焊接/胶接、涂装性能进行分析。结果采用辊涂法在热镀锌汽车板材料表面可形成厚度为50～60 nm连续、均匀的薄膜。较之普通热镀锌材料,上述表面涂覆无机预润滑薄膜后的热镀锌材料表面摩擦系数可有效下降13%。,且伴随板面温度升高,无机预润滑热镀锌材料表面摩擦系数的下降愈发明显;同时,无机预润滑处理热镀锌材料的焊接性能(包括焊接窗口、焊接寿命)符合同等厚度汽车板材料的认证需求。涂覆无机预润滑薄膜热镀锌板表面与汽车结构胶具有良好的兼容性;此外,汽车主机厂挂片实验结果证实,现有的脱脂工艺可将材料表面无机预润滑膜彻底脱除,所得磷化膜厚度、晶粒大小与普通热镀锌板无异。结论当前所研发的无机预润滑试剂在热镀锌板表面形成薄膜,在不影响材料其他各项性能的前提下,可有效降低材料摩擦系数,为减少冲压缺陷的发生提供保证。     

Cold stamping for AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet of cell phone house

Electric product house of magnesium alloy sheet is usually obtained by warm stamping owing to its poor plasticity and formability at room temperature. The formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet can be improved by repeated unidirectional bending (RUB) process through control of (0002) basal texture. Compared with as-received sheet, the Erichsen value (IE) of the sheet underwent RUB process increases to 5.90 from 3.53 at room temperature. It is also confirmed that cell phone houses could be stamped successfully in crank press with AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets underwent RUB process. It provides an alternative to the electronics industry in the application of magnesium alloys.     

Tailored blank welding between low carbon steel sheet and STS 304 stainless steel sheet by CO2 laser beam

A basic reseach of tailored blank welding between a low carbon steel sheet and a STS 304 stainless steel sheet was carried out with CO₂ laser beam. The materials used in this work were a low carbon steel sheet with a thickness of 0.9 mm and a STS 304 stainless steel sheet with the same thickness. Experiments were carried out by applying the Taguchi method to obtain optimized conditions in order to apply this tailored blank laser welding method in the practical manufacturing process. In order to compare the laser welding results with the conventional welding process, GTA welding was carried out for the same materials. Optical microscopy, SEM and XRD analyses were performed to observe the microstructures and to analyze the various phases. A tensile test, hardness test and Erichsen test were performed to evaluate the formability of welded specimens. In addition, immersion test was carried to estimate corrosion resistance. A WDS analysis showed that laser welding resulted in almost the same dilution of both low carbon steel and stainless steel in welded metal, meanwhile, GTA welding resulted in more dilution of stainless steel due to its slower heat conductivity. The formability of the laser welded specimen reached 83% of that in base metal. On the other hand, it was 63% in the case of GTA welding. During the tension test, base metal was fractured in the case of a laser welded specimen, meanwhile the welded zone was fractured in the case of the GTA welded specimen. The corrosion test showed that weight loss per unit area was less in the laser welded specimen than that of the GTA welded specimen.     

铝板弯曲电磁校形实验研究

回弹是弯曲成形的主要缺陷,传统的弯曲工艺消除回弹的效果并不理想.电磁成形是一种高速成形技术,能提高成形性能,改善应力分布,有效地控制回弹.以1060铝板为研究对象,提出一种用于V形件弯曲校正匀压力线圈,以利于提高成形效率,对不同厚度的铝板毛坯进行电磁弯曲校形实验.实验结果表明:随着放电能量的增加,V形件回弹逐渐减小直至消除;坯料越厚,消除回弹所需的能量越大;坯料宽度对工件回弹没有影响;在较低的能量下对工件进行多次放电,随着放电次数的增加,回弹逐渐减小,最终被消除;离折弯线区域越近,工件塑性变形功越大.     

