煤质对锅炉性能及成本的影响

电站锅炉在燃用煤种发生变化时，其燃煤的品质会对锅炉设备及运行安全性，经济性产生较大的影响。文章主要从燃煤的角度，根据煤的特性参数的变化，就其对锅炉设备的影响，对锅炉经济性的影响；对排放的影响及对成本的影响进行分析和阐述。     

碳定价机制对我国产业发展的结构性影响分析

碳定价机制对我国产业结构、出口结构、行业和企业发展等方面，存在结构性影响。本文分析了碳定价机制对产业发展产生影响的作用理论机制，并研究了不同碳价对产业的影响情况。研究认为，碳定价机制可以通过政策引导、投资带动、技术引领、成本影响等方面对产业发展产生影响，有利于促进产业结构优化、企业生产调整，并可能影响出口结构。建议进一步加强对产业发展的影响研究，完善碳定价机制，加快调整产业结构、带动供应链绿色发展，优化出口结构、推广低碳技术。     

碾压混凝土层面对坝体位移的影响

基于碾压混凝土的结构特性，利用薄层单元分析了层面质量对碾压混凝土坝体位移的影响规律，计算结果表明，碾压混凝土层面质量对坝体位移的影响比较大，当本体弹性模量达到一定值后，层面质量对坝体位移的影响程度超过本体弹性模量的影响程度。     

汽油机燃烧沉积物的形成及其对发动机排放特性的影响

汽油机燃烧沉积的累积，改变压缩比和传热，影响发动机性能。本介绍了作利用称重量法，在１６５Ｆ汽油机上进行燃烧沉积物积过程研究的实验结果，并探索了影响燃烧沉积物形成的几项因素，同时，在４９２Ｑ型汽油机上，进行了燃烧沉积物对发动机性能影响的影响实验研究。本研究结果可以为汽油机设计，使用及维修人员，汽油，机油等油料炼制工作提供科学依据。     

镁碳砖炉衬的应用

镁碳砖炉衬的应用胡超群，常志强株洲电力机车工厂原来，我厂一直采用镁砂、卤水打结炉衬，其寿命仅在６０炉次左右，而且热停工时间长，既影响产量又影响质量，钢水化学成分极不稳定，甚至造成产品批量报废，严重干扰和影响均衡生产，并且耐火材料消耗高，造成产品成本的...     

水库蓄水库区岗地浸没判别方法及浸没影响评价

针对库区岗地浸没问题，采用解析法和平面准三维地下水数值模型求解具有一定的局限性，以燕山水库为例，选取魏岗铺和高庄两个典型河间地块，采用三维地下水渗流数值模型分析了典型河间地块的浸没影响，并根据典型地块分析结果，建立了浸没影响长度与地表坡降之间的关系统计模型，据此类比评价了不同情况下整个库区的浸没影响。结果表明，岗地浸没影响主要集中于河流两岸的地势平缓地区，地表坡降是影响岗地浸没的主要因素之一，且类比法预测结果与工程实际浸没情况相符。     

内燃机机油泵供油特性的试验研究

通过试验分析了机油温度、机油泵转速以及出油压力等因素对机油泵供油特性的影响，并分析了在各种工况下这些影响因毒之间的联系。研究表明，机油泵转速对机油泵供油特性的影响最明显，出油压力的影响次之，温度的影响最弱。机油泵的供油量随着转速的增加而增加，随着机油温度的升高或出油压力的增大而稍有下降。     

内燃机排气的兴化学反应及对大所中臭氧的影响

臭氧（O3）在大气中含量很少，但对人类生活和环境的影响很大。本文首先介绍了臭氧对人类生活和环境的影响，而后分别介绍了内燃机排放对对流层和平流层臭氧的影响，指出发动机排放物（特别是NOx和HC）对产生光化学烟雾（对流层臭氧）有重要影响，此外尽管NOx有破坏平流层臭氧可能性，但对其影响程度和效果还有待进一步研究。无论如何，减少内燃机尾气排放有利于保持大气臭氧平衡，保护人类健康。     

