一种新的用于立体图像编码的视差估计算法

视差估计是立体视觉和立体图像编码领域的研究重点，其估计的准确程度直接影响编码的精度和效率．该文在研究传统估计算法的基础上，提出了一种新的带极线约束的DT基立体图像视差估计算法．该算法首先把立体图像中的左图像作为参考图像，用DT网格进行描述．然后，利用极线约束条件在右图像中估计出各三角形顶点的对应点，整个估计过程要求DT结构保持不变．通过估计出来的对应点计算出这些顶点的视差矢量，再用六参数仿射变换估计出三角形内部各点的视差矢量．编码时，只需编码各顶点的视差矢量．从实验结果看，这种新算法同传统的“块”匹配视差估计算法相比，视差矢量的估计更加准确，视差图中主要物体的轮廓更加清晰，有利于进一步的物体分割．     

基于三角形网格的浓密视差图提取

提出一种基于三角形网格的浓密视差图提取算法。用SUSAN算法从立体图像对中提取某一幅图像的特征点，用Delaunay的方法将特征点三角化．然后再进行视差的计算，最终得到浓密的视差图。该算法将SUSAN算法和DT（Dalaunay triangulation）N格结合起来，使算法更加简单化，实现了浓密视差图的快速提取。     

基于分层视差估计的立体图象编码

基于立体视频数据压缩的目的，提出了一种基于分层视差估计/补偿的立体图象编码方案。该方案是采用JPEG标准独立编码参数图象，并利用视差估计/补偿技术编码目标图象，应用分层马尔可夫随机场（MRF）模型。率失真（RD）模型以及交叠块匹配的混合视差估计/补偿算法，可得到光滑准确的视差场，与通常的变尺寸块匹配（VSBM）相比，该算法得到的视差补偿图象的峰值信噪比（PSNR）可提高2.5dB左右；双向半像素精度的视差估计/补偿的性能要比单向整像素搜索提高3dB，实验结果表明，该立体图象编码方案能有效地压缩立体图象数据，并可推广到立体序列图象的编码压缩中。     

“取景视差”别忘掉——DC取景技巧

对于数码摄影爱好者而言。一定对取景视差这个概念不陌生。然而对于初级摄影者。取景视差是一个含糊的概念。如果你平时仔细观察。一定会看到这样一个有趣的现象：当我们坐在奔驰的列车上眺望窗外的景色时，近处的房屋、树木等等。会在我们眼前飞快地掠过。景物方位变化较大；而远处的群山却运动缓慢，景物方位变化则较小。这种观察车外自然景物方位变化的感觉。叫视差。数码摄影也会出现类似的视差。不过，这种视差与坐在奔驰的列车上向窗外眺望的视差不同，数码摄影视差主要与相机取景器的技术性能相关、因取景装置的不同。视差会有大与小的差别。     

具备完整性与幻影敏感性的立体匹配与遮掩检测

遮掩的情况会引起立体匹配中的各种问题，特别在处理大视差窄物体、幻影等复杂场景时，因而提出了基于视差空间左右视线冲突检测的视差一致性约束的概念，该约束不仅包含了其他常用约束，而且具备完整性和幻影敏感性、保证了遮掩与被遮掩的对应关系。然后给出了利用一致性约束的匹配与遮掩检测算法。实验结果表明，由于视差一致性约束的使用，能适应更多的复杂场景而不至于失效。     

基于视差的高分辨率遥感影像建筑物变化检测

针对城区高分辨率遥感影像建筑物变化检测中视差引起误检测问题，提出一种基于视差的建筑物变化检测方法。首先，利用改进的双峰分裂法实现对建筑物阴影的检测；然后，借助阴影估计屋顶的位置，并自动选取种子区域，结合区域生长法进行建筑屋顶提取；最后，以视差、视差方位角以及面积等作为判定条件对两时相影像建筑物的变化情况进行分析。通过对WorldView-2影像和IKONOS影像进行变化检测，平均正确率达到了89.6%。实验结果表明:在屋顶光谱均匀且有明显建筑阴影的稀疏建筑区，该方法能够有效解决建筑屋顶种子区域自动选取及高层建筑视差引起误检测等难点问题。     

基于视差梯度的快速区域匹配方法

通过引入视差梯度理论，本文提出了一种基于视差梯度的快速区域匹配方法，该方法首先根据匹配点的不同特性，确定匹配搜索范围，然后再进行匹配得出视差图。通过对比实验，表明采用这种可变匹配搜索范围的方法，比采用固定匹配搜索范围的方法，有更快的执行速度和更少的计算量。     

使用视差一致性约束的立体匹配与遮掩检测

在视差空间内分析了立体视觉中的遮掩与匹配问题后，针对已有的双目立体匹配约束规则的缺陷，提出了基于视差空间左右视线冲突检测的视差一致性约束的概念。这种约束的优点在于其正确性与完整性，能适应更多的复杂场景而不至于失效。同时提出了一个利用一致性约束的匹配与遮掩检测算法。实验的结果表明，由于使用快速相关匹配值计算，其运算速度有了极大提高，更重要的是由于视差一致性约束的使用，使得即使出现复杂场景也能得到很好的结果。     

新的单目立体视觉的视差图的获得方法

在立体视觉中,视差间接反映物体的深度信息,视差计算是深度计算的基础。常见的视差计算方法研究都是面向双目立体视觉,而双焦单目立体视觉的视差分布不同于双目视差,具有沿极线辐射的特点。针对双焦单目立体视觉的特点,提出了一种单目立体视差的计算方法。对于计算到的初步视差图,把视差点分类为匹配计算点和误匹配点。通过均值偏移向量（Mean Shift）算法,实现了对误匹配点依赖于匹配点和图像分割的视差估计,最终得到致密准确的视差图。实验证明,这种方法可以通过双焦立体图像对高效地获得场景的视差图。     

双目立体匹配图像对的预处理研究

在进行双目立体匹配过程中，对获取的双目立体图像对，分别采取邻域平均和中值滤波的方法进行预处理研究，从实验仿真结果得出，在双目立体图像对求取视差场前采用高斯模板对其进行滤波预处理后，能较好地改善视差场的质量，提高视差场的精度，并对该预处理在工程实现中的一些问题进行了分析研究。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).