具有等厚主片变截面钢板弹簧优化设计

建立了具有等厚主片少片变截面钢板弹簧优化设计模型,探讨了利用最优化方法进行具有等厚主片少片变截面钢板弹簧设计可靠性,并以某轻型客车前悬架刀例,设计了变截面钢板弹簧。     

High-precision modeling and simulation of the taper leaf spring of tandem suspension of commercial vehicles

The taper leaf spring of tandem suspension of commercial vehicle is different from the traditional taper leaf spring. Thus, the professional software MSC.ADAMS/CHASSIS leaf spring, which is specially applied in traditional leaf spring, does not reliably develop the computational model of the taper leaf spring of tandem suspension. The multi-body dynamic model of the taper leaf spring of tandem suspension, which is developed in this paper, is a secondary development model that is based on the leaf spring model built by MSC.ADAMS/CHASSIS leaf spring. End contact and friction in the modified model are redefined to exhibit the hysteretic characteristics of the taper leaf spring of tandem suspension. The test of the taper leaf spring of tandem suspension is conducted to validate the reliability of the modified model. The tests in this paper are divided into two groups. The first group started at an unloaded state at an excitation frequency of 1/30 Hz and amplitude of 70 mm to acquire quasi-static behavior. The second group is conducted at various frequencies (2, 3 and 4 Hz) and various amplitudes (±1, ±3 and ±10 mm) in a loaded state to acquire dynamic behavior. A formula to calculate dynamic spring rate for leaf spring is proposed, and details about the formula are presented. The simulations are conducted under the same conditions as the test. The hysteretic characteristics and the relative error of dynamic spring rate from the test are compared with the ones from the simulations for the validation of the reliability of the modified model.     

平面连杆机构动态静力分析回转键合图法

为提高多能域耦合平面连杆机构动态静力分析的效率及可靠性,提出了回转键合图法.阐述了建立平面连杆机构键合图模型的一般方法及其动力学原理.基于回转键合图推导出便于计算机自动生成的完整形式的系统驱动力矩及运动副约束反力的统一公式,有效地克服了微分因果关系及非线性结型结构所带来的十分困难的代数问题,实现了计算机自动建模.实际算例表明了所述方法的有效性.     

扁簧式起落架柔性变形的实时状态空间描述

根据无人机地面动力学分析对扁簧式起落架动力学模型的要求,提出了该起落架柔性变形的建模方法。首先,基于模态分析相关理论,通过调整刚度矩阵等效边界约束条件,获得扁簧式起落架的约束模态数据,并采用模态缩减简化模型;然后,采用模态坐标变换解耦振动微分方程,建立状态空间模型描述扁簧式起落架的动力学特性;最后,设计了静力学、动力学仿真测试以及扁簧落震实验对所建扁簧状态空间柔性模型进行验证。结果表明:静力条件下,状态空间模型与有限元软件静力分析结果仅有0.07%的误差,验证了柔性模型计算的准确性;另外,包含柔性状态空间模型的落震仿真模型的仿真步长为1ms,与落震实验结果的误差小于5%,满足飞行仿真的要求。实验显示,提出的柔性建模方法可为多体动力学刚柔混合模型中柔性模型的建立提供参考。     

基于ADAMS与NASTRAN的刚柔耦合体动力学分析方法

介绍了一种基于ADAMS与NASTRAN的刚柔耦合体系统动力学仿真方法,论述了多柔体动力学的理论基础、柔性体模型的定义方法、系统动力学特性的仿真流程以及相关的仿真技巧.最后通过一个算例验证了这种方法的有效性.     

一种求解中凸螺旋弹簧弯曲刚度的有限元方法

介绍了一种利用通用有限元软件求解中凸螺旋弹簧弯曲刚度的方法.在Pro/E中建立该螺旋弹簧实体模型,将其导入ANSYS中得到有限元模型,在此基础上对弯矩与弯曲角度的关系进行了研究,得到了中凸螺旋弹簧的弯曲刚度.同时,研究了弹簧丝直径变化而其他参数不变的同系列中凸螺旋弹簧的弯曲特性.     

飞机大部件调姿机构柔性多体动力学建模与仿真

为保证飞机大部件调姿的质量与可靠性,构建了调姿机构的动力学模型,模拟了整个调姿过程。根据调姿机构自身特点将三坐标定位器的支撑杆视为柔性体,综合运用拉格朗日方程、虚功原理与拉格朗日乘子法,建立了调姿机构的柔性多体动力学模型;经数值求解得到调姿过程中飞机部件和定位器的受力情况,通过仿真算例验证了所建立的动力学模型的正确性和有效性。该动力学模型可为实现调姿过程的自动控制提供有力的依据。     

Development of a dynamic model and study of the dynamic characteristics of an end gas dynamic seal

A significant part of damages in end gas dynamic seals are caused by dangerous vibrations. To improve the reliability of these seals, it is necessary to develop adequate mathematical models and to perform integrated computational and experimental studies. In this article, the two-mass dynamic model for an end gas dynamic seal is considered, which is the most appropriate for practical cases. Theoretical and experimental analyses of the dynamic state of a seal have been performed. The scope of vibration amplitudes and frequencies has been determined for an end gas dynamic seal. The results can be used to design new seals and to implement seals in compressors with magnetic supports.     