Effects of centerline macrosegregation on necking of P-added extra low carbon steel sheet

Effects of centerline macrosegregation on necking was examined by the stretching experiment for cold rolled P-added extra low carbon steel sheets. The centerline macrosegregated zone containing high concentration of Mn and P was elongated in the rolling process. The elongated macrosegregated zone induced instability in the strain state when the sheet was stretched, thus resulted in the waved sheet surface. The formability of cold rolled steel sheet was deteriorated due to the wave formed by the macrosegregation. The waved surface was thought to be caused by the higher hardness in the macrosegregated zone compared to the segregation free zone. The experiments on the stretching of sheet including macrosegregation showed that the macrosegregation was the important source of instability in that of the cold rolled steel sheets. A 3D FEM analysis was carried out for the quantitative evaluation of waved surface. It was confirmed that the main source of the waved surface was the macrosegregation. Stretching in the transverse direction under the plane strain condition made the cold rolled steel sheet more inhomogeneous than stretching in any other strain condition. The thickness difference in the stretched sheet was linearly increased when the ratio of hardness in the macrosegregated zone to that of the segregation free zone was increased. The macrosegregation formed in the internal crack close to the surface was more harmful to the formability in the cold rolled steel sheet than the centerline macrosegregation.     

Springback behaviour in bending of ultra-high-strength steel sheets using CNC servo press

The springback behaviour of ultra-high-strength steel sheets in bending was investigated under controlled conditions using a CNC servo press. Although the ultra-high-strength steel sheets are attractive in reducing weight of cars, the amount of springback of the ultra-high-strength steel sheets in the forming is very large due to high strength. The CNC servo press has the function of accurately controlling the motion by two servo motors. The effects of the material, the finishing reduction in thickness, the forming speed and the holding time at the bottom dead centre on the amount of springback in V-shaped bending were examined. The scatter of the springback for the ultra-high-strength steel sheets was improved by using real thickness and not nominal thickness of each individual sheet in the control of the punch stroke. The amount of springback for the ultra-high-strength steel sheet in the V-shaped bending was much larger than that for the mild steel sheet, and the amount was decreased by the finishing reduction in thickness direction because of uniform stress distribution. The effects of the forming speed and the holding time at the bottom dead centre were small. The amount of springback for the steel sheets was almost proportional to the ratio of the tensile strength to the elastic modulus.     

Influence of initial texture on formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets at different temperatures

Repeated unidirectional bending (RUB) process was carried out to improve the texture of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets. Influence of initial texture on formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets at different temperatures was investigated. Compared with the as-received sheets, the limiting drawing ratio of the RUB processed sheets increased to 1.3 at room temperature, 1.5 at 50 °C and 1.7 at 100 °C, respectively. The improvement of the press formability at lower temperatures can be attributed to the texture modification, which led to a smaller Lankford value and a larger strain hardening exponent. However, the press formability of the sheet with a weakened basal texture has no advantage at higher temperature. This is due to much smaller r-value that results in severe thinning in thickness direction during the stamping process which is unfavorable to forming. Anyhow it is likely that the texture control has more effect on the press formability at lower temperature.     

Laser transformation hardening of carbon steel sheets using a heat sink

A heat-sink assisted laser transformation hardening method is presented as a way to enhance the hardenability of carbon steel sheets. In this study, the thermal conductivity of the heat sink and the thermal contact resistance between the steel sheet and the heat sink were identified as the two primary parameters for the process. Using a process map approach, the heat-treatability of steel sheets was studied theoretically focusing on carbon diffusion and cooling time characteristics. For validation purposes, 2 mm thick DP 590 and boron steel sheets were laser-hardened using four types of heat sink: stainless steel, steel, copper, and no heat sink. Surface hardness, hardening width and depth were measured and analyzed over a wide range of process parameters. From this study, it was revealed that, when a heat sink is used, both cooling and carbon diffusion characteristics become roughly on par with those of the thick plate case, but the heat treatable region remains similar to that of the no heat sink case. The use of a heat sink was found to be an effective way of enhancing the hardenability of steel sheets and the amount of enhancement is largely proportional to the heat sink thermal conductivity.     

