Influence of Phospholipids on the Development of Oxidized Off Flavors in Cooked Turkey Rolls

Total lipid and phospholipid (PL) fractions and their fatty acid profiles were analyzed from the interior and exterior portions of cooked turkey breast rolls. Compositional changes during refrigeration were related to oxidative degradation as measured by the TBA test. Breast tissues contained 2% lipid which remained constant over storage. The PLs constituted 0.7% of the meat and only those PLs in the exterior portion degraded during storage. TBA values increased in both roll portions with a concomitant reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) having four or more double bonds. These findings suggested that PUFAs were associated with oxidized off-flavors in cooked turkey rolls. Phosphatidylcholine was present in the highest concentration and underwent the greatest oxidative deterioration.     

Role of Reduced Hemochromes in Pink Color Defect of Cooked Turkey Rolls

Reflectance and absorbance spectrophotometric studies on commercial and laboratory samples showed that the pigments responsible for a pink color defect sometimes observed in freshly cut surfaces of cooked turkey rolls were reduced hemochromes, possibly nicotinamide-denatured globin hemochromes, rather than nitrosyl pigments. Oxidation-reduction potential measurements of meat systems showed that hemochrome formation was promoted by reducing conditions and prevented by oxidizing conditions. All constituents necessary for the production of pink color defect were present in turkey meat. The variable most affecting its appearance was the redox potential of the meat.     

米饭风味影响因素及其改良技术研究

该文概述米饭风味影响因素及改善米饭风味方法,并提出今后提高米饭风味研究方向。     

荣昌猪脂质中水溶性成分对肉品风味的作用

以荣昌猪瘦肉和肥肉为原料,采用电子鼻、感官实验、气相-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分别对比经氯仿甲醇萃取的脂质以及其水洗后的脂质。感官实验和电子鼻可以将氯仿甲醇萃取瘦肉中的脂质(对照瘦肉中脂质)以及其水洗后的瘦肉中脂质很好的区分,表明瘦肉脂质中的水溶性成分对肉香有显著贡献,且各类挥发性成分含量前者都显著大于后者,呋喃类、醇类、酯类、含硫化合物以及美拉德反应衍生的醛类比例也大于后者;感官实验和电子鼻不能将氯仿甲醇萃取肥肉中的脂质(对照肥肉中脂质)以及其水洗后的肥肉中的脂质很好的区分,各类挥发性成分含量差异也不显著,原因是肥肉脂质中本身水溶性成分含量就比较少。     

Citric Acid and Sodium Citrate Effects on Reducing Pink Color Defect of Cooked Intact Turkey Breasts and Ground Turkey Rolls

ABSTRACT The ability of citric acid (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%) and sodium citrate (1.0%) to reduce the pink color defect induced with sodium nitrite (1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm) and nicotinamide (0.5%, 1.0%) in cooked, intact turkey breasts and ground turkey rolls was examined. Citric acid at 0.2% and 0.3% and sodium citrate consistently reduced natural or induced pink color in ground turkey rolls but had no effect on pink color of intact turkey breasts. Citric acid reduced pH and cooking yields, whereas sodium citrate did not. Therefore, sodium citrate may represent a viable option for use by poultry processors in reducing the occurrence of undesirable pink color in cooked, uncured, ground turkey.     

中华绒螯蟹蟹肉和蟹黄中挥发性风味物质组成

采用同时蒸馏萃取技术(SDE)方法提取中华绒螯蟹中的挥发性风味成分,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GS-MS)对提取的中华绒螯蟹蟹肉和蟹黄中挥发性风味成分进行分离鉴定。结果表明：在中华绒螯蟹中共检测到97种挥发性化合物。其中,蟹肉和蟹黄中含有的挥发性化合物的数量分别为60种和67种,仅有30种挥发性化合物被检测到同时存在于蟹黄和蟹肉中;中华绒螯蟹蟹黄和蟹肉中的挥发性成分在组成上的差别主要体现为在醇类、芳香类、烷烃类和含硫类化合物的组成上,这可能是导致中华绒螯蟹蟹黄和蟹肉香气差异的主要原因;除了组成上的差异,蟹黄中检测到的挥发性化合物的含量普遍高于蟹肉中检测到的化合物的含量。     

生、熟中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和性腺中的挥发性成分比较

采用新型材料固相萃取整体捕集剂,提取中华绒螯蟹的挥发性成分。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对雄性中华绒螯蟹生、熟2 个部位（肝胰腺和性腺）中的挥发性成分进行分离鉴定,共得到8 类90 种挥发性物质。对这些物质进行显著性差异比较发现,除芳香族外,其他7 类挥发性物质在生、熟肝胰腺和性腺中均表现显著性差
异,且生样变成熟样的过程中,有大量的醛类、呋喃类、含氮类、含硫类化合物产生,推断这些物质是在加热过程中由风味前体物质反应分解生成。此后,通过相对气味活性值法,在这4 种样品中筛选出15 种主要挥发性物质和9 种主体呈香化合物。通过比较,其中癸醛、三甲胺、壬醛、辛醛被认为在生、熟肝胰腺和性腺呈香过程中都起到关键作用。     

