视频转码技术

视频转码技术是多媒体通信领域新的研究热点。首先介绍了已有的几类转码算法，然后以MPEC—2到MPEG-4的转码为例，探讨了转码中的关键技术，并给出了转码参考结构，最后介绍了转码进一步的研究方向。     

可见光通信与WiFi异构网络资源管理算法

可见光通信(VLC)/WiFi异构网络实现了室内的高速通信与无线覆盖，资源管理算法是实现异构网络高效传输的关键。针对传统资源分配管理算法在大规模VLC/WiFi异构网络环境下存在系统公平性低、用户体验感差等问题，提出一种动态加权轮询(DWRR)算法。将用户资源需求量、平均请求速率及与最近接入点的距离这3个因素进行加权作为用户的初始优先级。在每轮调度结束后，对时延较大的用户做出补偿，提高时延较大用户的优先级。考虑VLC和WiFi覆盖范围的差异及用户对资源的竞争程度，定义不同区域内的用户资源优先级，使VLC覆盖范围内优先级高的用户利用VLC资源，剩余用户与VLC覆盖范围外的用户联合分配WiFi资源。仿真结果表明，与最大载干比调度、比例公平算法相比，DWRR算法保证了用户间的公平性，同时提升了系统吞吐量和用户体验。     

基于特征建模的H.264到AVS-S2监控视频转码快速帧间模式选择算法研究

针对监控视频从H.264到AVS-S2转码中的高计算复杂度问题进行了研究,提出了一种基于特征建模的快速帧间模式选择算法。首先对少量视频序列通过级联方式转码,根据提取的H.264运动特征和AVS-S2最优模式在线训练建立转码模型,再对后续序列根据模型快速选择转码后的帧间预测候选模式,并基于宏块的前景背景特性进一步减少背景宏块的候选模式数目。实验结果表明算法有效地降低了转码复杂度。由于算法在转码过程中实时训练更新转码模型,因此与传统的模式映射算法相比改善了转码图像质量、降低了转码码率。     

分布式系统Hadoop 平台的视频转码

在研究了目前主流的视频转码方案基础上,提出了一种分布式转码系统。系统采用HDFS（Hadoop Distributed File System）进行视频存储,利用MapReduce思想和FFMPEG进行分布式转码。详细讨论了视频分布式存储时的分段策略,以及分段大小对存取时间的影响。同时,定义了视频存储和转换的元数据格式。提出了基于MapReduce编程框架的分布式转码方案,即Mapper端进行转码和Reducer端进行视频合并。实验数据显示了转码时间随视频分段大小和转码机器数量不同而变化的趋势。结果表明,相比单机转码,提出的系统在采用8台机器并行转码时,可以节约80％左右的时间。     

基于云计算框架的视频转码系统

随着视频服务和高清视频的普及,视频服务提供商正面临着越来越多的高清视频转码需求。但是由于高清视频分辨率高、码率大,其转码复杂度是标清视频的数倍,而常规的转码系统虽然利用了多核并发来提高转码速度,但终究受限于单个计算节点的物理条件和转码算法本身的并发能力,使得转码速度提升空间有限。提出一个利用云计算的"Map-Reduce"计算框架的转码系统,将单个转码任务并发至多个计算节点,每个计算节点对同一个视频文件的不同部分分别进行转码,再将转码后的视频文件合并,从而显著提升了转码速度。     

Hadoop云计算平台在视频转码上的应用

视频转码是一种计算密集型和数据密集型的工作，需要消耗大量的计算机资源，Hadoop MapReduce是一种软件模型，支持大规模数据集的分布式处理．．利用已有开源视频转码软件ffmpeg建立一个基于MapReduce框架的Hadoop集群转码系统，提高视频转码的速度．     

暴风解码使用心得

最近暴风影音开始进军视频转换领域了，推出一款叫暴风转码的软件，现在还在测试期，最新的版本是Betal版。从官方，介绍上看暴风转码Betal有：专注于掌上设备、5倍加速的转换、海量视频格式支持、傻瓜式操作、创新的实时预览等五大功能。虽然这些功能都算不上独创——记得上期，我给大家介绍的最快速的压片工具CG WinAVI MP4吗？暴风转码的这些功能，CG WinAVI MP4都有，但冲着暴风的品牌，还是下载了暴风转码试了试，看看它到底     

视频转码应用分析

在视频会议系统中还有日常拍摄处理视频时,需要利用视频转码技术对传统和新兴视频流进行格式转换。使用转码的意义在于可以在不损失任何视频质量的前提下节省高达50％的网络带宽。转码的分类按照媒体格式可分为音频转码、视频转码,视频转码比较出名的有暴风转码、格式工厂,音频转码用大众的千千静听就能满足使用需要。本文以转码应用为研究对象,进一步分析软件转码技术的应用。     

PS3衍生物——丽台PxVC1100高清转码卡实战体验

说到计算机的扩展卡，可能大家熟知的有各种显卡、声卡、IEEE1394卡、RAID阵列卡，以及昙花一现的物理加速卡，但从来没听说过专门从事高清转码工作的扩展卡。然而近期由丽台推出的这款丽台PxVC1100高清转码卡将改变我们的传统认识，那么它对于高清转码有什么帮助？与我们常见的处理器转码、NVIDIACUDA转码方案有什么不同？下面就让我们走近这款神秘的产品，领略它与众不同的异域魅力。     

面向移动网络的实时视频转码系统

针对宽带IPTV视频源向移动网络和移动终端提供视频服务需要解决的视频转码问题,设计开发以软件方式实现的实时视频转码系统,可将MPEG-4格式的高码率、高分辨率节目源实时转换为适合移动网络和移动终端的低码率、低分辨率视频。在误差补偿转码框架的基础上,提出一种自适应的转码时延保证方法,解决了转码计算复杂性和转码质量均衡的关键技术问题,保证了转码系统的实时性。测试结果表明,实现的转码系统视频转换质量损失少、实时性高。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).