多环形槽结构磁流变阻尼器的实验建模

对自行设计的、多环形槽结构磁流变阻尼器进行了理论分析与实验建模.该阻尼器的主要特点是在阻尼活塞周向表面上开有若干个矩形齿状环形槽,并且通过磁路设计,使流经阻尼通道处的磁流变液流动方向与其作用的磁力线方向垂直,用以增大阻尼力和阻尼力变化范围.然后从磁流变液的流变特性、电磁学的角度出发,利用修正了的非牛顿流体宾汉模型、结合实验数据,建立了该阻尼器的力学模型.利用该模型绘制和分析了外加磁场(通过施加电流实现)和阻尼力之间关系曲线,与实验结果较好吻合,从而证明了模型的正确性,为磁流变液阻尼器设计和性能预测提供了参考.     

Long-term stress relaxation behaviors and mechanisms of 2219 Al-Cu alloy under various temperatures and initial stresses

Large 2219 Al-Cu alloy aerospace integral components suffer from long-term stress relaxation aging(SRA)due to complex temperature and stress loads during aging treatment/forming and service process,which makes it difficult to ensure their appropriate residual stress and excellent mechanical and service prop-erties.However,the research is limited to a thorough understanding of macroscopic and microscopic features and underlying mechanisms of the long-term SRA under multivariable aging conditions.There-fore,this study investigated macroscopic and microscopic features of long-term SRA under different tem-peratures(120 ℃ to 190 ℃),initial stress levels(100 MPa to 250 MPa)and durations(0 h to 50 h)through stress relaxation curves,metallographic traits,Vickers hardness,tensile performance,disloca-tions and phases of precipitation.On the basis of experimental outcomes,the comprehensive mecha-nisms beneath SRA were unraveled through dislocation theory,multiphase strengthening mechanisms and thermodynamics,where the interplays of stress relaxation behavior with age-hardening response were taken into consideration.The results showed elevations in the rate of stress reduction as the tem-perature and initial stress rose.At an initial stress greater than the yield stress of alloy,a marked in-crease in stress relaxation was found,and the mechanisms transform from the intragranular motion of dislocations and diffusion of grain boundaries to the intragranular and intergranular motion of disloca-tions and migration of grain boundaries.The stress reduction rate rose sharply when the temperature exceeded 175 ℃,and the dislocation movement mechanisms transform from gliding to climbing of dislo-cations.Stress relaxation is in nature progressive transformation of strain from elastic into a permanently inelastic state via the motion of dislocations,leading to the decrease of movable dislocations and the increase of immovable dislocations with more stable configurations.The age hardening is mainly deter-mined by precipitation strengthening,supplementarily by dislocation strengthening,and obvious stress orientation effect(SOE)of G.P.zones and θ\"phases degenerates strengthening effect.The interplay be-tween stress relaxation behavior and age-hardening response influences the thermal-mechanical coupling SRA of 2219 Al-Cu alloy,which depends fundamentally on the motion of dislocations and their interplay with precipitated phases.This is a thermal activation process concerning the interplay between internal(age-hardening resistance)stress and external(initial)stress.The initial energy of elastic strain offers Gibbs free energy as the SRA driver,and a steady state of stress relaxation is attained with the lowest energy of elastic strain.These findings provide valuable insights into exploring innovative aging treat-ment/forming for optimizing residual stress,mechanical performance and service property in a synergistic manner.     

Single and double-step stress relaxation and constitutive modeling of viscoelastic behavior of swelled and un-swelled natural rubber loaded with carbon black

A phenomenological one-dimensional constitutive model, characterizing the mechanical behavior of viscoelastic natural rubber filled with the percolation concentration of HAF carbon black is developed in this investigation. This simple differential form model is based on a combination of linear and non-linear springs with dashpots, incorporating typical polymeric behavior such as shear thinning, thermal softening and non-linear dependence on deformation. The material parameters for this model are determined for the investigated vulcanizates. The model was also developed on same samples after immersion in kerosene for different intervals of times. One step mechanism of relaxation was appeared for straining the samples to different strain levels with constant strain rate. On the other hand, two step mechanisms of relaxation were appeared on straining specimens to same strain level but with different strain rates.     

