铁铬液流电池关键材料研究进展

铁铬液流电池（ICRFB）作为最先被提出的氧化还原液流电池,它利用成本低廉原料丰富的铁和铬作为活性材料,理论成本低于全钒液流电池和锌溴液流电池,具有大规模发展的潜力。主要介绍了铁铬液流电池系统关键材料（碳基电极、离子交换膜和电解液）的研究进展,旨在为参与相关课题的研究人员提供简要参考。     

纳米多孔质子传导膜中钒离子和水分子迁移行为研究

研究全钒液流电池充电/放电过程,电解液中不同价态水合钒离子、氢离子、水分子在纳米孔径的质子传导膜中的渗透迁移行为,为膜材料性能改进以及电解液系统管理提供依据.通过测定全钒液流电池开路状态下的自放电、恒电流模式下的充电/放电循环过程,分析钒离子渗透和水迁移影响因素,揭示电池运行过程纳米多孔质子传导膜中钒离子渗透及水迁移规律.结果表明:自放电过程主要发生钒离子浓度差作为推动力的传质扩散,水分子的跨膜净迁移量可忽略;在恒流模式下的充电/放电循环过程中,隔膜两侧阴极、阳极电解液中水合离子迁移、浓差扩散、渗透压效应均发生作用,导致阳极侧电解液向阴极侧发生净的水迁移,需要通过电解液管理保持电池系统正常运行.     

四价铈电化学再生用钛基阳极的寿命研究

放射性金属进行铈-硝酸化学去污后产生较多的二次废液,电化学再生技术可以有效地再生四价铈,使得去污液可循环使用。由于四价铈与硝酸的强氧化性与强腐蚀性,对四价铈电化学再生工艺用电解阳极有较高要求。在硝酸体系下依据电化学再生工艺参数进行金属氧化物涂层钛阳极(DSA)强化寿命试验研究,分析了不同基材与涂层的阳极电极强化寿命曲线,并对电极涂层活性元素含量与表面形态的变化进行了比较。结果表明,在硝酸电解体系下钛镀铱钽与钛钯镀铱钽阳极稳定性好且具有良好的寿命,适用于四价铈电化学再生工艺工业化应用。     

大连化物所研制出长寿命锌基液流电池用复合离子传导膜

正近日,中国科学院大连化学物理研究所储能技术研究部(DNL17)研究员李先锋、张华民团队在长寿命锌基液流电池复合离子传导膜研究方面取得新进展。锌基液流电池(ZFBs)储能技术因其具有成本低、安全性高、环境友好等特点,在分布式储能领域展现出良好的应用前景。但是,由于锌枝晶/锌累积的问题,该类电池的发展受到循环寿命差和充放电性能差的限制。离子传导膜可调控锌沉积形貌和抑制枝晶生长,在提高电池循环稳定性方面发挥了重要作用。     

锂-空气电池电解液研究进展

锂-空气电池作为比能量最高的电池,有望解决电动汽车及能量存储问题,近年来备受全世界瞩目。在影响其商业化的众多问题中,电解液不稳定,含氧量低及放电产物溶解度小等问题是最关键的制约因素。针对上述限制条件,对非水体系电解液锂-空气电池的研究现状做了全面的阐述与剖析,并预测了未来的发展趋势。此外,还对离子液体,有机混合电解液,水系、有机-水系及全固态电解液体系锂-空气电池的研究进展做了全面调研与概述。     

液流电池的流动因素研究综述

液流电池是一种安全性高、循环寿命长的电化学储能技术,可以作为解决可再生能源的不连续、不稳定问题的有效技术。液流电池内部的流动过程十分复杂,在多种因素下共同影响着液流电池性能。基于小面积液流电池和工程化的大规模液流电池储能系统,介绍了小面积的液流电池中双极板刻蚀流场结构、分配通道布置、优化流道尺寸、流速等;而在大规模液流电池储能系统中着重研究泵功损失、管道尺寸设计及排布方式等对影响流动的关键因素。此外,还介绍了液流电池的关键材料性质如电极压缩比、电解液粘度也对电池内部的流动产生不可忽视的影响。为以后研究流动因素对于液流电池性能的影响提供一定的参考。     

杂萘联苯聚芳醚酮含量对钒电池用离子交换膜性能的影响

正引言全钒氧化还原液流电池在1984年由澳大利亚新南威尔士大学的研究者Skyllas G kazacos提出,具有可深度充放电、循环寿命长、响应时间短、价格低廉等优点,可以作为太阳能和风能等可再生能源配套的大型储能装置之一[1-4]。离子交换膜是钒电池的关键材料之一,隔绝正负极的电解液的同时允许氢离子通过。相比阳离子交换膜,阴离子交换膜由于道南排斥     

