CNP1000核电厂的安全性与经济性

核电厂的安全性是最重要的，但是没有经济性的核电厂是不受欢迎的。URD要求的15％的热工裕量不是法规文件。核安全部门关心的是反庆堆的安全而不是热工裕量。增大反应堆的热工裕量，就意味着在同等经济规模条件下的核电厂要降低其反应堆的热功率（经济性）。过去设计的反应堆都是严格按照核安全法规设计，而且采用非常保守的计算方法、公式和计算机程序进行设计，所得到的热工裕量非常小或者没有，但是这些反应堆仍然在安全运行着，如果现在采用新的计算方法、公式和计算机程序计算这些运行核电厂的热工裕量，应该是有所提高的。同时，用不同类型的计算方法、公式和计算机程序得到的热工裕量也是不相同的，所以热工裕量不是评价反应堆是否安全的标准。在经济不发达的中国，反应堆的安全性和经济性同样是非常重要。增大反应堆的热工裕量主要是为了防止核电厂在正常运行时偏离设计安全限值、增加反应堆应付事故和严重事故的能力。核电厂设计应该俦考虑如何保证在任何事故条件下反应堆能够及时停堆、不失电、提高ECCS的非能动能力和可靠性，同时使用那些被实验和实践证明的新设计方法、公式和计算机程序进行反应堆设计，切实提高反应堆的安全性和可靠性，在保证核安全的前提下充分提高核电厂的经济性。通过使用最新的子通道分析程序和最佳估算（方法）大破口失水事故分析程序对CNP1000核电厂（2775MW热功率，3.66m堆芯和3150MW热功率，4.27m堆芯）进行了DNBR裕量和大LOCA线功率裕量分析，计算的DNBR值和峰值包壳温度都满足验收准则的要求，其DNBR裕量和线功率裕量都满足15％的要求，反应堆是安全的。从安全和经济的角度，CNP1000核电厂应该选择3150MW热功率，4.27m堆芯为宜。     

田湾核电站长周期换料大破口失水事故分析

田湾核电站拟采用长周期换料策略,堆芯设计的改变需对设计基准事故进行重新分析。本文对反应堆入口主管道大破口失水事故进行了计算分析,在保守的初始输入及计算假设的基础上,通过对轴向功率分布及应急堆芯冷却系统的保守性分析,得出基于燃料包壳温度的最保守的计算工况,并进行了计算。计算结果表明,实施长周期策略后,大破口失水事故仍可满足验收准则的要求,堆芯设计具有足够的安全裕量。     

金山核热电厂反应堆堆芯热工-水力设计

对热功率450MW的金山核电线厂反应堆堆芯的计算分析表明:其热工-水力设计不仅确保了Ⅰ、Ⅱ类工况的安全运行,而且为Ⅲ,Ⅳ类工况留有较多的安全裕量。     

临界热流密度关系式与DNBR热工裕量

采用不同的临界热流密度关系式、不同的DNBR子通道分析程序、不同的DNBR限值、不同的DNBR验收准则和DNBR热工裕量计算方法。得到的DNBR和DNBR热工裕量是不相同的，通过使用最新的子通道分析程序。利用EC-2000和WRB-2M临界热流密度关系式对CNP1000核电厂277MW、2895MW和3150MW热功率堆芯进行了DNBR和DNBR裕量分析。DNBR值满足验收准则的要求，反应堆是安全的。     

SOMPAS系统在线监测功能开发

堆芯在线监测系统是三代核电站反应堆重要的运行支持系统。堆芯在线监测、预测与分析系统(SOMPAS)集成先进的堆芯中子学与热工-水力学求解引擎,利用堆内中子探测器响应电流等电厂测量数据,在线监测堆芯功率分布及安全裕量,为反应堆的运行提供有效的指导。本文介绍了SOMPAS系统监测功能的基本方法与验证情况,通过数值模拟与测试,验证了SOMPAS系统监测功能可获得可靠的计算结果,满足预期要求。     

