Influence of Phospholipids on the Development of Oxidized Off Flavors in Cooked Turkey Rolls

Total lipid and phospholipid (PL) fractions and their fatty acid profiles were analyzed from the interior and exterior portions of cooked turkey breast rolls. Compositional changes during refrigeration were related to oxidative degradation as measured by the TBA test. Breast tissues contained 2% lipid which remained constant over storage. The PLs constituted 0.7% of the meat and only those PLs in the exterior portion degraded during storage. TBA values increased in both roll portions with a concomitant reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) having four or more double bonds. These findings suggested that PUFAs were associated with oxidized off-flavors in cooked turkey rolls. Phosphatidylcholine was present in the highest concentration and underwent the greatest oxidative deterioration.     

Role of Reduced Hemochromes in Pink Color Defect of Cooked Turkey Rolls

Reflectance and absorbance spectrophotometric studies on commercial and laboratory samples showed that the pigments responsible for a pink color defect sometimes observed in freshly cut surfaces of cooked turkey rolls were reduced hemochromes, possibly nicotinamide-denatured globin hemochromes, rather than nitrosyl pigments. Oxidation-reduction potential measurements of meat systems showed that hemochrome formation was promoted by reducing conditions and prevented by oxidizing conditions. All constituents necessary for the production of pink color defect were present in turkey meat. The variable most affecting its appearance was the redox potential of the meat.     

米饭风味影响因素及其改良技术研究

该文概述米饭风味影响因素及改善米饭风味方法,并提出今后提高米饭风味研究方向。     

米饭风味的影响因素及其改良技术研究动态

概述了米饭风味的影响因素及改善米饭风味的方法,并提出了今后提高米饭风味的研究方向。     

Flavor of Cooked, Ground Turkey Patties with Added Sodium Tripolyphosphate as Perceived by Sensory Panels with Differing Phosphate Sensitivity

The flavor of cooked, ground turkey patties, with and without sodium tripolyphosphate, was profiled by two panels. One panel had a lower threshold for STP in ground turkey. Flavor profiles indicated that turkey patties without phosphate had more intense protein, serumy, brothy, and metallic character and less intense turkey and soapy character than the samples with phosphate. Both panels found similar characteristics for turkey with added phosphate, although the characteristics had a slightly different order of appearance. The panel with a lower threshold for STP found a more intense soapy character that tended to linger in the phosphate-treated samples.     

发酵香肠风味物质研究现状

发酵香肠的风味物质主要来自于碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质的代谢和氧化，以及人为添加的香辛料。本文概述了现已鉴定的发酵香肠的主要风味物质及来源的研究情况。     

酱香型白酒风味形成的影响因素及主体风味成分研究进展

酱香型白酒以其独特的风味闻名于世,针对酱香特征性香气构成及产生机制的研究也一直是酱香型白酒的研究热点。论文整理总结了多年来的研究文献资料,重点分析了微生物类群结构、独特酿造工艺与酱香风味之间的紧密关系,论述了酱香主体风味成分确定的研究过程与现状,并对今后酱香型白酒主体风味成分的研究方向提出了展望,为酱香型白酒特征性风味成分的发掘及形成机理的研究和探索提供理论基础和思考。     

斑点叉尾(鱼回)鱼皮明胶的风味成分及其脱腥的研究

采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用技术,分析了斑点叉尾(鱼回)鱼皮明胶的风味成分,比较了活性炭、β-环糊精和酵母3种脱腥剂对明胶的脱腥效果。结果表明:斑点叉尾(鱼回)鱼皮明胶的风味成分主要是一些含有羰基的饱和或不饱和的醛类和酮类;(鱼回)鱼皮明胶腥味最为相关的成分为正己醛、正庚醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、2,6-壬二烯醛。活性炭、β-环糊精和酵母都有一定的脱腥效果,其中活性炭脱腥效果最好。活性炭脱腥前醛、酮种类个数分别为13和6,脱腥后减少为5和4;活性炭脱腥前醛、酮含量为27.89%,脱腥后降至10.92%。尤其与腥味相关的正己醛、正庚醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、2,6-壬二烯醛等成分在脱腥后,均未被检出。     

Relationship Between TBA Numbers and Inexperienced Panelists'Assessments of Oxidized Flavor in Cooked Beef

Fifty-two inexperienced sensory panelists rated a series of ground beef samples four or six times for intensity of oxidized flavor. Correlation coefficients for sensory scores versus TBA numbers were significant but low. Variability in panelist scoring appeared to account partly for the lower values. Of the 52 panelists tested, 28 were determined statistically to be consistent in their scoring of the treatment variables. Correlation coefficients were higher for this group of panelists. The initial range of oxidized flavor detection for this panel group was within a range of TBA numbers that closely resembled the previously determined threshold level for trained panelists.     

Characterization of the Residual Pink Color in Cooked Turkey Breast and Pork Loin

The residual redness was characterized in well cooked meat from turkey breast and pork loin. A simple method of scanning thin slices by transmission spectrophotometry was used to evaluate the meat pigments in situ. Absorption bands at 414, 520, and 550 nm of the spectra obtained from cooked meat led to the conclusion that residual pink color was caused by cytochrome c. The method was further modified to study the effect of air contact on meat color after cooking. Other pigments were spontaneously oxidized as soon as meat surface was exposed to air. The concentrations of hemoproteins in turkey and pork were determined and found to be related to cooked meat color.     