以甲醇-水蒸气为燃料的Ni-ZDC/YSZ阳极的制备及其性能研究

将多孔氧化镍阳极基体浸渍在具有不同锆铈比的硝酸锆和硝酸铈(锆铈比分别为:0.3∶0.7,0.35 ∶0.65,0.4∶0.6)混合溶液中,制备出三种含有ZDC晶相的Ni-ZDC/YSZ阳极,其中NiO颗粒与ZDC颗粒尺寸约为10μm,孔径大约为15～30μm,SEM扫描表明其整体骨架被锆铈氧化物薄层所均匀包裹.750℃时分别以湿H2和甲醇-水蒸气为燃料进行电池性能持久性测试,各单电池的开路电压(OCV)基本保持在1.05～1.1V,符合电解质在致密情况下能斯特方程计算出的OCV范围,其功率密度在8h内保持在0.4W/cm2左右,性能稳定.随着锆铈比值的增大,电池最大功率密度呈现出先升后降的趋势,表明合适的锆铈比才能起到较好的催化作用.     

全钒液流电池离子交换膜的研究进展

液流电池离子交换膜的主要作用是物理分隔正负极电解液同时又允许载电荷的离子的通过以实现完整的电流回路。全钒液流电池的电解液具有强的氧化性,且易于渗透而引起电池容量的降低,决定了其离子交换膜应具有独特的结构与性能。文中对近年来用于全钒液流电池的离子交换膜做了比较全面的归纳与分析,并对质子传导机理与膜的基本性能指标进行了阐述。     

铝-空气电池阳极材料及其电解液的研究进展

金属-空气电池自进入人们的视野以来,由于其高能量密度和容量、平稳的放电特性、对负载和温度的依赖性低和较低的制造成本等特点,受到越来越多的关注。其中,锂-空气电池因具有极大的应用潜力而引起了学者们极大的研究兴趣;然而,锂-空气电池对周围环境十分敏感,容易造成爆炸,存在安全隐患;此外,锂离子电池的大规模生产和应用造成了原材料锂价格的大幅上涨。为了实现电池的商业化应用,选用来源广泛、经济实惠的电极材料成为必不可少的条件。铝是地壳中含量最多的金属元素,具有矿藏丰富、质量轻、无污染、安全、价格低廉和回收利用率高等优点,是一种潜在的储能材料。铝的理论质量比容量为2 980 mAh·g~(-1),仅次于锂(3 860 mAh·g~(-1)),其体积比容量(8.04 Ah·cm-3)约是锂的四倍(2.05 Ah·cm-3),被认为是金属-空气电池最有吸引力的候选阳极材料,也是化石燃料最有吸引力的替代者之一。然而,铝在空气和水溶液中表面上自发形成的钝化膜会显著降低铝阳极材料的活性;在碱性溶液中,铝-空气电池存在的主要问题是铝阳极材料自腐蚀导致氢析出速率较高,库伦效率降低和含水电解液的流动性可能导致的多孔空气阴极中毛细管的渗透及泄漏。因此,近年来,学者们不断开展深入研究,探索出以下几种改善铝阳极的方法:通过向铝中添加合金元素Ga、In、Sn、Zn、Mg、Bi、Mn等来改变铝阳极材料的活性和减少析氢反应;对电解液添加剂进行研究,发现部分植物提取液作为电解液添加剂可以保持铝阳极活性,降低析氢腐蚀;开发离子液体、固态和凝胶电解液,一方面可以减小铝阳极自腐蚀,提高阳极利用率,另一方面可减小铝-空气电池体积,增加电池的灵活性。目前研究获得性能较好的碱性铝-空气电池的阳极材料有Al-Ga/In-Mg系列、Al-Ga/In-Mg-Sn系列、Al-Ga-In-Bi-Pb系列等合金,其中部分铝阳极合金已经实现了实际应用。近几年研究工作获得了羽扇豆提取物、茄属植物叶的提取物等绿色电解液添加剂,其可以保持铝阳极的电化学活性,降低腐蚀率。此外,研究发现,室温下低聚氟化氢离子液体作为电解液可以活化铝阳极,降低其腐蚀速率,一些便携式铝-空气电池采用固态或凝胶电解液已经在护理医疗设备、商用LED手表方面应用。本文主要从铝阳极材料、电解质和电解质添加剂三方面论述了其对铝-空气电池性能的影响,并简单阐述了铝-空气电池放电的基本原理、面临的挑战和最新研究进展及应用。首先,综述了铝与合金元素的合金化,以此减少铝的自腐蚀,提高电池性能;并介绍了通过一定的加工工艺来改善铝阳极电化学性能的方法。其次,探讨了水溶剂电解质和非水溶剂电解质在铝-空气电池中的应用。同时,也研究了电解质添加剂对铝-空气电池的电化学性能的影响。最后,进一步明确了空气电池未来的研究和发展方向。     

