基于ELISA克罗诺杆菌单链抗体制备与鉴定

利用基因工程技术制备克罗诺杆菌特异性单链抗体(sc Fv)。从克罗诺杆菌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR反转录合成第一链c DNA后再扩增出抗体的重链可变区(VH)和轻链变区(VL)基因片段,采用重叠延伸PCR的方法,用柔性多肽Linker接头(Gly4Ser)3将VH基因和VL基因拼接成sc Fv基因片段,XhoⅠ﹑Eco RⅠ限制性内切酶双酶切sc Fv后克隆到原核表达载体p ET-26b中构建重组质粒sc Fv-pet-26b,挑取阳性克隆提取重组质粒后转入大肠杆菌BL21中进行诱导表达,通过His柱进行亲和层析,最后利用ELISA检测单链抗体的活性。成功构建了表达克罗诺杆菌单链抗体的基因工程菌株,通过SDS-PAGE和ELISA试验结果表明,诱导表达的罗诺杆菌单链抗体分子量约为30 k Da,其能与罗诺杆菌特异性结合,可作为免疫检测罗诺杆菌的候选抗体分子。     

抗呋喃唑酮代谢物单链抗体基因构建及蛋白结构分析和活性鉴定

从单克隆杂交瘤细胞出发,构建抗3-氨基-2-噁唑烷酮（3-amino-2-oxazolidinone,AOZ）衍生物单链抗体基因,并对其蛋白质进行理化性质分析及结构预测和活性鉴定。首先以呋喃唑酮代谢物AOZ衍生物单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞1D2为原料,提取总RNA后克隆重链（VH）、轻链（VL）可变区基因,然后使用重叠延伸聚合酶链式反应技术用连接肽(G4S)3将VH、VL基因连接构建抗AOZ衍生物单链抗体基因,经测序后采用生物信息软件对抗体编码的氨基酸序列进行推导并展开生物信息学分析,再将此基因与Plip6/GN表达载体连接后进行表达并采用直接竞争酶联免疫分析法（direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,dcELISA）鉴定其活性。结果表明：抗AOZ衍生物单链抗体基因全长750?bp,编码250?个氨基酸,相对分子质量为27?012.20,理论等电点为9.13,属于碱性氨基酸;其二级结构预测结果显示抗体蛋白含20?处α-螺旋、25?处β-转角、114?处无规卷曲、91?处延伸带结构;三级结构预测的正面俯视图显示重、轻链由连接肽相连形成一个“环桶状”结构,侧面显示为“口袋状”,这与常规单链抗体的结构特征一致,dcELISA结果也显示该抗体具有良好的抗原结合活性。本研究为后续AOZ残留检测免疫分析方法的建立及抗AOZ衍生物单链抗体的改造奠定一定基础。     

抗呋喃它酮代谢物噬菌体单链抗体库的构建

目的：构建抗呋喃它酮代谢物(AMOZ)的衍生物噬菌体单链抗体库。方法：从分泌抗AMOZ 的单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系(BC3-E8)中提取总RNA,经RT-PCR 反转录成cDNA,设计通用简并引物,PCR 扩增抗体重链可变区基因(VH)和轻链可变区基因(VL)。经重叠延伸PCR (SOE-PCR),将VH 和VL 基因用编码(G1y4Ser)3 的linker随机拼接成单链抗体(scFv)基因,然后将其克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E 中,转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) TG1 感受态细胞,经辅助噬菌体M13K07 超感染,建立噬菌体单链抗体库。随机挑取10 个阳性克隆,经PCR 和双酶切鉴定,并测序。登陆DNAMAN 软件对序列进行分析、比对。结果：成功扩增VH、VL 及scFv 基因,并得到库容为1.2 × 106 的噬菌体抗体库,噬菌体的滴度为2.0 × 1010PFU,PCR 鉴定及双酶切鉴定文库重组率较高,软件对序列比对结果显示,scFv 基因全长序列之间差异为8.38%,VH 序列差异为3.68%,VL 序列差异为14.34%,且序列差异多集中在CDR 抗原结合区域对应的核酸序列上。结论：已构建抗呋喃它酮代谢物的衍生物噬菌体单链抗体库,为进一步富集筛选并表达抗AMOZ 的衍生物的单链抗体提供参考。     