基于ADAMS软件和改进遗传算法的柔性多体模型汽车悬架参数优化设计

针对汽车悬架优化模型简单、遗传算法概率参数主观选取问题、早熟问题，建立了汽车悬架柔性多体模型，并且对遗传算法进行了改进。通过建立遗传算法和ADAMS软件接口，首次实现了柔性多体模型汽车悬架参数的遗传算法优化。通过对33自由度的多刚体模型汽车悬架和42自由度的柔性多体模型汽车悬架进行优化分析，表明应用柔性多体汽车悬架模型的结果要优于多刚体汽车悬架模型的结果。     

柔性化夹具静动态特性分析及拓扑优化

针对汽车发动机缸盖、变速箱阀体全自动化混合生产线,设计柔性化夹具来满足CNC高精密加工以及快速换产的要求。建立夹具系统三维模型,并利用ANSYS对夹具系统在不同加工工况载荷下进行静态性能分析;从分析结果判断出影响夹具性能的关键结构,并对其进行拓扑优化设计,实现夹具整体减重39.25 kg。然后对改进后夹具模型进行验证分析,发现最大变形量减少为0.0045199 mm,满足设计指标0.005 mm;最后,对现有夹具系统进行模态实验和CAE模态分析,发现夹具系统在Z向受到低频激振力时,容易发生共振,该频段为70 Hz?110 Hz,在加工过程中需要控制刀具加工频率避免发生共振。     

装载机工作装置优化设计及多体系统动力学仿真

装载机工作装置的力学分析通常采用静态分析法,且分析焦点往往是六杆机构。笔者针对综合性能更具优势的八杆机构装载装置进行优化设计,继而根据优化数据建立装载机工作装置的多体动力学模型,较准确地分析了装载机工作装置的诸多性能指标,其结论验证了优化设计结果。     

Study on the dynamic model and simulation of a flexible mechanical arm considering its random parameters

Randomness exists in engineering Tolerance, assemble-error, environment temperature and wear make the parameters of a mechanical system uncertain So the behavior or response of the mechanical system is uncertain In this paper, the uncertain parameters are treated as random variables So if the probability distribution of a random parameter is known, the simulation of mechanical multibody dynamics can be made by Monte-Carlo method Thus multibody dynamics simulation results can be obtained in statistics A new concept called functional reliability is put forward in this paper, which can be defined as the probability of the dynamic parameters (such as position, orientation, velocity, acceleration etc) of the key parts of a mechanical multibody system belong to their tolerance values A flexible mechanical arm with random parameters is studied in this paper The length, width, thickness and density of the flexible arm are treated as random variables and Gaussian distribution is used with given mean and variance Computer code is developed based on the dynamic model and Monte-Carlo method to simulate the dynamic behavior of the flexible arm At the same time the end effector’s locating reliability is calculated with cncular tolerance area The theory and method presented in this paper are applicable on the dynamics modeling of general multibody systems     

An experimental study on the effects of spring stiffness on the combustion and dynamic characteristics of a linear engine

We investigated the effects of the stiffness of springs applied to linear compressor chambers experimentally. The applied springs could prevent conflict between the engine piston head and engine head cover as well as be available to save the regenerative energy. The linear engine bore size was 30 mm, the maximum stroke was 31 mm and effective stroke volume of a cylinder was 25.45 cc. The spring stiffness was varied: 0, 0.5, 1.00, 2.9 and 14.7 N/mm. The linear engine was fueled with a pre-mixture combined with LPG (propane 99%) and air. As an experimental result, higher spring stiffness affected growth in regenerative energy and stroke. Also, IMEP was increased by rising stroke. Finally, increased IMEP and regenerative energy made more electricity than no spring.     

An experimental and analytical investigation of the dynamic characteristics of a flexible sandwich plate filled with electrorheological fluid

This paper investigates the dynamic characteristics of a sandwich plate embedded with an electrorheological (ER) fluid. A laser holographic interference experiment and modal testing were conducted to identify natural frequencies, modal damping and shapes of the composite structure, under different electric fields applied to the fluid domain. Moreover, the influence of the ER effect on the structural dynamic responses were recorded. It was found that both of the damping and natural frequencies of the sandwich plate increase monotonously with an increasing electric field; while, at the same time, the resonant peaks of the frequency response and the amplitudes of dynamic responses decrease. Furthermore, based on the special properties of the ER fluid, a discrete dynamic model of the sandwich plate containing ER fluids was developed and validated. The numerical simulation verifies the effect of the ER material on the structure, and the calculated dynamic parameters show the coincident changes with the experimental results.     