锂/硫电池的研究现状、问题及挑战

锂/硫电池是以金属锂为负极、单质硫为正极而构筑的二次电池体系。锂/硫电池具有高的理论能量密度 (2600 Wh/kg), 成为最具发展潜力的高能化学电源体系。但这种基于溶解?沉积反应的锂/硫电池体系仍面临一些无法避免的问题, 包括金属锂负极的显著结构变化、硫正极材料存在的活性物质利用率低和循环性能差等缺点, 制约了锂/硫电池的发展。本文结合近年来关于锂/硫电池的突破进展, 简要阐述了锂/硫电池的研究现状、问题及面临的挑战。     

Diffusion losses in a Gretzel solar cell

The activation and diffusion losses in the redox reaction of iodide electrolyte of the Gretzel battery at the anode and cathode were examined. It was shown that the limiting diffusion current of the battery is limited by the diffusion mode of ion transport at the cathode or the anode depending on the composition of the electrolyte. In the case of a porous anode in accordance with the Zeldovich theory, activation losses at the anode are reduced by half compared with a flat anode, and diffusion limitations of the current density are absent. The operational conditions for the battery that reduce the losses were considered.     

Shielding Polysulfide Intermediates by an Organosulfur-Containing Solid Electrolyte Interphase on the Lithium Anode in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

The lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is regarded as a promising high-energy-density battery system, in which the dissolution–precipitation redox reactions of the S cathode are critical. However, soluble Li polysulfides (LiPSs), as the indispensable intermediates, easily diffuse to the Li anode and react with the Li metal severely, thus depleting the active materials and inducing the rapid failure of the battery, especially under practical conditions. Herein, an organosulfur-containing solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is tailored for the stabilizaiton of the Li anode in Li–S batteries by employing 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)thiophenol as an electrolyte additive. The organosulfur-containing SEI protects the Li anode from the detrimental reactions with LiPSs and decreases its corrosion. Under practical conditions with a high-loading S cathode (4.5 mg_S cm⁻²), a low electrolyte/S ratio (5.0 µL mg_S⁻¹), and an ultrathin Li anode (50 µm), a Li–S battery delivers 82 cycles with an organosulfur-containing SEI in comparison to 42 cycles with a routine SEI. This work provokes the vital insights into the role of the organic components of SEI in the protection of the Li anode in practical Li–S batteries.     

镁电池的研究进展

镁电池具有高功率、高能量密度、低成本、无毒害等特点.介绍了镁电池的类型和工作原理,综述了镁合金负极、镁电池正极、电解液等方面的研究进展,指出镁负极中添加稀土及Ga等合金元素可改善电池性能,正极材料采用有机化合物可使电池放电平稳、电解液以Mg(ClO4)2最有前途,讨论了镁电池的发展方向.     

聚合物固态电解质-锂负极界面的研究进展

固态锂电池是新能源领域最有希望的下一代高能量密度电池体系之一。本文以聚合物固态电解质-锂负极界面的构型特征和形成机理为基础, 系统讨论界面接触性、界面化学和电化学反应、锂负极枝晶生长等问题对二者之间的界面稳定性与兼容性的影响。基于此, 本文重点阐述了掺杂改性、结构设计等手段在三种聚合物基体与锂负极之间的界面的应用。此外, 本文还综述了常见界面表征手段及其在聚合物固态电解质-锂负极界面的应用情况。最后, 基于设计和构筑稳定的聚合物固态电解质-锂负极界面的相关策略, 本文对掺杂、核层设计等界面优化手段的发展前景进行分析与展望。     

Characteristics of a Graphene Nanoplatelet Anode in Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using Ionic Liquid Added by a Carbonate Electrolyte

A Cu‐supported, graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) electrodes are reported a as high performance anode in lithium ion battery. The electrode precursor is an easy‐to‐handle aqueous ink cast on cupper foil and following dried in air. The scanning electron microscopy evidences homogeneous, micrometric flakes‐like morphology. Electrochemical tests in conventional electrolyte reveal a capacity of about 450 mAh g⁻¹ over 300 cycles, delivered at a current rate as high as 740 mA g⁻¹. The graphene‐based electrode is characterized using a N‐butyl‐N‐methyl‐pyrrolidiniumbis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, lithium‐bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Py_1,4TFSI–LiTFSI) ionic liquid‐based solution added by ethylene carbonate (EC): dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The Li‐electrolyte interface is investigated by galvanostatic and potentiostatic techniques as well as by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, in order to allow the use of the graphene‐nanoplatelets as anode in advanced lithium‐ion battery. Indeed, the electrode is coupled with a LiFePO₄ cathode in a battery having a relevant safety content, due to the ionic liquid‐based electrolyte that is characterized by an ionic conductivity of the order of 10⁻² S cm⁻¹, a transference number of 0.38 and a high electrochemical stability. The lithium ion battery delivers a capacity of the order of 150 mAh g⁻¹ with an efficiency approaching 100%, thus suggesting the suitability of GNPs anode for application in advanced configuration energy storage systems.     

