鲁棒视频水印研究进展

数字视频在当前通信世界中被认为是一种重要而有效的媒体,广泛应用于新闻、短视频和有线网络广播视频节目中。随着计算机与互联网技术的发展,数字视频内容容易被侵权使用者肆意复制和传播,如何保护视频版权日益成为人们关注的问题。鲁棒视频水印是实现视频版权保护的一种有效手段。作为数字视频水印的分支,鲁棒视频水印是一种通过特定算法在需要被保护的视频对象中嵌入秘密信息——水印来证明版权归属的技术。本文对当前的视频水印技术进行了概述,对视频水印的概念、应用场景、分类方式、设计要求、发展历程和相关经典方法进行了介绍和梳理。本文归纳总结了2016—2021年鲁棒视频水印相关研究工作,包括基于内容的、基于码流的、基于深度学习和其他类型视频水印,并对其中部分工作进行了相应的性能比较和分析。其中,基于内容的视频水印方法将视频看做帧序列,由于在每一帧上应用水印算法,不考虑视频的编解码过程,这类方法实现简单,计算效率高;基于码流的视频水印方法将水印嵌入到编码比特流中,该方案更快速,故可支持实时视频水印应用;基于深度学习的方法取代了依靠手工设计的特征来提高水印的性能。最后分析了鲁棒视频水印的未来发展趋势。     

Audio watermarking technique in frequency domain: comparative study MDCT Vs DCT

Digital watermarking is the art of hiding information in a digital document in order to protect it. The inserted mark and the marked document can be an image, an audio or a video. In this article, we will present a comparative study between two variants of a digital audio watermarking technique operating in the frequency domain. In the first variant, the time-frequency mapping is performed by Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT). For the second variant, the time-frequency mapping is performed by the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). We will study the contribution of each transformation, point of view robustness against different types of attacks delivered by Stirmark audio, imperceptibility by using a statistical approach by calculating the SNR and an objective approach by calculating the ODG notes given by PEAQ and capacity of insertion. Finally, to highlight our results, we will compare the two variants of the proposed technique with some other existing techniques.

     

基于多通道的彩色图像水印方案

空域水印算法的特点是鲁棒性较差．针对这个问题，该文提出了一个基于多通道的彩色图像水印方案：利用发送分集技术的思想，把相同的水印信息经过伪随机调制、交织编码后嵌入到彩色图像的红、绿、蓝三个颜色通道，然后使用两种简单方案提取水印信息，降低了误码率．该文从理论上定性地分析了算法的有效性，同时用大量实验结果表明，该算法在提高水印容量的前提下，改善了彩色图像中传统空域水印方案的鲁棒性，并且水印提取算法的计算量较小，可应用于实时视频水印方案中．     

Real-time video watermarking system on the compressed domain for high-definition video contents: Practical issues

Everyday, we encounter high-quality multimedia contents from HDTV broadcasting, DVD, and high-speed Internet services. These contents are, unhappily, processed and distributed without protection. This paper proposes a practical video watermarking technique on the compressed domain that is real-time and robust against video processing attacks. In particular, we focus on video processing that is commonly used in practice such as downscaling resolution, framerate changing, and transcoding. Most previous watermarking algorithms are unable to survive when these processings are strong or composite. We extract low frequency coefficients of frames in fast by partly decoding videos and apply a quantization index modulation scheme to embed and detect the watermark. On an Intel architecture computer, we implement a prototype system and measure performance against video processing attacks frequently occur in the real world. Simulation results show that our video watermarking system satisfies real-time requirements and is robust to protect the copyright of HD video contents.     