抗伏马菌素B_1单链抗体的原核表达及其抗体活性和稳定性分析

研究了对抗伏马菌素B1单链抗体在不同原核表达条件下表达情况及其抗体稳定性,以促进其在免疫学分析中的应用。通过构建表达载体pET22b-1D11和pMAL-1D11,分析了诱导温度、诱导剂浓度、宿主菌和高溶解性标签蛋白对单链抗体表达形式的影响;采用酶联免疫吸附实验法(ELISA)分析了单链抗体的热稳定性和有机溶剂耐受性。结果表明:条件优化后,单链抗体及其融合蛋白主要以包涵体形式表达;热处理会降低单链抗体活性甚至使其完全失活,甲醇会降低基于单链抗体的ELISA体系的灵敏度。     

Production of recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor/Fc fusion protein by genetically manipulated chickens

We previously reported the production of recombinant proteins using genetically manipulated chickens and quails. In this study, we constructed a retroviral vector encoding an expression cassette for a fusion protein of the extracellular domain of the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 and Fc region of human IgG1 (TNFR/Fc), which is expected as an effective drug for inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The concentrated viral vector was injected into developing chicken embryos. The chickens that hatched stably produced TNFR/Fc in the serum and egg yolk for six months. It appears that the fused protein is transported and accumulated into yolk from the serum, which is mediated by the Fc receptor. The protein purified from the yolk and serum inhibited the cytotoxic activity of TNF-* toward L929 cells, indicating that the protein produced by the chickens is biologically active. These results indicate the effectiveness of the recovery of Fc-fused proteins from the yolk of genetically manipulated chickens.     

Production of scFv-Fc fusion protein using genetically manipulated quails

The use of transgenic avian species as a transgenic bioreactor for the production of recombinant proteins has been proposed. In recent years, although various procedures for generating transgenic chickens have been reported, the expression of a useful protein at a commercially feasible level has rarely been attained. In this study, we injected a concentrated retroviral vector into quail embryos to generate genetically manipulated quails that produce recombinant proteins. We found that transgene expression in the whole body at a high level was observed for viral injection into the heart of the developing embryos after a 48-h incubation. For the practical production of a useful protein, a retroviral vector encoding an anti-prion scFv-Fc gene under the control of the beta-actin promoter was injected into quail embryos. The quails that hatched stably produced scFv-Fc at a high level in their serum and egg white. The production of scFv-Fc was maintained throughout the breeding period. scFv-Fc purified from the egg white retained the antigen-binding activity. This system exhibited the potential of transgenic quails for the commercial production of recombinant proteins.     

抗克伦特罗单链抗体基因构建及蛋白结构模拟

目的：构建抗克伦特罗单链抗体(scFv)基因cbl,进行蛋白质结构模拟并对其理化特性进行分析。方法：采用重叠延伸PCR 方法,以能特异性分泌抗克伦特罗mAb 的杂交瘤细胞株5D1 为原料,构建抗克伦特罗scFv 基因cbl,进行测序,采用生物信息软件对氨基酸序列推导并进行结构预测,同时对理化性质进行分析。结果：抗克伦特罗scFv 基因cbl 全长720bp,对应225 个氨基酸,单链抗体分子量约为25826.6,等电点预测值8.78,为碱性蛋白质;二级结构显示抗克伦特罗单链抗体含α螺旋20 处,β折叠99 处,β转角28 处,随机卷曲93 处。cbl 三级结构建模显示重链(VH)和轻链(VL)形成一个疏水的" 口袋",Linker 游离于此结构之外,符合scFv 的结构特点,明显具有抗原结合位点的空间构象,理论上应该具有良好的抗原结合活性。结论：构建一个抗克伦特罗scFv 基因cbl,应用信息学技术所获得的预测和分析结果为抗克伦特罗单链抗体的进一步表达、纯化和活性研究提供信息。     

Understanding the metabolic burden of recombinant antibody production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a quantitative metabolomics approach

The cellular changes induced by heterologous protein expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been analysed on many levels and found to be significant. However, even though high‐level protein production poses a metabolic burden, evaluation of the expression host at the level of the metabolome has often been neglected. We present a comparison of metabolite profiles of a wild‐type strain with those of three strains producing recombinant antibody variants of increasing size and complexity: an scFv fragment, an scFv–Fc fusion protein and a full‐length IgG molecule. Under producing conditions, all three recombinant strains showed a clear decrease in growth rate compared with the wild‐type strain and the severity of the growth phenotype increased with size of the protein. The levels of 76 intracellular metabolites were determined using a targeted (semi) quantitative mass spectrometry based approach. Based on unsupervised and supervised multivariate analysis of metabolite profiles, together with pathway activity profiling, the recombinant strains were found to be significantly different from each other and from the wild‐type strain. We observed the most prominent changes in metabolite levels for metabolites involved in amino acid and redox metabolism. Induction of the unfolded protein response was detected in all producing strains and is considered to be a contributing factor to the overall metabolic burden on the cells.     