Battery in the form of a cement-matrix composite

Reported here is a battery in the form of a cement-matrix composite, with cement paste as the matrix, the pore solution in cement as the electrolyte, zinc particles dispersed in the matrix as the anode, manganese dioxide particles dispersed in the matrix as the cathode, and carbon black dispersed in the matrix as the conductive additive in both anode and cathode regions. The electrolyte is continuous throughout the battery, which consists of successively cast and co-cured anode, electrolyte and cathode layers. The anode layer (4 mm thick) comprises cement and zinc particles. The cathode layer (8 mm thick) comprises cement and manganese dioxide particles. The electrolyte layer (2 mm thick) is cement with an embedded piece of tissue paper for drying shrinkage control. The battery attained open-circuit voltage up to 0.72 V, current up to 120 μA (current density up to 3.8 μA/cm²), power output up to 1.4 μW/cm², capacity up to 0.2 mA h, and fraction of zinc consumed up to 5 × 10^?5.     

一种用于长寿命水系锌锰电池的海藻酸钠/二氧化硅准凝胶复合电解质

锌锰(Zn-MnO₂)电池具有高安全性、高环保性、高性价比的优点, 适用于大规模储能电池。然而, 金属锌负极在充放电中会因为“尖端效应”而产生锌枝晶, 造成电池容量衰减甚至短路失效。本研究通过添加亲水性纳米二氧化硅(SiO₂)和海藻酸钠(SA)将电解质转化为准凝胶电解质, 有效抑制了锌负极表面的枝晶生长, 以及由之造成的Zn-MnO₂电池性能衰减。恒流充放电测试结果表明, 采用准凝胶电解质的Zn-MnO₂电池在1800次循环后容量保留率可达78%, 而使用普通电解质的Zn-MnO₂电池在1000次循环后容量已基本衰减为0。进一步探究准凝胶电解质对锌沉积行为的影响, 发现准凝胶电解质的三维网络结构可以提高锌离子分布的均匀性, 降低电池容量衰减速度与失效风险。     

Ultrastable Potassium Storage Performance Realized by Highly Effective Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer

Potassium ion‐batteries (PIBs) have attracted tremendous attention recently due to the abundance of potassium resources and the low standard electrode potential of potassium. Particularly, the solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) in the anode of PIBs plays a vital role in battery security and battery cycling performance due to the highly reactive potassium. However, the SEI in the anode for PIBs with traditional electrolytes is mainly composed of organic compositions, which are highly reactive with air and water, resulting in inferior cycle performance and safety hazards. Herein, a highly stable and effective inorganic SEI layer in the anode is formed with optimized electrolyte. As expected, the PIBs exhibit an ultralong cycle performance over 14 000 cycles at 2000 mA g^?1 and an ultrahigh average coulombic efficiency over 99.9%.     

Commencing an Acidic Battery Based on a Copper Anode with Ultrafast Proton‐Regulated Kinetics and Superior Dendrite‐Free Property

Building aqueous acidic batteries is in its infancy. There are several sporadic attempts that show desirable electrochemical performance, especially rate stability and high power density. The direct use of a metal anode is regarded as the best protocol for fabricating metal‐based batteries. However, introducing an acid‐tolerant and electrochemically reversible metal anode into an acidic aqueous battery system remains a considerable challenge. In this work, copper (Cu) metal is used as a reversible metal anode to match acidic regimes with a nearly 100% deposition–dissolution efficiency. The reaction kinetics and mechanism of the Cu anode can be regulated by protons with 400% kinetic acceleration compared with a mild electrolyte. In addition, the anode exhibits a dendrite‐free morphology after cycling due to the surface roughening effect, which is different from the morphologies of widely used Zn‐ and Li‐metal anodes. When coupled with the Prussian blue analog as cathodes, the battery delivers ultrafast kinetics of 1830 W kg^?1 at 75 C, which is comparable to the power performance of supercapacitors. Long‐term cyclic stability is evaluated, where the capacity retention is 85.6% after 5000 cycles. Finally, flexible fiber‐shaped acidic Cu‐based batteries are demonstrated for potential wearable applications.