An inverse approach to the numerical design of the process sequence of tailored heat treated blanks

While in industries lightweight construction gain an increasingly significant role and as weight reduction is often done with aluminum sheets, advanced production technologies have to be developed to be competitive for this evolution. Since steel sheet metal parts cannot be substituted directly with aluminum due to its minor formability, the usage of so called tailored heat treated blanks (THTB) is presented in this work. THTB are locally heat treated aluminum blanks from the 6,000-series alloy which exhibit a specific strength pattern optimized to the forming operation leading to a significantly improved formability for the manufacturing of complex aluminum car body parts. The enhancement of the formability is reached by a local heat treatment before the forming process. Due to the strong interdependency of heat treatment and forming operation, a numerical investigation of the process sequence is a prerequisite for a cost-effective usage of the THTB. An inverse approach on basis of a finite element simulation enables the determination of process parameters for an optimized THTB, thus having an effective and efficient engineering method for this technology. The investigations presented in this paper were carried out within the project CRC 396 B4 “Robust, shortened process sequences for lightweight sheet parts” sponsored by the German Research Foundation (DFG).     

Effects of plastic strain and strain path on youngs modulus of sheet metals

The effects of plastic strain and strain path on Young’s modulus of sheet metals are experimentally investigated using low carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminium, copper and brass sheets of 1 mm thickness. These sheets are firstly deformed to different plastic strains under a few strain paths from balanced biaxial stretching to uniaxial tension. Then, a small uniaxial tension test specimen is cut from each deformed sheet and Young’s modulus is measured using electrical-resistance strain gauges glued to both surfaces of the specimen. The experimental results show that Young’s moduli of the low carbon steel and stainless steel sheets decrease with increasing plastic strain, while those of aluminium, copper and brass sheets hardly change with the plastic strain. In all materials, however, the effect of the strain path on Young’s modulus is not necessarily evident. It is confirmed that Young’s modulus of the low carbon steel sheet can be recovered to the initial value of undeformed sheet by a subsequent annealing. In addition to Young’s modulus, the effects of the plastic strain and the strain paths on Poisson’s ratio of these materials are also shown.     

Gradually contacting punch for improving stretch flangeability of ultra-high strength steel sheets

A gradually contacting punch for improving stretch flangeability of ultra-high strength steel sheets having small ductility was developed. In the gradually contacting punch, tensile stress around the corner edge of the sheet in stretch flanging is decreased by gradually pressing the edge of the sheet with the inclined bottom of the punch. The critical flange heights of bent 980 and 1180 MPa ultra-high strength steel sheets without fracture with the gradually contacting punch increased by 32% and 31%, respectively. In addition, the stroke limit of the press was avoided by 2-stage flanging consisting of peripheral bending and corner bending.     

Ductile fracture behavior of 5052 aluminum alloy sheet under cyclic plastic deformation at room temperature

Ductile fracture behavior of a 5052 aluminum alloy sheet undergoing cyclic plastic deformation is investigated in order to clarify the effect of cyclic plastic deformation on formability enhancement in incremental stretch sheet forming at room temperature. In the incremental forming, formability markedly increases owing to strain distribution and accumulation effects. The former effect is activated when the deformation region expands along tool paths. Thus, localization of deformation, which leads to necking or fracturing, can be prevented. On the other hand, local strain is accumulated without fracturing when a blank sheet is repeatedly subjected to out-of-plane deformation at the same position. In this paper, the effect of the strain accumulation due to cyclic deformation generated by bending and unbending is primarily focused on to discuss the effect on deformability. To apply cyclic plastic straining to the specimen, a cyclic stretch-bending test was adopted. A cyclic tensile test was also conducted for larger bending curvature. The experimental results show that cyclic bending–unbending affects the ductility of sheet metals. The fractography obtained by scanning electric microscopy also indicates that fewer and smaller voids are observed particularly on bending the inner side than on the outer side.