核电厂封闭空间内火灾火源功率预测模型及其实验验证

针对核电厂防火设计中使用的火灾区域模型模拟软件CFAST(Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport)在火源模型方面的缺陷,提出耦合火源与热烟气层的热反馈相互作用的火源计算模型。为了验证新的火源功率计算模型的可靠性,基于核电厂保守性原则,分别进行了开放空间和封闭空间内横向四层电缆桥架电缆燃烧火灾实验。通过比较模型预测的火源功率和温度与实验测量值得到:相对于现有的区域模型软件的火源计算模型,新的火源功率计算模型使得整个火灾过程中火源的热释放速率预测精确度提高了11%;特别是在电缆火焰横向蔓延阶段,精确度提高了24.7%。更重要的是:因为区域模型软件CFAST火源计算模型忽略了烟气的热反馈作用,导致其基于开放空间火源热释放速率测量值计算的热烟气层温度小于实验测量值,该温度数据如用于防火设计将导致缺乏保守性;而修正后的火源计算模型通过耦合火源与热烟气层热反馈的相互作用,使得温度计算结果趋势性的大于实验测量值,使得预测结果趋于精确和保守。     

核电厂自然通风条件下横向多层电缆火灾实验及其烟气层温度预测模型验证

核电厂内电缆火灾分析是核安全分析重要内容。核电厂内横向多层电缆火灾,即多个电缆桥架在横向方向同时燃烧具有一定特殊性。本文针对核电厂内自然通风条件下的横向多层电缆燃烧热烟气层温度的预测,进行了横向三层电缆桥架电缆燃烧实验及重复实验。基于室内中心处纵向温度分布,自然通风条件下电缆燃烧形成的室内热环境可以分为三层,即上热烟气层,下冷空气层以及中间的过渡区域。根据实验数据对MQH公式应用于自然通风条件下的横向多层电缆桥架火灾热烟气层预测的可靠性进行验证。通过比较模型预测温度与实测热烟气层温度,可以看出MQH模型可以精确预测烟气层最高温度,其相对误差为1%。但是,由于该模型没有考虑烟气层的扩散时间,以及热烟气与墙壁和顶棚之间的热传递时间,其全局误差达到25.2%。     

核电厂封闭空间横向多层电缆燃烧纵向温度分布特征研究

针对核电厂横向多层电缆火灾危害性，研究封闭空间内电缆燃烧产生的室内温度分布特征及热烟气层温度预测模型。基于2种典型的电缆布置，在封闭空间进行了横向3层电缆燃烧实验。实验研究结果表明，横向多层电缆燃烧产生的热烟气层温度存在明显的分层现象。基于室内中心纵向温度分布，可将室内电缆燃烧产生的热环境分为底层冷空气层、中层热烟气层和顶层顶棚射流层。采用封闭空间内非稳态温度预测模型，对横向多层电缆桥架电缆火灾的热烟气层温度进行预测。通过比较模型预测结果和热烟气层温度实验测量值可以得到:该模型可以精确地预测封闭空间内热烟气层温度的最大值，相对误差小于1%；由于模型低估了火灾衰减阶段的温度发展，导致该模型预测整个温度发展的全局误差在16.3%~27.8%之间。      

核电厂水平多层电缆托盘火灾数值模拟分析验证

本文基于火灾区域模型的分析方法,建立包含水平多层电缆托盘的燃烧模型,通过输出电缆燃烧时的动态热释放速率,为火灾区域模型分析电缆燃烧场景提供火源功率输入。通过将模拟结果比对美国NRC发布的核电厂火灾实验数据,验证该水平多层电缆托盘燃烧模型的精确性;通过电缆燃烧实验的热释放速率以及FLASH-CAT模型,对该燃烧模型的计算结果进行验证。分析比较表明,对于各层托盘及托盘内电缆类型均相同的工况,该燃烧模型与FLASH-CAT计算精度基本一致;但是对于托盘中布置有不同类型或不同长度电缆的工况,该燃烧模型的计算结果精度有显著提升。     

基于主控室电气柜火灾的CFAST程序参数不确定性分析

以核电厂主控室电气柜火灾为研究对象,利用蒙特卡洛抽样法对热释放速率和产烟率这2个参数进行抽样,并输入CFAST程序进行计算。通过统计烟气层温度和光学密度2个输出量的分布,获得主控室人员撤离时间和概率信息,为火灾概率安全分析当中事件序列定量分析提供基础数据。     

核电厂火灾PSA中火灾场景频率分析方法

核电厂的火灾场景频率分析是火灾概率安全分析的核心内容。本文根据美国NRC和EPRI的《核动力设施火灾概率风险评价方法》,介绍了核电厂内部火灾概率安全评价中,火灾场景频率的分析方法及参数不确定性的处理方法。以福清一期核电厂某房间的电气柜火灾为例,进行了定量分析计算,计算结果表明,在计算中考虑热释放速率参数不确定性的传递可以有效降低计算结果的保守性。     

基于FDS的核电厂主储油罐间防火阀响应控制效用模拟研究

通过应用火灾动力学软件FDS,建立了一套核电厂主储油罐间防火阀响应与失效两种状态下的对比模型,讨论了烟气形态、火焰形态、火源热释放速率及火灾温度场随时间的变化规律。研究表明,防火阀对于核电厂主储油罐间火灾事故的控制效果非常明显,通过火灾封锁法能够有效控制火源热释放速率,降低环境温度,体现了FDS应用在核电厂火灾预防方面的优势。     

核电厂临时设备投运人员可靠性评估模型

核电厂临时设备作为严重事故缓解的重要设施,其接入工序大多较为复杂。为了分析核电厂人员在临时设备投运时的可靠性,通过研究福岛核事故后改进项所增设临时设备接入行为的特征,基于人因失误模式和影响分析,定义人因失误发生概率、人因失误影响程度、人因失误可恢复概率为风险因子,结合专家评价与模糊语言理论提出一种临时设备投运人员可靠性评估模型。以全厂断电事故下移动电源的接入任务为例,应用所建模型获得了该任务中的人误模式重要度排序及合理的风险见解,验证了模型的可行性。      

核电厂主控室火灾场景分析及风险评价

主控室是核电厂火灾概率安全评价的主要关注对象之一。本文对典型核电厂的主控室火灾场景进行分析并对由其导致的反应堆堆芯损坏频率进行计算评价,主要使用事件树方法演绎火灾场景,通过火灾模拟计算确定火灾场景的危害,最后在电厂内部事件一级PSA模型的基础上建立火灾风险评价模型,完成主控室火灾风险定量化。火灾演绎分析结果获得了4个火灾场景,分别能够导致不同的电厂始发事件,并对相关的操纵员动作产生较大影响。风险定量化结果表明:主控室火灾导致的堆芯损坏频率为1.953×10~(-9)/堆年。     

核电厂电气设备间火灾概率安全分析研究

电气设备间是核电厂火灾风险评价的重要内容之一。本文对典型核电厂的电气设备间进行火灾风险分析,使用事件树方法演绎分析火灾场景并确定火灾场景的危害,最后在核电厂电气设备间火灾序列演绎分析的基础上建立火灾风险评价模型,完成电气设备间火灾风险定量化。火灾演绎分析结果获得了6个火灾场景,分析各火灾场景对核电厂始发事件和系统设备的影响。风险定量化结果表明:电气设备间火灾导致的堆芯损坏频率为1.42×10~(-9)/(堆·年)。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.