Digital Video Watermarking in P-Frames With Controlled Video Bit-Rate Increase

Most video watermarking algorithms embed the watermark in I-frames, but refrain from embedding in P- and B-frames, which are highly compressed by motion compensation. However, P-frames appear more frequently in the compressed video and their watermarking capacity should be exploited, despite the fact that embedding the watermark in P-frames can increase the video bit rate significantly. This paper gives a detailed overview of a common approach for embedding the watermark in I-frames. This common approach is adopted to use P-frames for video watermarking. We show that by limiting the watermark to nonzero-quantized ac residuals in P-frames, the video bit-rate increase can be held to reasonable values. Since the nonzero-quantized ac residuals in P-frames correspond to nonflat areas that are in motion, temporal and texture masking are exploited at the same time. We also propose embedding the watermark in nonzero quantized ac residuals with spatial masking capacity in I-frames. Since the locations of the nonzero-quantized ac residuals is lost after decoding, we develop a watermark detection algorithm that does not depend on this knowledge. Our video watermark detection algorithm has controllable performance. We demonstrate the robustness of our proposed algorithm to several different attacks.      

视频水印技术研究综述

文章对视频水印技术作了较为全面的介绍。概括了视频水印的背景知识、定义、应用以及详细的算法分类情况。比较了几种有代表性的实用视频水印算法。然后介绍了对视频水印攻击的分类,并对未来视频水印技术发展的走势进行了展望。     

抗几何攻击的量化鲁棒视频水印技术研究

能有效抵抗信号处理又能抵抗几何攻击是当今数字水印研究的热点和难点之一,提出一种能够抵抗信号处理、旋转、缩放和平移的鲁棒视频水印.嵌入方案中,提出几何不变量--基于圆区域内的统计特征不变性;再依据离散余弦变换域(DCT)系数特性,自适应地在DCT域量化嵌入有意义的水印.提取方案中,利用同步信息定位,若发生几何形变则先矫正形变,然后在DCT域中盲提取水印.结果表明,该方案具有较好的透明性,同时具有较强的抗几何形变能力,对MPEG压缩和去帧等攻击具有很强的鲁棒性.     

A novel CRT-based watermarking technique for authentication of multimedia contents

Digital watermarking techniques have been proposed as a solution to the problem of copyright protection of multimedia data. In this paper, we propose a novel Chinese remainder theorem (CRT)-based technique for digital watermarking. The use of CRT for this purpose provides additional security along with resistance to some familiar attacks. We have shown that this technique is quite resilient to addition of the noise. We have compared performance of the proposed technique with recently reported two singular value decomposition (SVD)-based watermarking techniques and shown its superior performance in terms of tampering assessment function (TAF), computational efficiency and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). For example, the embedding time of the proposed CRT-based scheme is 6 and 3 times faster than the SVD-based Schemes 1 and 2, respectively. This technique can also be applied to document, audio and video contents.     

基于视频内容和混沌的鲁棒水印技术

为了对视频数据进行有效保护,提出并实现了一种基于混沌序列映射灰度图像的数字水印技术。该技术首先根据视频的内容选择嵌入区域,把由混沌序列转化的平滑灰度图像嵌入到选择的区域中;然后在检测时,可通过零均值化来消除载体图像对检测的影响,且检测过程不需要原始图像。实验结果表明,这种基于视频内容和混沌的数字水印技术不仅具有良好的安全性,而且对均值滤波攻击、有损压缩攻击等均有较好的鲁棒性。     

Novel robust image watermarking based on subsampling and DWT

This paper presents a robust digital image watermarking scheme based on subsampling and DWT. Subsampling is firstly used to construct a subimage sequence as a video segment. Then, a random watermark sequence satisfied with Gaussian distribution is block-wised embedded into the DWT domain of these subimages repeatedly using the video watermarking technique. And watermark is detected through computing correlation between watermark and watermarked frames. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves good robustness against JPEG compression, common image processing operation and geometric distortions. Furthermore, the proposed watermarking scheme is also robust against linear collusion and other video watermarking attacks.     

