水平井注水生产动态特征研究

为了研究水平井注水的生产动态特征,以渤海BZ油田为例,对比分析了水平井与直井注水在霍尔曲线、注入压力、日注水量、视吸水指数四个参数的不同特征。研究发现,水平井注水初期井筒类似于一个"压力腔",它的存在导致水平井与直井注水生产动态的差异。如霍尔曲线形态典型不同;水平井注水压力低于直井,且低压持续时间是直井的1.8倍,压力爬升时间是直井的12倍;在相同注水压力条件下,每米地层厚度水平井注水强度是直井的3倍;水平井注水吸水差异大于直井,视吸水指数级差倍数是直井的9倍。针对上述特点,分析认为水平井井型和井筒内复杂的渗流流动是水平井与直井注水差异的根本原因。     

止回阀对给水系统水锤的影响

给水系统中止回阀的存在是为了防止管路中的逆流过大破坏泵及其他设备,而安装止回阀又会影响系统水锤发生时的压力和流量.利用AFT impulse软件建立核电站给水系统的模型,模拟在突然停泵和阀门突然关闭时有无止回阀以及不同止回阀类型对系统水锤的影响,从中看出无止回阀时虽然系统中的水锤最大压力不大,但是逆向流量很大;普通止回阀的存在有效地抑制了管路中的水倒流,但同时增大了水锤压力;可控缓闭止回阀结合了两者的优点,既降低了水锤最大压力,又可以把管路中水逆流控制在合理范围.     

水膜闪蒸真空制冰的换热特性

引言当一定温度的液体突然暴露在低于其饱和压力的环境下时,液体由最初的平衡状态变成过热状态,液体中的过热量已经不能以显热的方式来包含能量,不能继续存在于液体中,会迅速转换为蒸发潜热,形成汽泡,同时液体温度迅速下降,这个过程被称为液体的闪蒸。由于闪蒸现象伴随着大量的水蒸气生成和剧烈的温度下降,在现代工业中,闪蒸被广泛应用在海     

Analysis of pressure fluctuations during water evaporation in spouted bed

The aim of this work was to study the behaviour of conventional spouted beds during water evaporation and to analyze the pressure fluctuations at the maximum water evaporative capacity for different bed heights and air flow rates. The results showed that spout pressure drop could not indicate the proximity of maximum evaporative capacity; however this condition is denoted by a minimum in fountain height. The standard deviation and amplitude of the pressure fluctuations also showed a minimum point at the maximum water evaporation capacity. The frequency domain analysis of pressure fluctuations revealed that the dry bed has a dominant frequency varying from 6 to 8.2 Hz and that the peak of dominant frequency tends to disappear with the increase in water feed rate.     

供水增压泵站改造的优化计算

城乡一体化供水布局中,中途增压泵站对保证乡镇供水管网的水压具有重要作用。目前,多数供水增压泵站采用传统水池增压方式,上游进水管网余压难以充分利用,运行成本较高。基于水池增压改造的余压利用系统为水池和管道联合增压方式,在下游用水量低时,可使水流不经水池,直接由管道泵输水;在用水高峰期,可以通过切换到水池泵运行,以满足用户的高用水量和水压需求。借助供水管网水力模型和遗传算法,以供水能耗最低为目标函数,得到管道泵和水池泵的最佳运行方案。该方案根据不同的用水流量和市政管网压力值,合理切换管道泵和水池泵,计算及工程实践结果显示优化增压方式后能耗明显降低。     

地下水对平推式滑坡的作用机理分析

平推式滑坡常见于四川盆地近水平砂泥岩互层地区,其启动动力主要由地下水提供。前人的研究主要考虑静水压力、坡体自身重力及其所产生的扬压力对滑坡体的作用,而忽略了动水压力的影响。基于此,运用滑坡极限平衡原理,分别建立考虑动水压力和不考虑动水压力时的极限平衡方程,并推导出两种模型下平推式滑坡后缘临界水头的计算公式。通过典型平推式滑坡案例对模型进行验证,结果表明:在强降雨条件下,用考虑动水压力的极限平衡方程推导出的临界水头更符合实际;岩层倾角越大,地下水单宽流量对临界水头的影响也越大。     

Predicting pressure gradients in heavy oil—water pipelines

Experimental investigations of the flow of water‐heavy oil mixtures at velocities typical of oil‐field gathering systems show that continuous water assisted flow at very low pressure gradients can be achieved. The principal criterion to be satisfied in establishing this desirable flow regime appears to be use of sufficient water, with the velocity also playing a role. It also appears that oil viscosity and water fraction effects on pressure gradient are small provided the beneficial flow regime is established. The flows resemble core‐annular flow, which has been observed previously in Bitumen froth and water‐heavy oil flows, with an oil layer on the pipe wall. However, the correlation for pressure gradient is somewhat different from that reported previously for Bitumen froth flows.     