米饭风味的影响因素及其改良技术研究动态

概述了米饭风味的影响因素及改善米饭风味的方法,并提出了今后提高米饭风味的研究方向。     

Flavor of Cooked, Ground Turkey Patties with Added Sodium Tripolyphosphate as Perceived by Sensory Panels with Differing Phosphate Sensitivity

The flavor of cooked, ground turkey patties, with and without sodium tripolyphosphate, was profiled by two panels. One panel had a lower threshold for STP in ground turkey. Flavor profiles indicated that turkey patties without phosphate had more intense protein, serumy, brothy, and metallic character and less intense turkey and soapy character than the samples with phosphate. Both panels found similar characteristics for turkey with added phosphate, although the characteristics had a slightly different order of appearance. The panel with a lower threshold for STP found a more intense soapy character that tended to linger in the phosphate-treated samples.     

米饭中关键风味化合物的分析

采用固相微萃取与同时蒸馏提取两种方法,应用香气提取物分析结合气味活性值对米饭中的风味物质进行气相色谱-质谱分析,从而确定米饭风味中的关键风味化合物。结果表明,米饭中共鉴定出40 种风味化合物,包括醛类13 种、醇类7 种、酮类3 种、酯类4 种、酚类4 种,及吡啶、噻唑、吲哚、呋喃类等;醛类物质在米饭风味物质中的含量最大;2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉是米饭中最主要的风味活性化合物。综合两种处理方式发现,2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉、香草醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛、4-乙烯基苯酚、4-乙烯基创木酚、己醛、辛醛、庚醛、戊醛等物质对米饭整体风味轮廓起到关键作用。     

Reduction of Levels of Volatile Components Associated with the "Beany" Flavor in Soymilk by Lactobacilli and Streptococci

ABSTRACT: Methanol, acetaldehyde, ethanol, and hexanal were the 4 major volatiles detected in unfermented soymilk. Eight of the cultures of lactobacilli or streptococci completely eliminated hexanal in the soymilk during fermentation. However, there were considerable variations in the effects of the cultures on the other 3 compounds. All 8 caused significant reduction in levels of methanol. Streptococcus thermophilus OSU-2 was the only culture that significantly lowered the concentration of ethanol in the soymilk. All except Lactobacillus acidophilus C19 and Lactobacillus casei E5 significantly lowered the level of acetaldehyde. Of the cultures tested, L. acidophilus L1 offered the best potential for producing fermented soymilk with an improved volatile profile.     

不同亚硝酸盐添加量的低温蒸煮香肠的风味研究

应用顶空固相微萃取法(solid phase microextraction,SPME)对不同亚硝酸盐添加量(0、50、100和150mg/kg)的低温蒸煮香肠冷藏10d的挥发性物质进行了分离,并应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法(gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对挥发性物质进行了分析和鉴定。结果表明,共有52种风味物质被检出,其中醇类20种,醛类6种,酮类4种,酸类、酯类和烃类各1种,萜烯类3种,含氮化合物6种,含氧化合物2种,芳香族化合物8种。添加亚硝酸盐后蒸煮香肠新检出的风味物质是乙醇、1-丁醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-庚烯-1-醇、(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇、薄荷醇、3-甲基丁醛、己酸、松萜和4-硝基临苯二酰胺;添加亚硝酸盐后未检出的风味物质是罗勒烯、吡咯和四甲基吡嗪。添加亚硝酸盐后蒸煮香肠的腌肉风味(cured-meatflavor)得到了加强,150mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的多种风味物质相对含量明显增加。     

Sensory Detection of Cooked Flavor Development during Pasteurization of a Guava Beverage Using R-index

ABSTRACT: Kinetics of cooked flavor development (CFD) during thermal treatment of a guava beverage was evaluated within a temperature range of 85°C to 90°C. The guava beverage (pH 3.2, 10.8°Brix, and 0.68% titrable acidity) made with 40% juice, 55% water, and 5% sugar was subjected to selected pasteurization treatments. A trained sensory panel and R-index test were used to determine the temperature dependence of CFD. Logarithm of maximum and minimum heating times that resulted in positive and negative sensory detection at each treatment temperature were plotted to calculate the z value (15.1°C). At 90°C, the treatment time required for the panel to detect a change in flavor was 119 s, whereas 184 s and 248 s were needed for detecting the flavor change at 87.5°C and 85°C, respectively. This result allows estimating the effects that pasteurization treatments will have on guava flavor.     

