数控机床热误差补偿最佳转速选择

为提高数控机床热误差补偿模型在实际工程应用中的补偿精度和稳健性,研究了热误差补偿建模时机床最佳转速状态的选择方法。首先,以Leaderway V-450数控加工中心主轴Z向为研究对象,控制机床主轴在空转状态下,以图谱和恒定转速两种方式进行了多批次实验。然后,采用模糊聚类结合灰色关联度选择温度敏感点并建立多元线性回归模型。最后,分析不同转速类型下模型的预测效果并对同种转速类型下模型预测效果进行相对评价,从而给出热误差补偿建模时机床最佳转速状态的选择方法。实验结果表明,根据国际标准中不同主轴转速类型建立的热误差补偿模型,对于机床热误差预测效果存在较大差异。根据实际工程应用选择的最佳转速状态建立的补偿模型有较好的预测效果。     

运用多体理论和神经网络的机床热误差补偿

利用多体系统理论,在典型体的坐标变换中,加入了位移误差矢量和位置误差矢量,形成了具有普遍意义的坐标变换,根据机床拓扑结构的低序体阵列,建立了机床通用误差计算模型。同时,对机床的主轴热变形和床身热变形进行了建模和辨识,通过5个温度敏感点的监测,用常规的5点法对机床主轴热变形进行研究,运用神经网络方法(RBF)建立温度与变形参数模型,将误差参数集成到通用误差模型中。在Makino四轴加工中心进行试验研究,设计出一套多个凸台的空间曲面,比较了不同凸台上的4个点补偿前后空间轮廓数据,误差减少60%,补偿效果显著。     

龙门数控机床主轴热误差及其改善措施

依据ISO和ASME标准建立龙门数控(Numerical control,NC)机床热误差测试条件,通过主轴恒转速和变转速热误差试验分析主轴箱温度场分布及其对主轴热误差的影响趋势。建立龙门机床误差元素模型,分析影响机床各坐标轴加工精度的主轴热误差分量。研究发现,主轴热误差和主轴箱温度存在单调对应关系,温度对主轴轴向的热伸长误差的影响要远大于主轴径向的热漂移误差,但温度变化相对各坐标变形存在热延迟和热惯性等特性。对主轴径向精度影响最大的热误差分量是由机床生热产生的同方向的偏移误差和与之垂直的偏转误差;对轴向精度影响最大的则是轴向的偏移误差。针对热误差特点和分布规律,提出结构优化、热平衡、误差补偿建模等3种减小热误差的措施,并对其各自优点进行了分析。     

基于实时反馈的机床热误差在线补偿模型

为建立一种能够适应机床不同工况且具有准确预测能力的热误差补偿模型,提出一种基于限定记忆递推最小二乘法辨识热误差模型参数的机床热误差预测建模方法。该方法随着机床工作状况的改变,根据实时反馈的温度和热误差数据,采用递推方法对模型参数进行即时修正,使热误差模型能够及时跟踪机床系统的热特性变化,实现以较高的预测精度对机床热误差进行补偿。通过数控车床主轴轴向热误差辨识建模及补偿实验可以看出,限定记忆递推最小二乘法比一步最小二乘法辨识精度有较大提高,最大残差值减小了52.3%,标准差减小了67%。实验结果表明,利用该方法进行机床热误差模型参数辨识具有较高的预测精度和鲁棒性,有效可行。       

基于刀具偏转的机床主轴径向热误差的建模预测方法

为了有效地解决刀具实际加工位置对机床主轴径向误差的影响,提出了一种基于刀具偏转的机床主轴径向热误差建模预测方法。以立式加工中心HNC715主轴为研究对象,利用主轴分析仪对主轴径向热误差进行了数据采集,在分析了机床主轴径向热误差的数据后进行了线性回归分析,构建了不同转速下检测棒上下端径向热误差模型。通过对刀具偏转原理与检测棒上下端径向热误差模型进行分析,提出了机床主轴径向热误差综合建模方法,并对该方法进行了实验验证。验证结果表明:该机床主轴径向热误差综合建模方法有效且预测精度高。     