点火系统使用因素对发动机HC及CO排放影响规律研究

通过对点火系统使用因素的改变，在特定的工况及运行条件下测试其发动机HC及CO排放变化，指出了点火使用因素对发动机HC排放有很大的影响，而对CO排放影响基本不大，不同使用因素对HC排放影响显著性不同，并且同一使用因素对HC排放影响在不同的工况下表现程度又有所不一致，即存在故障特征工况。     

“十一五”时期我国商品能源市场影响因素、主要问题及调控建议

一、“十一五”时期能源供需影响因素分析 “十一五”期间影响能源市场供需形势的因素有很多，既有拉动因素，也有抑制因素，分析其可能产生的影响，是正确把握“十一五”期间能源市场供需形势，做好宏观调控的关键。     

Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines

The plugging mechanism of multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation in submarine pipeline is a prerequisite for maintaining the fluid flow in the pipeline and ensuring safe fluid flow. This paper introduced the common experimental devices used to study multiphase flow, and summarized the plugging progress and mechanism in the liquid-rich system. Besides, it divided the rich-liquid phase system into an oil-based system, a partially dispersed system, and a water-based system according to the different water cuts, and discussed the mechanism of hydrate plugging. Moreover, it summarized the mechanism and the use of anti-agglomerates in different systems. Furthermore, it proposed some suggestions for future research on hydrate plugging. First, in the oil-based system, the effect factors of hydrates are combined with the mechanical properties of hydrate deposit layer, and the hydrate plugging mechanism models at inclined and elbow pipes should be established. Second, the mechanism of oil-water emulsion breaking in partially dispersed system and the reason for the migration of the oil-water interface should be analyzed, and the property of the free water layer on the hydrate plugging process should be quantified. Third, a complete model of the effect of the synergy of liquid bridge force and van der Waals force in the water-based system on the hydrate particle coalescence frequency model is needed, and the coalescence frequency model should be summarized. Next, the dynamic analysis of a multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipeline should be coupled with the process of hydrate coalescence, deposition, and blockage decomposition. Finally, the effects of anti-agglomerates on the morphological evolution of hydrate under different systems and pipeline plugging conditions in different media should be further explored.     

小浪底工程机组主轴密封优化

小浪底工程机组原主轴密封相关部件刚度不足,导致支持环与浮动环间隙变大,在实际运行中主轴密封漏水量异常偏大.为降低主轴密封漏水量,提高机组安全运行水平,对原主轴密封进行优化改造.改造后,主要部件刚度增加,主轴密封漏水量变小,节约了大量检修劳动力,消除了水淹厂房的隐患,提高了机组的可靠性,确保了机组安全稳定运行.     

Thermal management performance of a fin-enhanced phase change material system for the lithium-ion battery

A fin-enhanced phase change material (PCM) system was introduced for cylindrical lithium-ion batteries. Experiments were performed to explore the performance of the systems during discharging. The working time of the PCM-Fin system is improved by 75%, 68%, and 61% compared to that of the system without fins under the heat production rate of 10, 12.5, and 15 W, accordingly. Simulations were performed by ANSYS Fluent to explore the influence of the geometric parameters (thickness, length, and number) and materials (nylon, titanium, steel, Al alloy, and copper) of the fins on the thermal performance. A function considering both the improvement in thermal performance and the increase in system weight was defined to assess the overall performance. Results indicate that fins made of Al alloy with the number of 8, a length of 7.5 mm, and a thickness of 0.5 mm give the best performance. Besides, the working time of the PCM-Fin system is 2150, 2490, 2940, and 3570 seconds for the coefficient of heat transfer of 5, 10, 15, and 20 W m⁻² K⁻¹, respectively, which is increased by 14%, 32%, 56%, and 90%, compared to that of the adiabatic condition, demonstrating the effectiveness of the PCM-Fin system.     