抗莠去津抗体基因构建及蛋白结构模拟

构建抗莠去津单链抗体基因,采用DNAStar软件对单链抗体基因进行氨基酸序列推导,用生物信息学在线网站预测莠去津单链抗体基本特性及二、三级结构。结果表明,抗莠去津单链抗体基因全长744 bp,对应248 个氨基酸,单链抗体相对分子质量约为26 061.9,等电点预测值7.81,为碱性蛋白质;二级结构中α-螺旋17 处,延伸链85 处,β-转角19 处,无规卷曲127 处;三级结构建模显示,重链和轻链的6 个环区共同组成了抗体的抗原结合区,符合单链抗体的结构特点,具有抗原结合位点的空间构象。该研究为抗莠去津单链抗体的进一步表达、纯化和活性研究奠定了基础。     

抗孔雀石绿单链抗体-碱性磷酸酶融合表达和活性鉴定

采用重叠延伸的方法成功将抗孔雀石绿（malachite green,MG）单克隆细胞的轻链VL和重链VH用连接肽(Gly4Ser)3连接,形成单链抗体（single chain variable fragment,scFv）基因,并将其酶切连接进入含有碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,PhoA）基因的载体plip6/GN中,成功构建重组质粒plip6/GN-MG-scFv。随后重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21,经诱导表达后,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和Western blotting鉴定结果表明所获得的融合蛋白scFv-PhoA大小约72 kD。利用scFv与MG特异性结合的活性和PhoA催化对硝基苯磷酸二钠的显色机制,经过直接竞争酶联免疫吸附法测定融合蛋白scFv-PhoA的IC50为9.81 ng/mL。本方法操作简单、灵敏度高且检测时间短,这为进一步进行MG免疫法快速检测提供了参考。     

Construction of scFv phage display library with hapten-specific repertories and characterization of anti-ivermectin fragment isolated from the library

A specific phage display library was developed for screening antibodies against micro-molecular substances with 16-membered macrocyclic backbone. Through mRNA extraction, RT-PCR and gene splicing by overlap extension PCR (SOE-PCR), single-chain fragment variable (scFv) gene fragments about 750 bp were generated and ligated with the phagemid pCANTAB5E and were transformed into competent cells. A phage display library containing 2.4 × 10⁶ clones was constructed from milbemycin oxime-bovine serum albumin (MILO-BSA) immunized mice. The screening was carried out by ivermectin-bovine serum albumin (IVM-BSA) with different concentration levels. Furthermore, scFv phage clones were isolated within the four round library panning and screening by phage- ELISA, 10 positive clones were obtained finally. These positive clones were then sequenced, and their soluble type antibodies were identified and showed significant binding activity.     

Evolutionary affinity and selectivity optimization of a pesticide-selective antibody utlizing a hapten-selective immunoglobulin repertoire

Selectivity and sensitivity are considered as pivotal criteria for the quality of immunochemical assay designs in environmental analysis. They are essentially determined by the variable domains of the implemented antibody. The variable domains of a triazine-selective single-chain Fv (scFv) were genetically engineered by stringent molecular evolution in order to optimize analytical characteristics of the corresponding atrazine immunoassay. Gene variation of the template antibody by sequential shuffling against the variable heavy and light chain repertoire of a triazine-selective immunoglobulin library was enhanced by introducing additional point mutatons. Improved scFv variants were selected by phage display employing an atrazine derivative. By this means the paramounting affinity of the initial scFv to sebuthylazine was shifted for the mutant antibodies toward a preferential recognition of the envisaged target analyte atrazine. In addition, the detection limit of the atrazine assaywas significantly improved by factor 25 from 5.1 microg/L for the initial template antibody to 0.2 microg/L for the mutant antibodies. The contribution of the engineered antibody variants to the assay improvement is also reflected by a shift of the equilibrium dissociation constant KD from 1.27 x 10(-8) M of the template antibody to 7.46 x 10(-10) M of the optimized variant. Sequence analysis revealed a bias of amino acid substitutions in the first two complementarity-determining regions (CDR) and the flanking framework regions of both variable chains for the shuffled clones as well as a deletion in the CDR3 of the light chain. Particularly the mutations of the VL domain turned out to have a decisive impact on the alterations in the analytical performance of the engineered scFv mutants. The application of the mutant antibodies for the atrazine determination of soil samples revealed consistency with HPLC data within the experimental error.     