精密数控机床主轴热伸长补偿技术研究

针对目前精密数控机床热误差补偿问题,在基于主轴热误差测量系统的基础上,提出一种基于FCM聚类、多元线性回归的热误差补偿模型。通过对某卧式加工中心主轴恒定转速和变速工况下进行温敏点测量,建立关键温敏点与机床主轴热伸长的几何关系,通过补偿结果和切削试验表明该方法可以有效地降低主轴热伸长误差,提升零件的加工精度。     

基于数字孪生控制的精密机床热误差模型

已有的研究结果表明,机床的热误差约占其总加工误差的40%～70%,且机床越精密,其热误差所占比例就越大,因此,通过控制热误差以提升机床的加工精度很有必要。针对机床热误差模型的预测精度不高和泛化能力不强的问题,提出了一种引入主轴转速,并可嵌入数字孪生控制系统的机床热误差建模方法。首先,对模糊聚类分析(FCA)、灰色关联分析(GCA)及主成分回归(PCR)方法进行了理论分析;然后,以某立式加工中心为对象,通过热特性实验,获得了转速图谱下的温度数据和热误差数据,并采用模糊聚类分析结合灰色关联分析的方法选取了其温度敏感点;最后,以主轴转速和温度敏感点的温升值为输入变量,采用PCR方法建立了机床热误差模型,并将其与多元线性回归(MLR)模型进行了效果对比。研究结果表明：相比于MLR模型,所建立的PCR模型的预测精度提升9.5%,证明该模型拥有更高的预测精度和更强的泛化能力;可将模型嵌入到数字孪生控制系统中,对机床进行实时热误差预测和热误差控制。     

基于指数函数的机床主轴热误差补偿模型

在对机床主轴进行热特性分析的基础上,建立了基于指数函数的机床主轴轴向热误差补偿模型。该热误差补偿模型建模时间短、资金成本低,能够方便快捷地应用到工厂生产环境中。通过实验获得不同转速下的主轴轴向热变形数据。使用回归分析和最小二乘法建立了稳定状态下主轴轴向变形量和时间常数的估计方程,进而建立了基于指数函数的热误差补偿模型。该模型可以预测不同转速下主轴的轴向变形量。通过实验证明了该热补偿模型在机床主轴恒速运转和变速运转两种工况下均具有较高的精度。     

基于OE-CM算法的机床主轴热误差建模与补偿分析

针对机床热误差建模过程中,误差信息不透明、数据特性不全面等不利因素,根据机床主轴热误差实验数据,分别采用GM(1,n) 模型和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型建立主轴热误差预测模型并进行线性叠加,然后采用预测有效度算法调整模型加权系数,建立了最优有效度复合预测模型（OE-CM）以获取最佳预测效果。在VXC-560型三轴数控机床上进行在线实验建模,实验结果表明：OE-CM具有预测精度高、鲁棒性好等特点,整体预测效果优于灰色GM(1,n)模型和LS-SVM模型,适合在复杂工况条件下对机床主轴热误差进行预测和补偿,为提高机床热误差补偿精度建立了理论模型。为了验证该预测模型的有效性,对所研究的机床主轴进行热误差在线补偿,机床主轴Z向最大误差从23.8μm减小到8μm,减幅达到66.4%,较好地提高了机床精度,具有一定的工程化推广前景。     

基于LIBSVM的数控机床热误差建模研究

通过建立数控机床热误差补偿的数学模型是实现机床热误差修正和提高机床精度的有效措施.本文以CL-20A数控车床主轴热变形为实验对象,在大量实验数据的基础上,利用逐步回归分析法找出机床温度敏感点,并采用基于MATLAB平台的支持向量机算法来建立车床主轴热误差数学模型.实验结果表明,所建立的模型能精确把握机床主轴热变形的规律和趋势,对于预测机床主轴热变形,实现实时热补偿具有实用价值.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.