山水气林田湖草城系统治理工程技术研究

本文对“山水气林田湖草城”系统治理的理论与工程技术进行了全面深入地研究.提出了修复山形地貌、净化水体质量、调节大气成分、优化森林结构、改良农田土质、重建湖域生态、扩大种草面积、完善城市规划的方法.对“山水气林田湖草城”进行整体保护、系统恢复、综合治理;量化生态资源的隐性价值;发展新气候经济;实施碳热氧产品交易;设立碳热氧税制度;建立经济生产总值与生态生产总值平衡发展体系;创建零碳模式;使人与植物、动物、微生物和自然环境之间,生物各个种群之间,生态诸子系统之间,通过能量流动、物质循环和信息传递达到高度适应、协调和统一的平衡状态,减弱减少自然灾害,延长人类在地球上的生存时间.     

生物质燃烧过程中结焦、积灰及腐蚀形成机理及其制剂开发研究进展

大力发展生活垃圾及农林废弃物等生物质直接燃烧发电和煤炭掺烧生物质燃烧发电对缓解我国能源安全问题和实现“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。然而生活垃圾和农林废弃物中较高含量的碱/碱土金属、硫、氯和硅等元素在高温燃烧过程中会发生复杂交互反应,导致锅炉结焦、积灰和腐蚀等一系列问题,严重影响锅炉的安全稳定运行。通过系统分析生活垃圾和农林废弃物等固体燃料燃烧过程中可能的结焦、积灰和腐蚀形成机理,探讨了原料灰分组成和结焦、积灰、腐蚀形成的关联关系和预测方法,在此基础上比较了不同类型结焦、积灰和腐蚀抑制剂的作用机制及其施加效果,并对未来高效抑制剂的开发进行了展望。     

Energy use in Indian household sector – An actor-oriented approach

Over the years, significant changes have taken place with regard to the type as well the quantity of energy used in Indian households. Many factors have contributed in bringing these changes. These include availability of energy, security of supplies, efficiency of use, cost of device, price of energy carriers, ease of use, and external factors like technological development, introduction of subsidies, and environmental considerations. The present paper presents the pattern of energy consumption in the household sector and analyses the causalities underlying the present usage patterns. It identifies specific (groups of) actors, study their specific situations, analyse the constraints and discusses opportunities for improvement. This can be referred to “actor-oriented” analysis in which we understand how various actors of the energy system are making the system work, and what incentives and constraints each of these actors is experiencing. It analyses actor linkages and their impact on the fuel choice mechanism. The study shows that the role of actors in household fuel choice is significant and depends on the level of factors – micro, meso and macro. It is recommended that the development interventions should include actor-oriented tools in energy planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The analysis is based on the data from the national sample survey (NSS), India. This approach provides a spatial viewpoint which permits a clear assessment of the energy carrier choice by the households and the influence of various actors. The scope of the paper is motivated and limited by suggesting and formulating a powerful analytical technique to analyse the problem involving the role of actors in the Indian household sector.     

The lead and lead-acid battery industries during 2002 and 2007 in China

In the past 15 years, the center of the international lead market has shifted to China. China has become the largest producer of raw and refined lead, plus the largest consumer. This paper reviews the status of the lead and lead-acid battery industries in China, including lead mining, lead refining, secondary lead production, the lead-acid battery industry, new opportunities for lead-acid batteries, and the environmental problems associated with lead and lead-acid batteries. The output of raw and refined lead has increased annually in China, and now accounts for more than 30% of the world total. As a result of a change in the Chinese government's policy regarding the export of lead, plus an increase in the price of lead, the profits of Chinese lead manufacturers were significantly reduced, the trade deficit of the Chinese lead industry increased, the operating rates of lead smelter enterprises greatly reduced, and some small enterprises were forced to shut down. At the present time, an increasing number of enterprises have begun to produce secondary lead, and the scale of production has expanded from tens of tons to tens of thousands of tons. In 2006, the output of secondary lead in China reached 700,000 tons, but outdated technology and equipment limited development of the secondary lead industry. Because of serious pollution problems, raw material shortages, and fierce price competition in the battery market, changes in the development of the lead-acid battery industry have been dramatic; approximately one thousand medium-sized and small lead-acid battery producers have been closed in the past 3 years. The output of large lead-acid battery enterprises has not been reduced, however, as a result of their manufacturing technology and equipment being comparable to those in other advanced industrial countries. In China, the flourishing development of electric bicycles, electric tricycles, and photovoltaic energy systems should provide ongoing opportunities for the lead-acid battery industry.     