抗-Cry2Aa单链抗体分子互作及荧光免疫检测研究

Cry2Aa毒素是一种新型生物农药,分析该毒素与特异性单链抗体分子互作,并建立快速检测毒素残留的方法对保障食品和生态安全有重要意义。本研究以同源蛋白为模板对单链抗体进行建模,并进行了Cry2Aa毒素与单链抗体的分子对接模拟,确定关键结合位点,以此为基础将单链抗体作为检测抗体,建立了间接竞争时间分辨荧光免疫分析方法,对大米样品中Cry2Aa毒素进行了检测。利用生物信息学工具模拟获得单链抗体三维结构模型,分子对接结果显示重链可变区81NY82和121SGNY124区域及轻链可变区的245YSSN248氨基酸残基在与毒素结构Ⅱ区识别过程中起关键作用,为建立高效检测方法奠定基础,进一步基于该单链抗体建立的时间分辨检测方法灵敏度(IC10)为0.08 ng/mL,中抑制浓度(IC50)为7.99 ng/mL,线性检测范围(IC20~IC80)为0.24~263.77 ng/mL,且与常规双抗夹心ELISA法检测呈良好线性关系。     

Study on the detection of prion protein in food products by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

We developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect prion protein contained in materials derived from cattle, aiming at establishing a method to detect abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in food products. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against bovine prion peptides. Using these antibodies, we have established a competitive ELISA that is capable of detecting recombinant bovine prion protein (rBoPrP) in the range of 12 to 1,200 ng and we used it to determine prion protein contents in bovine cerebral cortex. This assay system was evaluated by spiking food products with various amounts of rBoPrP. The determination gave 2-fold higher values in minced meat homogenates and lower values in large intestine homogenates than the values expected from the spiked amounts. This assay provides a simple determination method of spiked rBoPrP, and therefore is expected to be useful for investigating sample pretreatment methods.     

Measurement of association rate constant of antibody-antigen interaction in solution based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

A simple and rapid method based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for measuring the association rate constant of antibody-antigen interactions. An antibody and its antigen are mixed in a solution to initiate the equilibrium reaction. At different time intervals, the amount of the free antibody in the reaction mixture is estimated by an indirect ELISA. The association rate constant was estimated by nonlinear regression against an equation introduced from the derivation of the mass balance of antigen-antibody interaction. This method can determine the association rate constant of antibodies with a dissociation rate constant up to 5 x 10(-3) s(-1). The association rate constant of a single-chain Fv (scFv) to its antigen, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A), determined by the present method agreed well with those determined by the fluorescence polarization method and surface plasmon resonance method. No significant difference in the association rate constant was found between the soluble anti-RNase A scFv and the same scFv displayed on a phage (5.65 +/- 0.54 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) and 5.96 +/- 0.56 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), respectively).     

噬菌体随机肽库淘选桔霉素模拟表位的研究

目的:从噬菌体随机肽库中淘选模拟桔霉素表位的噬菌体粒子。方法:以抗桔霉素的单克隆抗体为配基,分别免疫亲和淘选以融合蛋白形式表达在丝状噬菌体M13外壳蛋白Ⅲ上的随机7肽库和12肽库,以ELISA方法鉴定阳性克隆,同时进行DNA测序以分析插入的7肽和12肽的氨基酸序列。结果:经过3轮淘选,在7肽库中淘选到20株能与该抗体特异性结合的阳性克隆,在12肽库中淘选到33株能与该抗体特异性结合的阳性克隆,且该结合均能被桔霉素阻断,模拟表位的共有序列为X-组氨酸-赖氨酸-X-X-X-X,X为任意氨基酸。以7肽库中亲和力最强的克隆(P10)建立了竞争ELISA检测方法,线性范围为10～325ng/ml,检测下限为10ng/ml;以12肽库中亲和力最强的克隆(P1)建立了竞争ELISA检测方法,线性范围为10～439ng/ml,检测下限为10ng/ml。结论:噬菌体展示技术可成功淘选到桔霉素模拟表位,高度保守的His和Lys的存在,提示His和Lys在CIT与其配体的结合中可能起重要作用。     