新型热管反应堆堆芯热工安全分析

针对新型空间热管反应堆,采用商用CFD软件FLUENT对其堆芯进行了稳态热工安全分析。根据MCNP物理计算的堆芯功率分布,选取功率份额最高的相邻3个燃料元件作为分析对象,对控制转鼓7种不同转动角度下的正常工况以及单根热管失效的事故工况进行计算分析,得到最热通道各层材料的温度分布。采用二维热管分析程序计算得到蒸汽区的温度分布,并作为三维计算模型的温度边界。堆芯功率分布采用用户自定义程序UDF进行添加。计算结果表明,在额定功率4.0 MW水平下,在正常工况以及单根热管失效事故工况下,热管具有足够的传热能力将堆芯裂变热导出,同时,堆芯最热通道各层材料温度均低于安全限值,且具有较大的安全裕度,满足设计要求。     

压水堆核电厂堆芯功率能力验证分析

介绍了压水堆核电厂换料堆芯功率能力验证分析的原理和方法。利用中子学计算程序对换料堆芯正常运行工况（一类工况或工况I）和中等频率事故工况（二类工况或工况II）中可能的堆芯功率分别进行模拟。从反应堆物理和热工水力学的角度论证反映一、二类工况堆芯安全性的线功率密度裕量和偏离泡核沸腾比（DNBR）裕量。从而验证一类工况反应堆运行区域和二类工况超漏、超功率保护限值。本文还给出了大亚湾核电站18个月换料堆芯功率能力验证分析的结果。     

深水池式低温供热堆堆芯子通道程序改进与计算分析

核能作为清洁能源,逐渐替代煤炭做为冬季供热的热源,池式常压低温供热堆具有良好的固有安全性,是最可行的方案之一。针对池式常压低温的堆芯结构、组件形式以及反应堆总体运行参数,使用子通道分析程序COBRA进行计算分析,对程序中的部分传热模型和CHF模型进行了修改,使之适用于低温常压状态运行的反应堆热工水力设计计算。使用改进的子通道分析程序COBRA计算分析了反应堆整个寿期内最危险时刻的反应堆热工水力参数,验证了堆芯稳态热工的安全性。通过对计算结果的分析表明,整个寿期内,堆芯稳态最小烧毁比(MDNBR)为3.485,燃料棒包壳表面最高温度为187℃,芯块中心最高温度为1 902℃,堆芯热工能够满足反应堆安全要求,并为反应堆的事故工况留有足够的安全裕量。     

压水反应堆稳态热工设计程序开发

核反应堆稳态热工设计是反应堆堆芯设计的基础,是确保反应堆安全稳定运行的重要保障。为探索反应堆稳态热工设计的设计过程,验证所选取的计算模型和计算公式是否满足要求,本文在给定设计准则和已知参考堆部分参数的条件下,采取开发一个压水反应堆稳态热工设计程序的方式,计算出多种工况下堆芯的运行参数并开展分析,以进行相关验证。经过对计算结果进行分析,表明该程序所计算出的各参数基本符合实际情况,并满足热工设计准则,说明该程序的计算过程基本上是正确的,可以用来做反应堆稳态热工设计。同时,也证明了本文采用的计算模型、设计准则、计算过程公式、程序设计流程等是可行的,可为其他反应堆稳态热工设计及程序开发提供参考。     

空间气冷堆堆芯初步物理特性分析

为满足未来空间探测活动的大功率用电及轻质量载荷需求,以美国、俄罗斯空间气冷反应堆方案为基础,提出一个亚MW级空间气冷堆堆芯初步设计方案,并使用蒙特卡罗程序对该方案进行堆芯物理计算与分析,给出几种典型工况下的堆芯反应性以及中子分布特征。计算结果表明,该设计方案可满足反应堆的安全性要求,能实现紧急停堆,并可保证在堆芯被水淹没等设计基准事故条件下维持反应堆次临界,确保反应堆安全。此外,通过在堆芯局部燃料棒中添加热中子吸收材料,对堆芯径向功率分布进行优化,以展平径向功率分布。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.