低渗裂缝性储层注水井钻关泄压模拟

针对注水后低渗裂缝性储层地层压力和注水井泄压时间难以确定,影响调整井安全钻井的问题。结合低渗裂缝储层渗流特点,运用变形双重介质渗流理论,建立泄压后储层动态地层压力模型。利用数值模拟技术,预测关井泄压和溢流泄压方式下泄压区地层压力分布随泄压时间变化规律。应用预测泄压过程中泄压区地层压力分布变化规律得出不同泄压方式注水井的钻关时间,制定注水井的钻关方案。研究表明,泄压区内裂缝连通低压处起提高泄压效率的作用;关井和溢流泄压过程,注水井井底压力不应作为衡量待钻点处地层压力的指标;应用对泄压区地层压力预测指导注水井进行钻关,满足安全调整井钻井实际应用。     

压力降法在循环冷却水系统黏泥监控中的应用

介绍使用生物膜监测仪在循环水系统开展黏泥监控的原理、安装及使用情况。随着中水在天津石化公司化工厂循环水系统的大量使用,进行生物黏泥监控显得尤为重要。而生物膜监测仪主要是通过压力降原理来监测冷却水系统中的沉积产物,随着监测管内沉积物的变化,其压力降值也不断变化,通过实际应用表明,生物膜监测仪能有效地反映循环冷却水系统黏泥沉积情况,其压降值明显地随着循环水中异养菌、温度、浊度的变化而发生变化．因此在实际操作中具有很强的指导意义。     

塑料排水立管通水能力探讨

通过对水膜流状态下的流速与能量方程、充水率及空气压差的分析,认为在终限流速相等的条件下,塑料管排水的能力比同管径铸铁管小。且塑料排水立管通水能力应从管内压力波动及空气压差两方面综合考虑。     

Desalination and water recycling by air gap membrane distillation

Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging technology for desalination. Membrane distillation differs from other membrane technologies in that the driving force for desalination is the difference in vapour pressure of water across the membrane, rather than total pressure. The membranes for MD are hydrophobic, which allows water vapour (but not liquid water) to pass. The vapour pressure gradient is created by heating the source water, thereby elevating its vapour pressure. The major energy requirement is for low-grade thermal energy. It is expected that the total costs for drinking water with membrane distillation will be lower than $0.50/m³, even as low as $0.26/m³, depending on the source of the thermal energy required for the evaporation of water through the membrane.     

高压水射流粉碎矿物的机理研究

前混合式高压水射流粉碎是水射流粉碎的一种重要方法,分析和实验研究表明：加入到高压水中的物料颗粒在受到高的静水压力后以高速射出,使积聚在颗粒中的弹性应变能迅速释放,进而使颗粒粉碎,因此压力释放效应是高压水射流粉碎的一个重要机理。     

溢流法水辅注塑中注水参数对水穿透的影响分析

借助外挂有自主研发的注水系统及模具的注塑系统,采用单因素法实验分析了注水压力、注水温度和注水延迟时间等注水参数对水穿透及产品品质的影响规律及机理。研究发现,注水压力越大,试样残余壁厚越薄,内壁面也更加的光亮;低注水压力下,水的穿透容易出现界面不稳定现象,注水压力越高,水的穿透居中性越好;注水温度对试样残余壁厚的影响不明显;注水延迟时间增加,试样残余壁厚增加,且能有效削弱低注水压力下水穿透的界面不稳定现象。     

低渗透油田水驱开发效果评价—以N区块为例

低渗透油田开发进入中后期,合理评价注水效果是制定合理精细注水政策的前提和基础。通过地层压力与饱和压力关系分析压力保持水平级别,利用相对渗透率曲线得出含水率与采出程度理论曲线,通过与实际曲线位置关系评价开发效果好坏。利用水驱指数与注采比关系,计算得出不同注采比条件下标准图版,将实际曲线与同类油藏存水率、水驱指数标准图版对比评价水驱开发效果。研究表明,N区块生产能力较好,采液量、注水量差异与地层压力变化保持一致,利用含水率与采出程度关系图版、存水率图版、水驱指数图版评价油藏开发效果较好。     