High strain rate mechanical behavior of epoxy under compressive loading: Experimental and modeling studies

Investigations on high strain rate behavior of epoxy LY 556 under compressive loading are presented. Compressive Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus was used for the experimental investigations. The studies are presented in the strain rate range of 683-1890 per second. It was generally observed that the compressive strength is enhanced at high strain rate loading compared with that at quasi-static loading. During SHPB testing of the specimens, it was observed that the peak force obtained from the strain gauge mounted on the transmitter bar is lower than the peak force obtained from the strain gauge mounted on the incident bar. Further, an analytical method is presented based on variable rate power law for the prediction of compressive strength at high strain rate loading for epoxy LY 556. Using the analytical method, high strain rate compressive stress-strain behavior is presented up to strain rate of 10,000 per second.     

电场磁场对电流变液体减振器性能影响的研究

由于电流变液和磁流变液具有良好的可控性能和力学性能而在工程上具有广阔的应用前景.本文将其用于环形间隙通道外置的双缸电流变液体减振器.同时,对电流变液减振器在同时外加电场和垂直磁场作用下阻尼力的变化进行了理论研究和台架实验研究.结果表明,在外加电场和垂直磁场作用下,电流变效应得到加强,改善了减振器的示功特性.     

PDMS在阶跃应变中松弛模量与动态剪切中广义弹性模量的比较

本文采用旋转流变仪对比研究了聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)在两平行板间的动态剪切流动和阶跃应变的关系,应用Cho等人提出的应力分解方法考察了大振幅剪切流中的广义弹性模量,发现在线性区及非线性区的一部分,随着角频率ω的增加,在时间尺度为t=1/ω时,大振幅剪切流中的广义弹性模量逐渐接近阶跃应变中的松弛模量。     

A procedure for determining the true stress-strain curve over a large range of strains using digital image correlation and finite element analysis

A procedure for determining the stress-strain curve including post-necking strain is proposed. Hourglass type specimens were used for tensile tests, and the stress-strain curves were identified through an iteration process using finite element analysis. The strain at the position of minimum diameter was measured by digital image correlation. This procedure was applied to carbon steel of various degrees of cold work. The radius of the minimum section of the hourglass type specimen was changed in order to investigate the effect of stress triaxiality on the failure strain. The procedure could derive the stress-strain curve including the post-necking strain. From the obtained curve, it was shown that the stress-strain curves for different degrees of cold work were almost identical when the plastic strain by the cold working was added to the strain. Furthermore, it was revealed that the true stress-strain curve could be approximated well by the power law equation and the curve could be estimated by using the stress-strain relation for before-necking strain.     

Experimental and finite element analysis of a very large pultruded FRP structure subjected to free vibration

This paper reports field test results to determine the dynamic behavior of a large all-GFRP space-reticular structure. The first experimental results are illustrated in the frame of a wider research aimed to study the dynamic and static performance of an all-GFRP structure built in L’Aquila (Italy), i.e. a temporary shelter to an ancient church collapsed after the earthquake of 6th of April 2009. Free vibrations were given to the structure with an instrumented hammer and recorded by a laser vibrometer. This kind of test gives the possibility to deduce some strategic information upon structural performance in the field of dynamic identification without invasive tests. In the detail the experimental data of the fundamental frequency and period and damping coefficient are here presented, together with displacements deduced. A comparison to a finite element analysis and closed form solutions suitable to structural vibration analysis allows first final considerations in the field of all-GFRP structure to be done.     

永磁调节式MR阻尼器试验研究及工程应用

设计制作了永磁调节式MR阻尼器，在专用加载试验台上对该阻尼器的力学性能进行了试验研究，分析了影响阻尼力的各种因素，对永磁式MR阻尼器和油阻尼器、橡胶阻尼器进行了拉索减振的现场对比试验研究。结果表明，所设计制作的永磁式MR阻尼器阻尼力可调范围大，比油阻尼器具有更好的温度稳定性和更大的耗能减振能力，能保证每根拉索取得最优的减振效果。该阻尼器巳成功应用于长沙洪山大桥，解决了该桥严重的风致振动问题。     

磁流变液阻尼器-转子-滑动轴承系统稳定性实验研究

通过实验研究了支承在磁流变液阻尼器和滑动轴承上的转子系统在振动主动控制过程中的运动稳定性问题，实验发现，当转子升速，控制电流稳定时，随着控制电流的增大，在一定转速范围内会出现由滑动轴承引起的油膜涡动和油膜振荡，而当转速稳定，突然施加或撤除控制电流时，转子的振动可在短时间内达到新的稳态，不会发生失稳，此后，在一定转速和控制电流条件下转子系统仍会发生失稳，但采用开关控制抑制转子临界振动时系统能稳定运转，研究表明，由控制电流决定的阻尼器支承刚度是影响转子系统稳定性的关键因素。     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of a polymer subjected to cyclic loading conditions