Volatile Flavor Components in Crayfish Waste

Volatile components of crayfish processing waste were analyzed by dynamic headspace/capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and chromatography-coupled aroma perception analysis with simultaneous photoionization detection. One hundred seventeen compounds were identified. The majority of the flavor compounds previously identified in freshly boiled crayfish tail meat and hepatopancreas also were detected in crayfish waste. Many areas in the headspace profile contained good nutty, green woody, sweet fruity and very desirable salty meaty aromas, indicating the presence of important crayfish flavor components in the sample.     

黄酒香气成分的分析

研究了黄酒香气成分的分析方法,通过ＧＣ／ＭＳ共鉴定到４２种香气成分,对其中异戊醇、乳酸乙酯、β－苯乙醇进行定量分析。随着酒龄的增加,乳权乙酯含量增加,而β－苯乙醇含量却减少。     

Sodium Tripolyphosphate and Sodium Ascorbate Monophosphate as Inhibitors of Off-flavor Development in Cooked, Vacuum-packaged, Frozen Turkey

Sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) or sodium ascorbate monophosphate (SAsMP) in water solutions (0.3 and 0.5% levels) or water only were added to ground turkey which was cooked, vacuum packaged, and stored frozen. Soapy flavor was higher, but rancid flavor and hexanal and bathophenathroline-chelateable (nonheme) iron contents were lower in samples with phosphate salts. Samples without phosphates contained the greatest amount of bathophenathroline-chelateable iron; samples with 0.5% STP contained the least. The addition of phosphate salts decreased cooking losses and increased moisture but did not affect the fat content. Generally, intensity scores for stale and rancid aroma and flavor attributes were low, < 1 for all samples.     

Consumer Acceptability of Cooked Stored Ground Turkey Patties with Differing Levels of Phosphate

The acceptability of fresh and stored, cooked, ground turkey patties without added phosphate or with 0.25% or 0.5% added sodium tri-polyphosphate (STP) was determined by 100 consumers. Turkey patties without phosphate were less acceptable than those with 0.5% added STP. Consumers (26) who repeated the study five times indicated that stored samples containing 0.25% and 0.5% STP were liked more and the 0.5% treatment had more meaty flavor than those samples without phosphate. Samples containing 0.5% STP were found less firm and more juicy than the other samples. The consumers scored off-flavor inconsistently.     

影响卷烟烟气柔和性的主要化学成分分析及柔和性功能香精的开发

为了提升卷烟烟气柔和性,改善卷烟抽吸品质,采用GC-MS方法,对烟丝的化学成分、卷烟烟气成分进行测定,并对它们与卷烟烟气柔和性的相关性进行分析.结果表明:①糖氮比值高的,刺激较小,烟气柔和性较好;②游离烟碱含量高,劲头大,对喉部的冲击感较强,柔和性较差;③烟叶致香成分中新植二烯和高级脂肪酸酯含量、主流烟气粒相水分与卷烟柔和性存在正相关.以此为指导,利用天然植物原料及其提取物,开发了提高卷烟烟气柔和性的功能性香精,并将其应用于卷烟产品,对比评吸结果表明,添加了柔和性功能香精的卷烟产品,柔和性得分平均提高1.5 ～2分.     

薄荷风味啤酒的研制

以薄荷精油为辅料,经β-环糊精包合后,加入到啤酒发酵罐中,糖化麦汁,添加啤酒酵母发酵研制薄荷啤酒。利用胶体磨法,经过L9(34)正交试验,确定薄荷精油的最佳包合条件为:β-环糊精∶薄荷精油=6∶1;加水60份;研磨时间为45 min,包合物含油率为10%。单因素试验优选包合物添加量为0.062 5%。经气相色谱分析得知,酿制的啤酒不仅具有大麦芽啤酒的风味,具有乙酸乙酯、正丙醇、异丁醇、正丁醇、异戊醇、乙酸异戊酯等有机物质,还富含了薄荷精油中的薄荷酮,气色味俱佳。     

保湿熟面的研制

通过正交试验和感官测评确定保湿熟面最佳工艺：面粉100g、淀粉添加量12％、食盐1．5％、增稠剂0．3％、水40％,面团醒置时间2h。工艺中制作面条厚度为0．3-0．4cm,在98℃水中煮制8min至熟。经速冻后保持新鲜面条的黏弹性、色泽和食味性等,在-18℃下保藏效果较好,可达6个月以上。     

甜面酱风味物质的研究进展

甜面酱是以小麦或面粉作为主要原料,经微生物发酵而成的具有特殊滋味和体态的调味品。文章主要从甜面酱的风味物质成分、分析检测风味成分的方法以及影响风味成分的主要因素等方面介绍目前的研究状况,并对上述内容的进一步研究做出展望。     

Flavor Intensity as Related to the Creatine and Creatinine Content of Microwave and Conventionally Cooked Beef

No relationship between sensory thresholds of panelists for creatine and their ability to detect differences in flavor intensity of beef prepared in a consumer type microwave oven (120V; 550 watts) and a conventional oven was found. The flavor of beef cooked in an institutional type microwave oven (220V; 1050 watts) was rated more intense than conventionally cooked beef. However, the flavor of beef prepared in a consumer type microwave oven (115V; 500 watts) was evaluated as less intense than conventionally cooked beef. The creatinine content of microwave cooked roasts was greater than conventionally prepared roasts. Correlation between flavor intensity and creatinine content was statistically significant in only one part of this research.