Effects of restitution coefficient and material characteristics on dynamic response of planar multi-body systems with revolute clearance joint

To study the effects of restitution coefficient and material parameters on the dynamic characteristics of planar multi-body systems with revolute clearance joints, a comprehensive methodology for clearance revolute joints in a planar multibody system is presented and analyzed. A new nonlinear contact force model, which accounts for the axial length of bearing and has a wide suitable range of impact situation, is presented to evaluate the contact force between journal and bearing. Furthermore, a modified Coulomb friction force model also presented to consider the effect of friction in clearance joint. Then, a typical journal-bearing model and a planar slider-crank mechanism has revolute clearance joint are used as examples. From the main numerical results under the different restitution coefficient and material parameters, it can be concluded that coefficient of restitution has significant effects on dynamic response of multi-body systems with revolute clearance joint. Additionally, materials of journal and bearing with smaller Young’s modulus will cause obvious delay on dynamic response of multi-body systems.     

复合材料板簧副簧的优化设计

这里建立了轻型车复合材料副簧的力学模型,根据层合板理论,计算出了副簧的危险应力和最大挠度,并以强度和刚度为约束,以质量最小为目标函数,通过有约束最小化优化方法,对复合材料副簧进行了优化设计,得到了最小质量下的副簧的最佳尺寸。     

A model for yawing dynamic optimization of a wind turbine structure

A novel design optimization model for placing frequencies of a wind turbine tower/nacelle/rotor structure in free yawing motion is developed and discussed. The main aim is to avoid large amplitudes caused by the yawing-induced vibrations in the case of horizontal-axis wind turbines or rotational motion of the blades about the tower axis in case of vertical-axis wind turbines. This can be a major cause of fatigue failure and might severely damage the whole tower/nacelle/rotor structure. The mathematical formulation considers a single pole tower configuration having thin-walled circular cross section with constant taper along the tower height. The nacelle/rotor combination is modeled as a rigid mass elastically supported at the top of the tower by the torsional spring of the yawing mechanism. Adequate scaling and non-dimensionalization of the various parameters and variables are given in order to make the model valid for a variety of wind turbine configurations and types of the material of construction. The resulting governing differential equation of motion is solved analytically by transforming it into a standard form of Bessel's equation, which leads to the necessary exact solutions for the frequencies and mode shapes. Several cases of study are examined for different values of the yawing stiffness and inertia parameters by considering both conditions of locked and unlocked yawing mechanism. Useful design charts are developed for placing the frequencies at their needed target values with no penalty of increasing the total structural weight of the system. In all, the developed model guarantees full separation of the system frequencies from the critical exciting yawing frequencies by proper choice of the optimization design parameters.     

机车车辆用橡胶弹簧的静动态性能分析

通过选用合适的橡胶本构模型,用有限元数值方法对不规则大变形的橡胶弹性元件进行了分析,充分考虑橡胶和钢板直接的接触以及耦合,得到了橡胶元件的载荷一位移曲线,并计算出等效刚度,与实际情况相符.采用超弹性材料模型对橡胶弹簧进行了有限元数值冲击的定性分析,得出其动刚度的变化情况,为今后橡胶弹簧进一步研究打下基础.     

Topology optimization of flexure hinges with a prescribed compliance matrix based on the adaptive spring model and stress constraint

This paper focuses on the configuration design of flexure hinges with a prescribed compliance matrix and preset rotational center position. A new method for the topology optimization of flexure hinges is proposed based on the adaptive spring model and stress constraint. The hinge optimization model is formulated by maximizing the bending displacement with a spring while optimizing the compliance matrix to a prescribed value. To avoid numerical instability, an artificial spring is used as an auxiliary calculation, and a new strategy is developed for adaptively adjusting the spring stiffness according to the prescribed compliance matrix. The maximum stress of flexure hinge is limited by using a normalized P-norm of the effective von Mises stress, and a position constraint of rotational center is proposed to predetermine the position of the rotational center. In addition, to reduce the error of the stress measurement, a simple but effective filtering method is presented to obtain a complete black-and-white design. Numerical examples are used to verify the proposed method. Topology results show that the obtained flexure hinges have the prescribed compliance matrix and preset rotational center position while also meeting the stress requirements.     

1500×25-F型氮气弹簧动静态特性数值分析

氮气弹簧作为一种新型的具有弹性功能的部件,在模具、汽车等行业中逐渐取代常规螺旋弹簧而得到越来越广泛的应用。利用三维软件Pro/E对该结构进行三维建模,再通过Pro/E和ANSYS间的无缝连接特性将模型导入ANSYS中,运用ANSYS软件对氮气弹簧进行静力分析、模态分析和谐响应分析,得到氮气弹簧的应力分布、变形情况、固有频率和谐响应曲线,研究方法和手段可为工程实际提供理论基础。