There are many machine components made of polymeric materials, such as gears, which are subjected to cyclic loading conditions. To design such components, it is necessary to arrive at a suitable mathematical model that can describe the mechanical response of polymeric materials. In this paper, we derive a mathematical model for rate-type solids using thermodynamical framework developed by Rajagopal and Srinivasa (K.R. Rajagopal, A.R. Srinivasa, A thermodynamic frame work for rate type fluid model, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 88 (2000) 207-227) (also see Section 5 of Kannan and Rajagopal (K. Kannan, K.R. Rajagopal, A thermomechanical framework for the transition of a viscoelastic liquid to a viscoelastic solid, Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 9 (2004) 37-59)), which was used by Rajagopal and Srinivasa to derive a mathematical model for isotropic, rate-type liquids. Uniaxial cyclic loading and stress relaxation experiments were conducted. The predictions of the model agreed well with the experimental data.     

Mechanical behavior of glass/epoxy tubes under combined static loading. Part I: Experimental

A series of biaxial static tests of E-glass/epoxy tubular specimens [±45]₂, subjected to combined torsion and tension/compression were performed to simulate complex stress states encountered in a wind turbine rotor blade. The failure locus in the effective axial-shear stress plane was derived experimentally while in-plane strain tensor components were measured in the tube outer surface. By means of shell theory and strain measurements in the surface of the specimen, the in-plane shear response of the outer ply was obtained, revealing dependence each time to the combined tube loading. The correlation established between the ratio of transverse normal and in-plane shear stress in the principal coordinate ply system and the elastic shear modulus, suggested a strong dependence, warning on the implications for design and certification procedures.     

Mechanical and electrical behaviors of polymer particles. Experimental study of the contact area between two particles. Experimental validation of a numerical model

The present paper is devoted to the analysis of mechanical and electrical behaviors observed on particulate polymer granular materials. The constituting particles obtained these physical properties by coating the polymer spherical substrate with a conducting polymer: polypyrrole (PPy) which confers electrical conducting properties to the particle, while preserving its mechanical properties. Particle contacts dominate the behavior of the granular media and, consequently, size, morphology, roughness and plasticity of the particles play a crucial role in this behavior. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) were used to study the surface state and the contact area between neighbors. An experimental set up, based on the measurement of the displacement of contacting particles subjected to a normal force and of the variation of the electrical resistance of the packing, allowed the study of both the mechanical and electrical behaviors of the particle system. The experimental results took into account the plastic deformation under varying loading and unloading conditions; they were consistent with theories of contact mechanics, thus validating the existing models.     

Characterizing and modeling the non-linear viscoelastic tensile deformation of a glass fiber reinforced polypropylene

On the basis of comprehensive experimental investigations on a long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP-LGF) a novel rheological material model is developed. It features a decomposition of the stress into a time independent quasi-static and a time and strain dependent viscous contribution. Furthermore it allows for plastic deformations starting from the very beginning of straining and is thereby able to reproduce the absence of a purely linear elastic domain going along with the nonexistence of a defined yield point, characteristic for many fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymers. In order to approach the true quasi-static material behavior, various tensile tests were carried out. The viscous material behavior was deduced from a series of stress relaxation experiments and is described by Eyring’s equation with strain dependent viscosity parameters.     

Development of viscoelastic/rate-sensitive-plastic constitutive law for fiber-reinforced composites and its applications. Part I: Theory and material characterization

The viscoelastic/rate-sensitive plastic constitutive law to describe the nonlinear, anisotropic/asymmetric and time/rate-dependent mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced (sheet) composites was developed under the plane stress condition. In addition to the theoretical aspect of the developed constitutive law, experiments to obtain the material parameters were also carried out for the woven fabric composite based on uni-axial tension and compression tests as well as stress relaxation tests, while the numerical formulation and verifications with experiments are discussed in Part II.     

The Effect of Plastic Prestrain on Mechanical Characteristics of Grade 45 Steel and D16T Alloy under Static and Cyclic Loading

The paper covers an experimental study of the laws that govern the variation of yield limit and stress-relaxation limit as a function of stress amplitude and plastic strain in Grade 45 steel and D16T alloy under the conditions of preliminary static and cyclic tension including strain aging. The mechanical characteristics of these materials are shown to grow with increasing plastic strain irrespective of the loading type but decrease with increasing stress amplitude. It has been found that as a certain level of plastic strain is achieved the stress-relaxation levels in the materials become the same irrespective of the type of pre-loading. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 33 – 45, July – August, 2005.     