斯那姆氨气提工艺高、中压系统水联动试车总结

新建尿素工厂试车时如能实施以水为介质使整个工艺系统模拟正常操作压力的分段循环，对保证化工投料试车成功无疑是一个很好的促进。针对斯那姆尿素工厂操作手册中无高、中压系统水联动试车的情况，本公司通过实践，成功地实现了高、中压系统水联动试车，不仅消除了设备的隐患，而且进一步训练了操作队伍     

A novel flow field with controllable pressure gradient to enhance mass transport and water removal of PEM fuel cells

An easily machined novel flow field with controllable pressure gradient across adjacent channels was designed and a two dimensional, across-the-channel, two-phase model was developed to study the gas transport and water removal of the novel configuration. The effect of channel-rib width ratio, GDL thickness and pressure gradient on the profiles of oxygen concentration and water saturation within the GDL were investigated. Special attention was paid to the mechanisms of the promoted mass transport and water removal rates under a pressure gradient. The model was validated by experiments with various channel-rib ratios and GDL thicknesses at different operating pressure. The results revealed that, oxygen concentration was increased, and the water saturation was reduced under the rib with a pressure gradient generated across the adjacent channels. The optimal pressure gradient is between 0.1 to 0.2 atm for the studied channel geometry and configuration. The mechanisms of the improved cell performance were elucidated.     

Dynamics of Emerging Water Droplet Subjected to Sidewall with Different Wettabilities in a Fuel Cell Cathode Channel

On‐site experiments on low temperature fuel cells revealed that water droplets tend to emerge into the gas channel at the corner. This motivates the present investigation on the effects of the location where water emerges from and the wettability of sidewall on the dynamic behaviour of liquid water in gas channel by numerical simulations that employ the volume‐of‐fluid method. A microchannel with a square cross‐section of 0.25 mm in width and a pore of 0.05 mm in diameter is adopted. The simulation results for different pore locations and wettabilities of sidewall show that the behaviour of water droplet only depends on the wettability of bottom wall when it emerges from the centreline without attaching to the sidewall and gains the highest pressure drop. When the emergence location shifts towards the corner, the water droplet unavoidably attaches to the sidewall and thus the wettability of sidewall is found to have significant effects on its dynamics: hydrophobic sidewall results in droplet detachment and fast removal with the highest pressure drop and the minimal water saturation, whereas hydrophilic sidewall leads to a water film and accumulation with the lowest pressure drop and the minimal water coverage on the bottom wall.     

南京地区粉土的不排水三轴压缩试验

通过全自动三轴仪进行了南京地区粉土的三轴不排水的试验,研究了围压和干密度对应力-应变曲线、孔隙水压力曲线和有效主应力比曲线的影响.试验表明:高围压状态下粉土试样呈现出弱应变软化型,而低围压状态下呈现出应变稳定型;低围压下试样在加载初期产生正孔隙水压力,随后产生负孔隙水压力,其后基本保持稳定;干密度越大,主应力差峰值越大,表现出较大的剪胀性,孔隙水压力易出现负孔隙水压力;干密度值较高时,土样处于密实状态,表现出剪胀特性,有效主应力比-应变曲线近于应变软化型;围压较低、干密度较大时,试样易表现出软化特征,试样出现剪切带破坏,强度明显下降.     

低渗透油藏压力传播特征分析

基于鸭儿峡低渗透油藏注水开发的基本生产特征,即注水压力不断升高、注水量不断降低、油井供液不足、产量递减快、采油速度低,对具体井组进行试注效果分析,发现油井主要依靠弹性介质传递能量,最终实现增油目的。针对低渗透储集层存在启动压力,且注水能量主要消耗在井筒附近,压力具有先累积后缓慢释放的传播特征,考虑到低渗透储集层压力传播特征,建议对地层进行压裂和周期注水以调整储集层压力的重新分布,降低注水井注入压力。通过对比分析周期注水与常规注水效果,发现周期注水采出程度高,开发效果好。     

木34边底水油藏天然能量评价研究

木34油藏为典型边底水油藏,由于对天然能量状况认识不足,随着开发进行,油藏递减快、压力下降快,开发形势变差,因此需要对油藏天然能量进行综合评价,为后期开发调整提供依据。为此,本文采用物质平衡法、非稳定流法等方法,首先对油藏边底水能量进行整体评价,然后对水侵量及水侵速度、水油体积比、地层压力等开发指标分别进行计算,并分析其变化情况。结果表明:木34油藏属于第2类天然能量较充足的油藏;水油体积比为18.78,水体较活跃。但随着开发进行,水侵系数、地层压力下降,需要补充地层能量。研究结果可指导后期开发调整工作,并为确定合理的转注时机提供依据。