腌制因素对橄榄盐坯风味物质的影响

目的：分析传统凉果原料橄榄腌制过程中风味物质的变化与腌制时间、食盐添加量的关系。方法：以不同添加量的食盐腌制后的橄榄为原料,采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction,HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)检测不同腌制时间橄榄盐坯中的风味物质,并进行相关性分析。结果：橄榄盐坯中芳烃类风味物质的含量与食盐添加量呈显著负相关,烷烃和酮类风味物质的含量与食盐添加量呈显著正相关;醛类风味物质与腌制时间呈显著负相关,烷烃风味物质含量与腌制时间呈弱负相关,芳烃风味物质含量与腌制时间呈显著正相关。结论：橄榄盐坯中部分风味物质含量随食盐添加量的增加和腌制时间的延长而增加或者降低;部分风味物质含量与腌制时间、食盐添加量关系显著负相关或正相关,且部分风味物质含量之间也存在一定相关性。     

不同品种稻米的米饭风味分析

采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱技术对7种籼米、4种粳米共11种米饭样品的风味化合物进行分析。结果表明,粳米中风味化合物种类略高于籼米。米饭中关键风味化合物在粳米、籼米样品中存在显著差异,2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉在籼米样品中未被检出;4-乙烯基苯酚只在粳米中被检测出;香草醛在粳米中的相对含量显著高于籼米;而籼米中1-辛烯-3-醇、戊醛、己醛的相对含量显著高于粳米。利用米饭风味物质的主成分分析方法,可以区分出粳米与籼米的品种差异。     

基于顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析洋县不同色泽糙米蒸煮后挥发性风味物质差异

利用顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱、相似度分析等方法分析汉中市洋县产5 种不同色泽糙米（红、黄、绿、紫、黑）蒸煮后挥发性风味物质的差异。结果表明：从5 种色泽糙米饭中共鉴定出61 种挥发性风味物质,包括醛类35 种（占49.83%～57.06%）、酮类13 种（占34.40%～41.45%）、醇类5 种（占1.42%～1.96%）、吡嗪2 种（占0.02%～0.07%）、酸类2 种（占0.19%～0.49%）、呋喃1 种（占5.61%～8.23%）、酯类1 种（占0.08%～0.67%）、醚类1 种（占0.02%～0.10%）和酚类1 种（占0.04%～0.22%）。其中,5 种色泽糙米饭间相比,红糙米饭中醛类含量相对较高,黄糙米饭中酸类含量相对较高,绿糙米饭中醇类和醚类含量相对较高,紫糙米饭中呋喃类含量相对较高,黑糙米饭中酮类、酯类、吡嗪类和酚类含量相对较高。主成分分析表明,前两个主成分累计贡献率为74.1%,能够较好解释原始样品特征,表明顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱图数据可实现洋县不同色泽糙米蒸煮后挥发性风味物质的较好区分。此外,通过建立洋县不同色泽糙米饭挥发性风味指纹图谱,可视化勾勒出不同色泽糙米饭挥发性风味轮廓,为丰富洋县五彩稻米食味品质特性提供了信息。     

葛根袋泡茶研制及风味成分分析

以野葛根为原料,杭白菊、枸杞子为辅料制得袋泡茶,以异黄酮含量和感官评价为考察指标,研究配料比（葛根∶枸杞子∶杭白菊）、冲泡时间、冲泡温度和用水量对葛根袋泡茶品质的影响,采用综合评分法,通过U10（1010）均匀设计优化葛根袋泡茶配方和沏茶工艺参数。结果表明,葛根袋泡茶的最优工艺：原辅料比（葛根∶杭白菊+枸杞子）为2∶1（g/g）,辅料比（杭白菊∶枸杞子）为 1.5∶1（g/g）,冲泡时间 9 min,冲泡温度 65 ℃,冲泡料水比 1∶25（g/mL）。葛根袋泡茶提取液与抗坏血酸（VC）清除 ABTS+自由基的 IC50值分别为（1.136±0.010）、（1.228±0.011）mg/mL,呈剂量效应关系,葛根袋泡茶有较强的抗氧化性。顶空固相微萃取-气质联用（headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）试验结果表明,左旋乙酸冰片酯、（Z）-乙酸菊酯、左旋龙脑是葛根袋泡茶的主要挥发性物质成分。     

酱香型白酒风味形成的影响因素及主体风味成分研究进展

酱香型白酒以其独特的风味闻名于世,针对酱香特征性香气构成及产生机制的研究也一直是酱香型白酒的研究热点。论文整理总结了多年来的研究文献资料,重点分析了微生物类群结构、独特酿造工艺与酱香风味之间的紧密关系,论述了酱香主体风味成分确定的研究过程与现状,并对今后酱香型白酒主体风味成分的研究方向提出了展望,为酱香型白酒特征性风味成分的发掘及形成机理的研究和探索提供理论基础和思考。     

发酵香肠风味物质研究现状

发酵香肠的风味物质主要来自于碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质的代谢和氧化，以及人为添加的香辛料。本文概述了现已鉴定的发酵香肠的主要风味物质及来源的研究情况。