简谐及随机激励下柔性悬臂梁振动主动控制的实验研究

利用压电陶瓷作为传感器,对根部施加了简谐、随机激励的柔性悬臂梁的振动主动控制进行实验研究。在使用数字滤波器的基础上,实现了对前两阶模态的控制,效果明显。比较了应变率负反馈和应变正反馈控制律的控制效果。并且进一步采用应变率负反馈探讨了SIMO控制。     

Experimental and numerical modeling of basalt textile reinforced mortar behavior under uniaxial tensile stress

During the last years several projects and studies have improved the knowledge about textile reinforced mortar (TRM) technology. TRM has already been used in strengthening masonry and reinforced concrete structural elements such as walls, arches, columns and beams. This material is presented as a real alternative to the use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) in situations where these composites have presented some drawbacks or their use is banned. Textile reinforced mortar show a complex mechanical behavior derived from the heterogeneity of the constituent materials. This paper aims to deepen the knowledge of this composite material in terms of tensile behavior.Following this scope, this paper presents an experimental campaign focused on thirty-one TRM specimens reinforced with four different reinforcing ratios. The results are analyzed and contrasted with two distinct models. (i) The Aveston–Cooper–Kelly theory (ACK) which is based on a tri-linear analytical approach; and (ii) a non-linear numerical simulation with a 3D finite element code.The finite element analysis (FEA) of the TRM tensile tests also showed no significant dependence on the basalt-to-mortar interface, i.e., the choice of a bond-slip curve in order to reproduce the bond stresses and slippages along the interface is irrelevant and it can be simply considered as rigid interface.     

Strengths of C/C composites under tensile, shear, and compressive loading: Role of interfacial shear strength

Various strengths of carbon–carbon composites (C/Cs) are comprehensively reviewed. The topics reviewed include tensile, shear, compressive, and fatigue strength as well as fiber/matrix interfacial strength of C/Cs. When data are available, high temperature properties, including creep behavior, are presented. Since C/Cs have extremely low fiber/matrix interfacial strength τ_d, the interfacial fracture plays important roles in all of the fracture processes dealt in this review. The low τ_d was found to divide tensile fracture units into small bundles, to seriously degrade both shear and compressive strength, and to improve fatigue performance. In spite of the importance of the interfacial strength of C/Cs, techniques for its evaluation and analysis are still in a primitive stage.     

Prediction of fatigue crack growth under constant amplitude loading and a single overload based on elasto-plastic crack tip stresses and strains

It is generally accepted that the fatigue crack growth (FCG) depends mainly on the stress intensity factor range (ΔK) and the maximum stress intensity factor (K_max). The two parameters are usually combined into one expression called often as the driving force and many various driving forces have been proposed up to date. The driving force can be successful as long as the stress intensity factors are appropriately correlated with the actual elasto-plastic crack tip stress-strain field. However, the correlation between the stress intensity factors and the crack tip stress-strain field is often influenced by residual stresses induced in due course.A two-parameter (ΔK_tot, K_max,tot) driving force based on the elasto-plastic crack tip stress-strain history has been proposed. The applied stress intensity factors (ΔK_appl, K_max,appl) were modified to the total stress intensity factors (ΔK_tot, K_max,tot) in order to account for the effect of the local crack tip stresses and strains on fatigue crack growth. The FCG was predicted by simulating the stress-strain response in the material volume adjacent to the crack tip and estimating the accumulated fatigue damage. The fatigue crack growth was regarded as a process of successive crack re-initiations in the crack tip region. The model was developed to predict the effect of the mean and residual stresses induced by the cyclic loading. The effect of variable amplitude loadings on FCG can be also quantified on the basis of the proposed model. A two-parameter driving force in the form of: was derived based on the local stresses and strains at the crack tip and the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) fatigue damage parameter: D = σ_maxΔε/2. The effect of the internal (residual) stress induced by the reversed cyclic plasticity manifested itself in the change of the resultant (total) stress intensity factors controlling the fatigue crack growth.The model was verified using experimental fatigue crack growth data for aluminum alloy 7075-T6 obtained under constant amplitude loading and a single overload.