Persistency of adenoviral-mediated lysostaphin expression in goat mammary glands

Gene therapy has great potential to enable synthesis of protein molecules in targeted cells of an animal. One application may be the production of antibacterial enzymes by the mammary gland as a means of preventing or treating mastitis. We have previously demonstrated that goat mammary cells are capable of producing lysostaphin, an antistaphylococcal enzyme, after being transduced in vivo with a recombinant adenoviral vector containing a modified lysostaphin gene (Ad-lys). The current study examined duration of expression, and antibody response to lysostaphin and the adenoviral vector. Following intramammary infusion into nonlactating goats (n = 4), recovery of transducible adenoviral vector in mammary secretions persisted for 11 d. Transducible vector was not detected in serum, saliva, urine, or feces. Peak lysostaphin concentrations (< 20 microg/mL) in mammary secretions of infused udders were detected approximately 1 wk postinfusion, and generally returned to undetectable levels after an additional 1 to 2 wk. The poor persistency of expression was likely due to the very potent immune response to both the adenovirus and the expressed lysostaphin. Serum IgG antibodies recognizing the adenoviral vector developed within 7 d of the infusion, and titers rose dramatically to greater than 1:1 x 10(5). Similar titers of serum IgG antibodies to lysostaphin developed in 3 goats, with more moderate titers in the fourth goat. The antibody response to lysostaphin was delayed by approximately 4 d in comparison to the response to the adenovirus. Serum IgG antibody profiles were reflected in mammary secretions. No IgA antibodies to adenovirus or lysostaphin were detected in sera or mammary secretion. We demonstrate that while the lysostaphin gene can be introduced to the mammary gland using an adenoviral-mediated gene transfer technique, the strong immune response that it provokes makes the approach unsuitable for combating mastitis.     

Development of a Single Chain Variable Fragment Antibody and Application as Amatoxin Recognition Molecule in Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors

A phage display library of single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies was constructed to screen specific scFv antibodies against amatoxins. One recombinant scFv antibody with high specificity for amatoxins, termed scFv-A4, was isolated from the library by biopanning. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the soluble scFv-A4 protein was expressed successfully, and the protein posed relatively good specificity with an IC₅₀ of 77.48 ng/mL and IC₁₅ of 1.91 ng/mL using indirect competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA). On the basis of the expressed scFv-A4 protein, a rapid and simple new immunoassay using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for the detection of amatoxins was developed. The IC₅₀ and IC₁₅ of new immunoassay were 7.66 and 0.17 ng/mL. The sensitivity of immunoassay using SPR sensor was about 10 times that of ic-ELISA. These results showed the potential usefulness and advantages of new immunoassay using SPR sensor for the detection of toxins.     

Enhanced antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis by chimeric monoclonal antibodies with tandemly repeated Fc domains

We previously reported that chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with tandemly repeated Fc domains, which were developed by introducing tandem repeats of Fc domains downstream of 2 Fab domains, augmented binding avidities for all Fcγ receptors, resulting in enhanced antibody (Ab)-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Here we investigated regarding Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) mediated by these chimeric mAbs, which is considered one of the most important mechanisms that kills tumor cells, using two-color flow cytometric methods. ADCP mediated by T3-Ab, a chimeric mAb with 3 tandemly repeated Fc domains, was 5 times more potent than that by native anti-CD20 M-Ab (M-Ab hereafter). Furthermore, T3-Ab-mediated ADCP was resistant to competitive inhibition by intravenous Ig (IVIG), although M-Ab-mediated ADCP decreased in the presence of IVIG. An Fcγ receptor-blocking study demonstrated that T3-Ab mediated ADCP via both FcγRIA and FcγRIIA, whereas M-Ab mediated ADCP exclusively via FcγRIA. These results suggest that chimeric mAbs with tandemly repeated Fc domains enhance ADCP as well as ADCC, and that Fc multimerization may significantly enhance the efficacy of therapeutic Abs.