Progress in use of surfactant in nearly static conditions in natural gas hydrate formation

Natural gas hydrate is an alternative energy source with a great potential for development. The addition of surfactants has been found to have practical implications on the acceleration of hydrate formation in the industrial sector. In this paper, the mechanisms of different surfactants that have been reported to promote hydrate formation are summarized. Besides, the factors influencing surfactant-promoted hydrate formation, including the type, concentration, and structure of the surfactant, are also described. Moreover, the effects of surfactants on the formation of hydrate in pure water, brine, porous media, and systems containing multiple surfactants are discussed. The synergistic or inhibitory effects of the combinations of these additives are also analyzed. Furthermore, the process of establishing kinetic and thermodynamic models to simulate the factors affecting the formation of hydrate in surfactant-containing solutions is illustrated and summarized.     

Exergetic sustainability evaluation and optimization of an irreversible Brayton cycle performance

Owing to the energy demands and global warming issue, employing more effective power cycles has become a responsibility. This paper presents a thermodynamical study of an irreversible Brayton cycle with the aim of optimizing the performance of the Brayton cycle. Moreover, four different schemes in the process of multi-objective optimization were suggested, and the outcomes of each scheme are assessed separately. The power output, the concepts of entropy generation, the energy, the exergy output, and the exergy efficiencies for the irreversible Brayton cycle are considered in the analysis. In the first scheme, in order to maximize the exergy output, the ecological function and the ecological coefficient of performance, a multi-objective optimization algorithm (MOEA) is used. In the second scheme, three objective functions including the exergetic performance criteria, the ecological coefficient of performance, and the ecological function are maximized at the same time by employing MOEA. In the third scenario, in order to maximize the exergy output, the exergetic performance criteria and the ecological coefficient of performance, a MOEA is performed. In the last scheme, three objective functions containing the exergetic performance criteria, the ecological coefficient of performance, and the exergy-based ecological function are maximized at the same time by employing multi-objective optimization algorithms. All the strategies are implemented via multi-objective evolutionary algorithms based on the NSGAII method. Finally, to govern the final outcome in each scheme, three well-known decision makers were employed.     

The territorial and landscape impacts of photovoltaic systems: Definition of impacts and assessment of the glare risk

The installation and operation of systems that exploit solar energy through photovoltaic conversion, recently promoted in some European countries by new sell-back tariffs, is a relevant transformation of the territory for various reasons (land use, elimination of the existing vegetation, visual impact on the components of the landscape, microclimate change, glare from the reflection of the direct sunlight). The weak energy intensity of the solar source coupled with the low conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cells, make the physical dimensions of such systems relevant and, with them, also the environmental, territorial and landscape impacts that basically depend on the physical extent of the system. If it is well known that an incentive to the exploitation of renewable sources is one of the features of the policy of land conservation, including the one of the protected areas, at the same time the concerns of local communities and governments about the environmental, territorial and landscape impacts of this technology are increasing rapidly.Given this picture, this work is intended to clarify the territorial impacts of the ground mounted photovoltaic systems. Later, the paper concentrates on a specific impact, which is the assessment of the risk of glare by reflection of direct sunlight from the surfaces of photovoltaic modules. The methodologies that can be used to assess this impact and the outcomes of an evaluation carried out for a 5000 m² PV system currently designed on a hilly territory in Italy are presented.