Contourlet-based image and video watermarking robust to geometric attacks and compressions

In this paper, we first propose a new blind image watermarking scheme robust to geometric attacks and compressions. The scheme is based on contourlet transform (CT) and principal component analysis (PCA). The scheme uses the principal components of the largest contourlet coefficients of the last directional subband of the cover image to embed the watermark. Meanwhile, with the noise visibility function (NVF), the watermarking strength is adjusted adaptively to preserve the perceptual quality of the image. The watermark can be detected with high accuracy after various possible distortions. The normalized correlation (NC) between the original watermark and the watermark extracted from the distorted watermarked image is used as the robustness evaluation criterion. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has good performance in terms of both quality and robustness against a variety of image-processing attacks, such as rotation, scaling and image compressions. Then we extend the scheme to blind video watermarking. The performance of the video watermarking scheme is evaluated against video attacks like rotation, frame averaging, noise additions and video compressions. The introduction of the CT produces robustness against image and video compressions, and the PCA yields resistance to geometric attacks.

     

A robust video watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition and slope-based embedding technique

In this work, we propose a robust watermarking algorithm for video copyright protection. The proposed algorithm is characterized by four key features. First, a robust feature obtained by singular value decomposition is selected to embed the watermark. Second, a novel slope-based embedding technique is developed to embed a 1-bit watermark into several successive blocks in the temporal direction, thus enhancing the robustness against global attacks. Third, an embedding location selection method is used to give priority to blocks with small variations that can enhance the visual quality of the watermarked video. Fourth, a temporal synchronization method is introduced to effectively withstand temporal synchronization attacks. The experimental results demonstrate that our scheme has good imperceptibility and is robust against various attacks, such as noise addition, filtering, gamma correction, lossy compression, scaling, frame dropping, frame insertion, and frame averaging. Furthermore, the watermark can be extracted using only some side information rather than the original video, which makes the scheme more practical.     

Fingerprinting relational databases: schemes and specialties

In this paper, we present a technique for fingerprinting relational data by extending Agrawal et al.'s watermarking scheme. The primary new capability provided by our scheme is that, under reasonable assumptions, it can embed and detect arbitrary bit-string marks in relations. This capability, which is not provided by prior techniques, permits our scheme to be used as a fingerprinting scheme. We then present quantitative models of the robustness properties of our scheme. These models demonstrate that fingerprints embedded by our scheme are detectable and robust against a wide variety of attacks including collusion attacks.     

一种改进的面向MPEG的区域DCT数字水印方法

研究了一种改进的基于DCT的MPEG视频水印技术,利用MPEG标准的压缩方法及视频流的特点,主要讨论了基于帧内编码的水印嵌入方法,并详细给出了有关算法设计实现的过程及仿真结果。实验证明本方法嵌入的水印不仅能够很好的在MPEG压缩中生存,同时能够防御多种干扰和攻击,具有相当高的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

Robust Image Mosaicing of Soccer Videos using Self-Calibration and Line Tracking

In this paper we propose an accurate and robust image mosaicing method of soccer video taken from a rotating and zooming camera using line tracking and self-calibration. The mosaicing of soccer videos is not easy, because their playing fields are low textured and moving players are included in the fields. Our approach is to track line features on the playing fields. The line features are detected and tracked using a self-calibration technique for a rotating and zooming camera. To track line features efficiently, we propose a new line tracking algorithm, called camera parameter guided line tracking, which works even when the camera motion undergoes sudden changes. Since we do not need to know any model for scenes beforehand, the proposed algorithm can be easily extended to other video sources, as well as other sports videos. Experimental results show the accuracy and robustness of the algorithm. An application of mosaicing is also presented.     

人眼视觉特性与SIFT相结合的视频双水印算法

针对视频水印容易遭受几何攻击以及水印的鲁棒性与透明性的平衡问题,提出一种基于人眼视觉特性与尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）相结合的抗几何攻击视频双水印算法。首先获取视频序列中人眼视觉掩蔽阈值作为水印的最大嵌入强度。其次,将视频帧进行离散小波变换（DWT）,对中高频子带系数提出基于视频运动信息的自适应水印算法;针对低频子带,提出基于小波低频系数统计特性的抗几何攻击视频水印算法。最后,以SIFT作为触发器判断视频帧是否遭受几何攻击,对遭受几何攻击的视频帧利用SIFT的尺度与方向不变性进行校正,并对校正后的视频帧提取水印信号;针对非几何攻击的视频帧,直接利用中高频提取算法。所提算法与实时性视频水印算法——基于小波域直方图的视频水印（VW-HDWT）算法比较,峰值性噪比值（PSNR）提高了7.5%;与基于特征区域的水印算法相比,水印嵌入容量提高约10倍。实验结果表明,在保证水印透明度较好的情况下,所提算法对常规几何攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Video motion stitching using trajectory and position similarities

Stitching motions in multiple videos into a single video scene is a challenging task in current video fusion and mosaicing research and film production. In this paper, we present a novel method of video motion stitching based on the similarities of trajectory and position of foreground objects. First, multiple video sequences are registered in a common reference frame, whereby we estimate the static and dynamic backgrounds, with the former responsible for distinguishing the foreground from the background and the static region from the dynamic region, and the latter functioning in mosaicing the warped input video sequences into a panoramic video. Accordingly, the motion similarity is calculated by reference to trajectory and position similarity, whereby the corresponding motion parts are extracted from multiple video sequences. Finally, using the corresponding motion parts, the foregrounds of different videos and dynamic backgrounds are fused into a single video scene through Poisson editing, with the motions involved being stitched together. Our major contributions are a framework of multiple video mosaicing based on motion similarity and a method of calculating motion similarity from the trajectory similarity and the position similarity. Experiments on everyday videos show that the agreement of trajectory and position similarities with the real motion similarity plays a decisive role in determining whether two motions can be stitched. We acquire satisfactory results for motion stitching and video mosaicing.     

抵抗多种攻击的视频水印新方案

随着多媒体技术的发展,数字视频的版权保护变得越来越重要.为了设计一种更加实用的数字视频水印,提出了集成多种技术的、对多种攻击鲁棒的自适应、盲检测视频水印新算法.首先,利用Arnold置乱技术将水印置乱,并进行Turbo编码,以提高其安全性;然后,根据视频的特征,即归纳的频率敏感性、色度敏感性、运动敏感性、纹理敏感性和亮度敏感性选取关键帧,并运用分块技术将关键帧进行3维分块;再进行3维小波分解,选中低频区域作为嵌入域;此外,为了抵抗旋转、缩放攻击,采用了一种新方法,即用Zernike矩提取视频的旋转、缩放不变信息;最后采用盲检测技术提取水印.通过对典型视频数据的攻击和测试,得出了水印的鲁棒性指标.结果表明,本文水印适合多种内容特点的视频,能够抵抗目前常见的各类攻击,具有一定的实用价值.     

位域实时视频水印算法

在目前数字水印算法中，图像水印的算法远多于视频水印，然而在现实生活中，视频产品保护更加重要．视频水印除了满足图像水印的一般特性之外，还必须满足实时特性．因此视频水印的嵌入和提取算法必须有较低的计算复杂性．本文提出一种用于视频产品完整性认证的位域实时视频水印的算法．实验表明，该算法有较高的视觉质量，同时能对修改进行准确定位．满足完整性认证水印要求．     

一种基于图像内容检索技术的数字视频水印算法

利用基于Tamura纹理特征的图像内容检索技术,通过对原始视频图像进行Tamura纹理特征分析,提取具有极大纹理特征值的某些帧来嵌入水印,水印嵌入算法辅助采用小波变换.仿真试验表明,本算法能抵抗高斯、剪切、泊声等常见的水印攻击.同时算法对视频压缩也表现出良好的健壮性,对保护视频版权有一定的指导意义.